Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-118).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Errata slip included. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-72).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1973. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-164).

Typescript. Includes appendix with photographs of brain sections. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-87).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin -- Madison, 1963. / Mimoegraphed typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 17-19).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T13:03:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 gentil_vasconcelos_ioc_dout_2015.pdf: 3238898 bytes, checksum: 4b0a8f2422705d1ca8dfa7ae9a2ca1da (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A produção de anticorpos em aves imunizadas seguida da extração desses anticorpos da gema dos ovos (IgY), tem atraído o interesse da comunidade científica, como pode ser demonstrado pelo aumento significativo da literatura sobre a IgY. Esta abordagem, que é apropriada à produção em larga escala, oferece inúmeras vantagens, tais como, baixo custo e alta eficiência da técnica, em vista do extraordinário rendimento de IgY em somente uma ave (20-40 g IgY por ano), e é mais adequada ao conceito bioético quando trata-se da manutenção e do manejo das aves. Destaca-se que a tecnologia da IgY oferece novas possibilidades de aplicação em imunoterapia e métodos de diagnóstico, tanto para aplicação humana quanto veterinária, incluindo estratégias de tratamento de doenças intestinais graves em crianças, particularmente em países pobres. Neste presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência terapêutica da IgY utilizando macacos cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) jovens desafiados com o rotavírus do grupo A (RVA) humano, a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade de crianças em todo o mundo, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. Para esta proposta, anticorpos IgY específicos contra o RVA foram produzidos em aves, purificados por polietileno glicol, caracterizados por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, western blotting e um teste de neutralização em cultura de células (MA-104). Este experimento preliminar rendeu uma suspensão altamente concentrada de IgY específica anti-rotavírus (IgY anti-RVA) (média de 37 mg/mL) O macaco cynomolgus foi estabelecido como modelo de infecção experimental após uma única administração de suspensão de rotavírus humano (3,1x106 FFU/mL) por sonda gástrica. Os animais foram acompanhados durante onze dias, sendo observadas as manifestações clínicas, cargas virais sérica e fecal, hematologia e dosagem de eletrólitos séricos. O principal sinal clínico (observado em dois dos sete animais inoculados) foi diarreia associada com diminuição dos níveis séricos de potássio durante três dias, seguido de recuperação. O RNA viral foi detectado nas fezes e no soro dos animais infectados, além de partículas infecciosas encontradas nas fezes, sugerindo replicação viral. Na imunoterapia experimental, os macacos foram inoculados com RVA humano (3,1x107 FFU/mL), desafiados com a suspensão de IgY anti-RVA obtida previamente, e foram monitorados durante cinco dias pelos parâmetros observados no experimento anterior. A eficiência terapêutica da imunoterapia com IgY foi confirmada pela ausência de episódios de diarreia, que é reconhecida como \201Cpadrão ouro\201D para eficácia clínica, apesar do RNA viral ter sido detectado nas fezes de 11 de 12 animais inoculados com o RVA. A duração da detecção do RNA foi reduzida em dois dos três grupos de animais tratados com IgY, quando comparado ao grupo controle positivo. Em um animal que foi tratado com IgY pelas vias oral e intravenosa, não foi detectado genoma viral nas fezes. Como conclusão, a aplicação de anticorpos IgY anti-RVA específicos produzidos em aves, apresenta eficácia no tratamento de gastroenterite aguda causada pelo rotavírus do grupo A humano Nossos resultados também confirmam que macacos cynomolgus podem ser considerados hospedeiros suscetíveis à infecção com RVA humano, e apontam para a necessidade de controle sanitário da rotavirose humana em colônias de criação de macacos cynomolgus. Esses resultados preliminares sugerem um papel promissor da imunoterapia passiva utilizando IgY anti-RVA em infecção experimental com o rotavírus do grupo A humano. No entanto, um enfoque direto na patogênese da infecção no trato entérico fornecerá informações adicionais para confirmar a eficácia do tratamento com a IgY / The production of antibodies in chickens and the extraction of specific antibody suspensions from egg yolk (IgY) are increasingly attracting the interest of the scientific community, as demonstrated by the significant growth of the IgY literature. This approach, which is suitable to a large - scal e production, offers several advantages such as the low cost and high efficiency of the technique, in view of the extraordinary yield of IgY by a one hen (20 g – 40 g IgY per year), and its suitability to a more bioethical manner for hen keeping. Of note, the IgY - technology offers new possibilities for application in human and veterinary diagnostics and therapeutics, including strategies for the treatment of severe intestinal diseases in children, particularly in poor countries. In this study, we aimed to e valuate the therapeutic efficacy of the IgY by using young cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis ) challenged with human rotavirus group A (RVA), a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. For this purpose, specific IgY antibodies against RVA were produced in hens, purified by polyethylene glycol, characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blotting and a neutralization assay in a cell culture system (MA - 104). This preliminary experi ment has yielded a high concentrated suspension of anti - rotavirus specific IgY (anti - RVA IgY) (average 37 mg/ml). The cynomolgus experimental infection model was established after a single administration of a human rotavirus suspension (3.1x10 6 FFU/ml) by oral gavage. The confined animals were followed during a period of eleven days, observed for clinical signs, measurement of serum and faecal viral load, and evaluation of hematology and serum electrolytes. The main clinical sign (observed in two of the sev en inoculated monkeys) was diarrhea associated with a decrease in serum potassium during three days, followed by recovery. Viral RNA was detected in both serum and faeces of the infected animals, thus suggesting viral replication. In cynomolgus experimenta l immunotherapy, the monkeys were inoculated with human RVA (3.1x10 7 FFU/ml), challenged with the anti - RVA IgY suspension previously obtained, and monitored during five days by using the same clinical and biochemical parameters, as previously established. The therapeutic efficacy of the immunotherapy with IgY was confirmed by the absence of episodes of diarrhea, which is recognized as the "gold standard" for clinical efficacy, although viral RNA had been detected in faeces of all but one of the inoculated m onkeys. The duration of RNA detection was shortened in two of the three groups of animals treated with IgY, when compared to the positive control. One animal, which was orally and intravenously treated with the anti - RVA IgY, had no RNA detected in faeces. In conclusion, the application of specific anti - RVA IgY antibodies, produced in hens, presents efficacy in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis caused by human rotavirus group A. Our results also confirm that cynomolgus monkeys can be considered suscepti ble hosts to infection with human RVA, and pointed to the necessity of sanitary control of human rotavirus disease in the breeding colonies of cynomolgus monkeys. Our preliminary results suggest the promising role of passive immunotherapy using anti - RVA Ig Y in experimental infection with human rotavirus group A. However, a direct approach to the pathogenesis of enteric tract infection will provide additional data to confirm the effectiveness of the IgY treatment.

No description available.

The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is endangered due to habitat destruction with less than 3500 individuals remaining in isolated fragments of South-West India. Lion-tailed macaques do not reproduce readily in captivity and captive breeding may be relied upon for future conservation. Poor welfare can have negative effects on reproduction so it is important that lion-tailed macaque welfare is examined in captive groups. The aims of this thesis were to understand certain aspects of lion-tailed macaque welfare (behaviour and HPA physiology) in captive populations, with the view to making suggestions for management to promote the species' welfare and reproduction. Behaviour (188 hours), urine (n=133) and faecal samples (n=294) were collected from 38 lion-tailed macaques housed in four groups at the North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Bristol Zoological Gardens, Assiniboine Park Zoo and San Diego Wild Animal Park. The study successfully developed and validated assays to detect cortisol in lion-tailed macaque urine and faeces. The assays were then subsequently used to explore behaviour and HPA activity in these endangered primates. The institution in which the individuals were housed and basic life history parameters (age and sex) were explored to further understand the interplay between behaviour and physiology. Social relationships were assessed by measuring proximity (inter-individual distances and time spent in "arms-reach"). Finally the effect of visitors on behaviour, HPA activity and enclosure use was explored. There was significant variation between institutions in behaviour and HPA activity but not proximity. The age of lion-tailed macaques modified their behaviour, but not their HPA activity or proximity. The sex of lion-tailed macaques did not modify behaviour, HPA activity or proximity. The effect of visitors on lion-tailed macaques in the current study is not clear and confirms previous research on the visitor effect on captive primates. It can be concluded from this research that lion-tailed macaques are sensitive to the environment in which they are housed, indicating factors which may have negative effects on their captive breeding rates and ability to cope with habitat fragmentation for population's in-situ. The study has highlighted the need for each captive and wild group of lion-tailed macaques to be considered and monitored separately with regard to welfare and breeding.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the interactions of visitors and Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at the Mt. Longevity. Data on the attitudes of visitors were collected by using questionnaires covering topics such as purpose, frequency and opinions of visitors. Scan samplings, agonistic behavior samplings and focal samplings were used as observational methods to record the agonistic behaviors of monkeys. The study also analyzed patterns of human-monkey interactions that recorded through ad libitum samplings, including visitor participation that influenced agonistic behaviors among the monkeys. Statistical analyses were used to analyze various factors that influenced agonistic frequency and patterns. The agonistic behaviors in dyads during food provision tests were used to establish their rank relationships and dominance styles. Mt Longevity is a major recreational site in Kaohsiung city; the human pressure on Mt. Longevity was high and the tourist numbers were estimated as 6175 individuals ( ¡Ó 119, n = 10) in holidays and 3490 individuals ( ¡Ó 68, n = 10) in weekdays (between 08:00 to 18:00 hrs). The vegetation cover was apparently reduced above 60% in 16 recreational sites surveyed. The tourist numbers appeared to exceeding the carrying capacity of Mt. Longevity. The frequencies of human-monkey interaction were influenced by the number of monkeys and concentrated during the afternoons; the average frequency was 9.3 times / hr in holiday and 3.3 times / hr in weekday. The average frequency of tourists provisioned for monkeys was 0.59 times / hr ( ¡Ó 17.2, n = 131). An overall ratio of 17.5 : 1 between human-initiated and monkey-initiated interaction behaviors was found. Pass and eye contact accounted for over 67% of these interactions, and adult monkeys participated in human-monkey interaction more than the rest of the age / sex classes. During the conflict between human and macaques, most visitors used sticks or hands / legs to drive adult males away (63.5%). The average daily activities of Formosan macaques were: 37.7% inactive, 24.6% moving, 24.5% affiliation, eating / foraging 9.5% and agonistic behavior 2.6%. Frequencies of monkey aggressive behaviors increased along with increasing individuals of monkeys, and frequencies of their body aggressions and aggressions were higher during provision than without human disturbance. Open mouth threat was the most frequent aggressive behavior expressed by the monkeys (60.0%), while fleeing (37.0%) and squealing (36.0%) were the most common submissive behaviors. Agonistic initiators were mostly adult females (41.9%) and males (40.4%) and agonistic reactors were mostly juveniles (44.6%) and adult females (32.6%). Monkey contest was only 2.8% - 3.9% of total aggressive behaviors and the study revealed that the dominance style of Formosan macaques was despotic social system. The frequency of aggressive behavior of adult males (1.3 ¡Ó 2.1 times / 20min, n = 14) was 2.6 times in average to that of adult females (0.5 ¡Ó 0.9 times / 20min, n = 17). It varied significantly among different adult males and it was higher in mating seasons than the non-mating seasons (p<0.05). However, the frequencies of aggressive behavior of adult females were similar between seasons and among ranks (low, middle and high) but the frequency of submissive behaviors was higher in low rank adult females than that of high rank ones (p<0.05). Adult male and female Formosan macaques had a similar dominance style (aggression, avoidance, ignoring, undecided, AAD pattern and NNI pattern) in food tests; adult males showed more frequent aggression toward adult males than to adult females and juveniles. The individuals who showed open mouth threat had a success rate of getting food for over 50%.

Abstract This study analyzed the contexts of three types of agonistic calls (Growl, Threat rattle, Vibrato growl) in Formosan macaques and their responses to predators and alarm calls at Mt. Longevity. Under natural condition, 112 five-minute scan samplings and 100 twenty-minute behavior samplings were collected to record agonistic behaviors and agonistic calls of macaques. In addition, 11 dog-presence tests and 102 playback experiments were successfully conducted from January 2003 to April 2004. Of 385 agonistic events, 61.8% comprise of vocal bouts contained units belonging to single type of agonistic calls, and 31.8% bouts were mixed units contained more than one type of agonistic calls. Among these three single types of agonistic calls, Vibrato growl was used most frequently during conspecific interactions (44.3%); Threat rattle was used toward human (51.7%) and dogs (94.4%). During intraspecies conflicts of macaques, the vocal rates of three single type agonistic calls decreased from adult males, adult females and juveniles to infants. The average units per bout of Growl was higher than that of Threat rattle and Vibrato growl (p<0.0002). However, the agonistic interactions explain the different functions of the three types of agonistic calls. Growl was frequently accomplished with chase of callers (45.6%), while flee was usually expressed by receivers (57.9%). When monkeys uttered Threat rattle or Vibrato growl, open mouth threat was the most frequent behavior expressed by callers (80.5% and 73.1%), while evade was most frequent behavior expressed by receivers (43.9% and 31.9%). Growl conveyed messages about intense callers and contexts, and receivers avoided damage through fleeing. These results support Smith (1981) hypothesis referential signal carry information about external objects, contexts or a caller internal state as reflected in the probability of its subsequent behavior pattern. Receivers are able to attribute a certain meaning and express appropriate responses by the combination of signal structure and the context in which they are exposed the call. Six different acoustic features of alarm calls existed between adult males and juvenile males. Alarm calls from Juveniles have higher Maximal, Median and Modulation Fundamental Frequencies than from adult males (p<0.0001). But alarm calls from juveniles have lower Highest Frequency, Total Range of Frequency and Duration of each Unit than from adult males (p<0.005). The results support current theory that the duration and fundamental frequency reflect body size. In the playback experiments, macaques responded stronger to alarm calls from adult males than from juvenile males (p<0.0001). The average response score of macaques toward alarm calls from playback experiments was highest from infants, followed by juveniles, adult females and adult males. Adult macaques often responded to playbacks by looking in the direction of the loudspeaker. Juveniles and infants most often responded to playback calls by escape and startle. In playback experiments of alarm calls from adult males, F troop had significant different responses in three different places, strongest in the unfamiliar place (p<0.0001). The presents of dog elicited macaques with stronger responses than playback of dog barks (p<0.0001).