<p>There are several standards for wireless communication. People that are involved in computers and networking recognize names like Bluetooth, HiperLAN and IEEE 802.11. A fundamental part of an IEEE 802.11 node is the Medium Access Controller. It establishes and controls communication with other nodes, using a physical layer unit. This is the work that was carried out as a master thesis project at Ericsson Microelectronics. The main goal was to design, implement and evaluate a hardware interface between the MAC and the physical layer. An important part of the work was to find a suitable partition scheme for hardware and software and to achieve this, an investigation of processor-cycles usage was carried out to support design decisions. The hardware/software partition resulted in hardware-functionality for decode of received frames and automatic transmission of acknowledge frames.</p>

Energy saving, in battery operated wireless sensor networks, for the purpose of increasing the node and network lifetime, has gained substantial importance. This research was conducted with the objective of reducing the power consumption of the MICA2 sensors. The objective was pursued by manipulating the MAC layer, and by introducing a dynamic transmission power control algorithm. A new simulation tool was developed in order to reduce the complexity related to the design and testing of the transmission power control algorithm. The power control algorithm was also developed in the NesC language for the MICA2 sensors. In addition,several modifications were introduced to the original MAC protocol. Data, derived from both simulations and experiments, demonstrated that a significant reduction in energy expenditure was achieved, for the MICA2 sensors. In addition,the data revealed that the network lifetime was extended. This research dramatically illustrated the energy saving potential of the application of transmission power control procedures in wireless sensor networks.

The timely delivery of inter-task real-time messages over a communication network is the key to successfully developing distributed real-time computer systems. These systems are rapidly developed and increasingly used in many areas such as automation industry. This work concentrates on the timed-token Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, which is one of the most suitable candidates to support real-time communication due to its inherent timing property of bounded medium access time. The support of real-time communication with the timed-token MAC protocol has been studied using a rigorous mathematical analysis. Specifically, to guarantee the deadlines of synchronous messages (real-time messages defined in the timed-token MAC protocol), a novel and practical approach is developed for allocating synchronous bandwidth to a general message set with the minimum deadline (Dmin) larger than the Target Token Rotation Time (TTRT). Synchronous bandwidth is defined as the maximum time for which a node can transmit its synchronous messages every time it receives the token. It is a sensitive paramater in the control of synchronous message transmission and must be properly allocated to individual nodes to guarantee deadlines of real-time messages. Other issues related to the schedulability test, including the required buffer size and the Worst Case Achievable Utilisation (WCAU) of the proposed approach, are then discussed. Simulations and numerical examples demonstrate that this novel approach performs better than any previously published local synchronous bandwidth allocation (SBA) schemes, in terms of its ability to guarantee the real-time traffic. A proper selection of the TTRT, which can maximise the WCAU of the proposed SBA scheme, is addressed. The work presented in this thesis is compatible with any network standard where timed-token MAC protocol is employed and therefore can be applied by engineers building real-time systems using these standards.

We are very thirsty in terms of everything to fulfil our needs in a sophisticated way, and this leads me choose the so called master thesis titled “Multihop Concept in Cellular Systems”. This thesis introduces an approach towards the integration of relaying or multihop scheme in the next generation of cellular networks. In a multihop cellular architecture, the users send their data to the base station via relay station or with direct communication to the base station. These relay stations can either be the nomadic, fixed at specific location or users’ mobile station (i.e. mobile relay station). The main objective of this paper is to compare the difference between the relaying network architecture with different channel bandwidth as well as their performance gain. For this we integrate the relay station into conventional cellular networks using IEEE 802.16j (One of the standard introduced relay station concept in WiMAX) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access is a transmission technique that is based on many orthogonal subchannels (set of carriers) that transmits simultaneously). The results show that under certain conditions the throughput and coverage of the system has been increased with the introduction of the relay station in to cellular base station zone.

Wireless networks are less reliable than wired networks because channels are “exposed” to the surrounding environment that is susceptible to interference and noise. To minimize losses of data due to collisions, wireless networks need a mechanism to regulate the access on the transmission medium. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols control access to the shared communication medium so that it can be used efficiently. In this thesis, we first describe the collision-controlled Dual Prohibition Multiple Access (DPMA) protocol [45]. The main mechanisms implemented in DPMA, such as binary dual prohibition, power control, interference control, and support for differentiated services (DiffServ), are presented in detail. We conducted a thorough simulation study on DPMA protocol from several aspects. First, we conduct simulations to observe the effects of binary competition number (BCN), unit slot length and safe margin on the performance of DPMA. Secondly, the DiffServ capability of DPMA is demonstrated through simulation results. Finally, we compare the DPMA protocol with the CSMA/CA protocol and find that DPMA with optimal configuration has better performance than CSMA/CA under both low and high network density. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-28 16:25:02.515

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are now a proven area in current and future telecommunications research. MIMO wireless channels, in which both the transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas, have been shown to provide high bandwidth efficiency. In this thesis, we cover MIMO communications technology with a focus on cellular systems and the MIMO broadcast channel (MIMO-BC). Our development of techniques and analysis for the MIMO-BC starts with a study of single user MIMO systems. One such single user technique is that of antenna selection. In this thesis, we discuss various flavours of antenna selection, with the focus on powerful, yet straightforward, norm-based algorithms. These algorithms are analyzed and the results of this analysis produce a powerful and flexible power scaling factor. This power scaling factor can be used to model the gains of norm-based antenna selection via a single signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based parameter. This provides a powerful tool for engineers interested in quickly seeing the effects of antenna selection on their systems. A novel low complexity power allocation scheme follows on from the selection algorithms. Named “Poor Man’s Waterfilling” (PMWF), this scheme can provide significant gains in low SNR systems with very little extra complexity compared to selection alone. We then compare a variety of algorithms for the MIMO-BC, ranging from selection to beamforming, to the optimal, yet complex, iterative waterfilling (ITWF) solution. In this thesis we show that certain algorithms perform better in different scenarios, based on whether there is shadow fading or not. A power scaling factor analysis is also performed on these systems. In the cases where the user’s link gains are widely varying, such as when shadowing and distance effects are present, user fairness is impaired when optimal and near optimal throughput occurs. This leads to a key problem in the MIMO-BC, the balance between user fairness and throughput performance. In an attempt to find a suitable balance between these two factors, we modify the ITWF algorithm by both introducing extra constraints and also by using a novel utility function approach. Both these methods prove to increase user fairness with only minor loss in throughput over the optimal systems. The introduction of MIMO systems to the cellular domain has been hampered by the effects of interference between the cells. In this thesis we move MIMO to the cellular domain, addressing the interference using two different methods. We first use power control, where the transmit power of the base station is controlled to optimize the overall system throughput. This leads to promising results using low complexity methods. Our second method is a novel method of collaboration between base stations. This collaboration transforms neighbouring cell sectors into macro-cells and this results in substantial increases in performance.

Ce mémoire de thèse s'intéresse aux réseaux hétérogènes de capteurs sans fil (Wireless Sensor Networks - WSNs) constitués par une multitude de dispositifs de détection qui coexistent malgré leurs caractéristiques différentes. Contrairement aux réseaux homogènes de capteurs, chaque capteur d'un réseau hétérogène est capable de détecter et mesurer différents phénomènes physiques (température, pression, humidité) et générer ainsi un trafic avec des caractéristiques spécifiques, différentes d'un capteur à l'autre.En effet, selon l'application visée, le déploiement initial des nœuds peut être aléatoire, résultant en une répartition non-homogène des nœuds dans l'environnement. Autres facteurs comme l'extinction d'un nœud suite à l'épuisement de sa batterie ou à une faute générique peuvent impacter l'hétérogénéité de la répartition des nœuds. Tous ces phénomènes peuvent être perçus comme une source supplémentaire d'hétérogénéité dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Puisque les facteurs d'hétérogénéité peuvent évoluer tant au cours du temps que dans l'espace, il est indispensable de concevoir des mécanismes adaptatifs pour les réseaux hétérogènes de capteurs afin de réagir et de s'adapter à la dynamique du réseau. De tels mécanismes adaptatifs sont toutefois difficiles à mettre en place. L'objectif majeur de cette thèse est d'étudier les problèmes liés à l'hétérogénéité dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil afin de concevoir des méthodes de contrôle de l'accès au canal (Medium Access Control - MAC) qui s'adaptent à la dynamique de l'hétérogénéité tout en étant économe d'un point de vue énergétique. Deux sources d'hétérogénéité sont envisagées.Dans un premier temps, nous considérons les problématiques liées aux sources dans trafics multiples chacune dotée de caractéristiques et contraintes spécifiques. Pour pallier ce problème, un protocole MAC adaptatif basé sur une approche asynchrone est proposé ; il consiste en une méthode MAC de préservation de l'énergie, couplée à l'utilisation d'un instant de rendez-vous pour la transmission des données. Le protocole proposé, LA-MAC pour Low-Latency MAC, permet de garantir de façon efficace le transport de messages au travers d'un réseau multi-sauts grâce à la transmission d'agrégats de données (bursts). De vastes campagnes de simulations numériques corroborent la supériorité de LA-MAC en termes de latence, de taux de paquets correctement délivrés et de consommation énergétique par rapport à d'autres protocoles présentés dans l'état de l'art.Dans un second temps, nous étudions des réseaux dynamiques de capteurs sans fil, dont la densité de nœuds varie en temps et en espace. Cette densité des nœuds dans le réseau peut se définir comme étant le nombre de dispositifs avec des données à émettre par mètre carré. En effet, de brusques augmentations de la densité résultent en un accroissement du taux de paquets perdus en raison d'une hausse de la probabilité de collision des trames. En outre, une baisse de la densité des nœuds peut causer un gaspillage énergétique dû à une écoute oisive. Dans ce mémoire, nous traitons des réseaux dynamiques de capteurs sans fils dans lesquels les nœuds et les liens radio entre ces nœuds peuvent apparaître ou disparaître au cours du temps en raison de l'épuisement de leurs batterie, ou de toute autre opération d'administration du réseau, comme par exemple le déploiement de nœuds additionnels. Le travail présenté démontre qu'il est possible de fournir un support à la qualité de service (QoS) dans les réseaux dynamiques grâce à une méthode MAC adaptative et consciente de la densité, baptisée DA-MAC pour Density Aware MAC. Avec DA-MAC, les nœuds s'appuient sur la valeur de la densité locale et adaptent périodiquement les paramètres locaux qui régissent le protocole afin d'accéder au canal sans collision. L'efficacité du protocole proposé est présentée en comparaison d'autres protocoles de l'état de l'art dans de vastes campagnes de simulations numériques.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de proposer de nouvelles approches d'ordonnancement, de coopération et de gestion de la mobilité dans les réseaux sans fil de type IEEE 802.11. Le maintien de la qualité de service (QoS), au niveau MAC, représente la caractéristique fondamentale de ces approches. L'analyse des mécanismes existants nous a conduits à retenir le protocole EDCF, supportant la QoS, comme une base de travail pour l'ensemble de nos propositions. Dans le but de pallier certaines faiblesses du standard 802.11, une nouvelle architecture à base de multi-ordonnanceurs HCF-T, est proposée. Les performances obtenues sont exprimées en termes de gestion du trafic, de maintien du débit, d'élimination de collisions et de réduction de la charge du réseau. Ensuite, un schéma coopératif est présenté et analysé. Il comporte une étude de deux protocoles de relayage AAF et DAF ainsi qu'une évaluation d'un ensemble de techniques de combinaison au niveau du récepteur. Concernant la problématique de la mobilité, nous avons retenu et analysé un scénario prenant en considération les différentes situations rencontrées dans un modèle réel. Un algorithme de résolution multi-couvertures est proposé afin de traiter l'accès dans les zones de recouvrement. Cette étude a mené à distinguer trois régimes de mobilité : faible, moyen et fort. Les performances sont évaluées en fonction des métriques MAC et pour chaque mode de mobilité, un schéma de synthèse est établi

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka huruvida Apple, ett av världens största varumärken, anpassar sina reklamfilmer efter den lokala kulturen i USA och UK. För att genomföra den tvärkulturella studien användes en kombination av semiotisk textanalys och litteraturstudie. Två nivåer användes för att analysera materialet, först ett makroperspektiv över samtliga 81 reklamfilmer och sedan ett mikroperspektiv över de åtta filmer som hade en motsvarighet i respektive land. Resultatet visade att Apple anpassar sina reklamfilmer på ett flertal områden. Makroanalysen visade flera övergripande strukturella skillnader, samt att flera av de reklamfilmer som var exklusiva i respektive land anknöt till lokala kulturella företeelser och fenomen. Mikroanalysen visade flera syntagmatiska och paradigmatiska skillnader, både i de verbala och visuella tecknen.

The use of directional antennae in ad-hoc networks has received growing attention in recent years because of the benefits including, high spatial reuse, higher antenna gains, etc. At the same time, using directional antennae introduces new challenges. For example, the problem of deafness where receiver nodes may not hear handshake messages because their antennae beams are not pointing in the direction of the sender. To address these issues, new directional MAC protocols are required. In the literature, the existing directional MAC protocols assumed that nodes can operate in both directional and omni-directional modes. However, using both directional and omni-directional modes of operation leads to the asymmetry-in-gain problem and defeats the purpose of using directional antennae. In this thesis, we propose a directional-to-directional (DtD) MAC protocol where both the sender and the receiver operate in directional mode only. The first part of our design studies the issues related to directional MAC protocols and we use this knowledge to carefully design the DtD MAC protocol. The DtD MAC protocol is fully distributed, does not require synchronization, eliminates the asymmetry-in-gain problem and alleviates the problems due to deafness. To evaluate the performance of the DtD MAC protocol, we build an analytical model that measures the saturation throughput of the DtD MAC protocol in terms of the number of nodes contending for the channel, the packet payload size and the antennae beamwidth. The analytical results were verified through extensive simulations. We show that the DtD MAC protocol can provide significant throughput improvement in ad-hoc networks if the number of antennae sectors is chosen appropriately. Furthermore, we study the fairness of DtD MAC using Jain's Fairness Index. Finally, the performance of the DtD MAC protocol is evaluated for the high data rate Millimeter Wave (mmWave) technology. The results obtained are promising and show that DtD MAC can improve the performance of networks using such high data rate technologies.