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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Effect Of Magnesium Sulfate On Acute Bronchoconstriction In The Equine Asthma Model

Wenzel, Caitlin Jael 06 May 2017 (has links)
Asthma is a chronic disease of airway hyper-responsiveness, airway inflammation and episodic bronchoconstriction. With asthma forecasted to increase by an additional 100 million cases by 2025, there is a critical and immediate need to address new asthma therapies. Guidelines for asthma treatment in the emergency department conditionally recommend intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). However, some investigations have failed to demonstrate beneficial effects. Ethical constraints limit evaluation of the bronchodilatory effects of MgSO4 alone in patients with acute asthma exacerbation, independent of other conventional therapeutics. To address this ethical dilemma, this study consisted of two phases: 1) quantification of the independent pulmonary effect of three doubling doses of MgSO4 in the spontaneous equine model of asthma during naturally occurring exacerbations of bronchoconstriction, and 2) evaluation of arterial blood gas parameters in response to administration of MgSO4 at a dose identified in phase 1 that yielded greatest efficacy without deleterious side effects.
12

The effects of preeclampsia and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄)on platelet function a secondary analysis : [thesis submitted] in partial fulfillment ... for [degree of Master of Science in Nursing] Nursing 699 /

Duchon, Theresa A. January 1995 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.
13

The effects of preeclampsia and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄)on platelet function a secondary analysis : [thesis submitted] in partial fulfillment ... for [degree of Master of Science in Nursing] Nursing 699 /

Duchon, Theresa A. January 1995 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995. / Thesis date on spine.
14

Einfluss von Laxantien auf die Magenentleerung sowie den Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushalt bei gesunden Pferden / Influence of Laxatives on gastric emptying and on electrolyte- and water balance in normal horses

Snyder, Alice 10 June 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Beim Kolikpferd stellt der Einsatz von Laxantien den wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Behandlung primärer Obstipationen des Zäkums und großen Kolons dar. Um die Obstipation zu erreichen muss das über eine Nasenschlundsonde eingegebene Abführmittel den Magen verlassen und den Dünndarm passieren. Dabei soll das Flüssigkeitsvolumen möglichst vollständig im Intestinaltrakt verbleiben, um effektiv die Ingesta zu durchfeuchten und so die Obstipation zu lösen. Je nach Art und Konzentration des gewählten Laxans werden Resorptions- und Sekretionsvorgänge an der Darmschleimhaut ausgelöst, die sich als Elektrolytverschiebungen oder Alterationen des Wasserhaushaltes im Blut zeigen können. Ziel dieser Studie war es, beim gesunden Pferd einen Einfluss der am häufigsten eingesetzten Laxantien auf die Magenentleerungszeit zu ermitteln. Zudem sollten Auswirkungen auf den Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushalte untersucht werden. Für die vorliegende Studie wurde sechs gesunden, nüchternen, adulten Warmblutpferden abwechselnd je eines von 5 Laxantien über eine Nasenschlundsonde in den nüchternen Magen eingegeben: 1,8% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 1); 4,2% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 2); Paraffinöl (Protokoll 3); 25% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 4); 25% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 5). Als Kontrolle wurde Wasser verabreicht: 10 L Wasser (Protokoll 6); 2 L Wasser (Protokoll 7). Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung wurde der flüssige Passagemarker D-(+)-xylose (0,5 g/kg KG als 10% Lösung) jedem Protokoll zugefügt mit mindestens einer Woche Auswaschzeit zwischen den einzelnen Protokollen. Zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten wurden EDTA-Blut- und Serumproben aus der Jugularvene entnommen. Die Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose wurde colorimetrisch untersucht. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose (Tmax) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Zur Einschätzung des Wasserhaushaltes wurden Totalprotein, Albumin und Hämatokrit bestimmt. Der Elektrolythaushalt wurde anhand der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Chlorid, Magnesium und Gesamtkalzium beurteilt. Zudem wurde der Einfluss auf die Wasseraufnahme und die Kotkonsistenz grobsinnlich untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass weder isotone Natriumsulfatlösung noch Paraffinöl die Magenentleerungszeit im Vergleich zu Wasser beeinträchtigen. Isotone Magnesiumsulfatlösung als auch hypertone Lösungen salinischer Laxantien führen zu einer signifikanten Verzögerung der Magenentleerung im Vergleich zu Wasser. Nach 10-stündiger Nahrungskarenz führte die Applikation von Wasser bei gesunden Pferden zum Abfall der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Magnesium, Gesamtkalzium und Chlorid. Isotone Lösungen von Natriumsulfat (1,8%) und Magnesiumsulfat (4,2%) führten nach einmaliger Applikation zum signifikanten Anstieg der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium bzw. Magnesium innerhalb der Referenzbereiche. Paraffinum liquidum hatte keine starke Alterationen des Elektrolythaushaltes zur Folge. Hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypernatriämie sowie einen signifikanten Abfall der Kalium- und signifikanten Anstieg der Chloridkonzentration. Hypertone Magnesiumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypermagnesämie sowie eine signifikante Abnahme der Kalium- und Gesamtkalziumkonzentration. Keines der verabreichten Laxantien führte zur Dehydratation. Alterationen der Wasseraufnahme oder der Kotkonsistenz wurden ausschließlich durch hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung verursacht, die die Wasseraufnahme deutlich steigerte und vorübergehend dünnbreiigen Kotabsatz induzierte. Bei primären Obstipationen des großen Kolons muss bis zur Lösung der Obstipation meist eine mehrmalige Applikation von Abführmitteln erfolgen. Hypertone Natrium- bzw. Magnesiumsulfatlösung erhöht die Serumkonzentration von Natrium bzw. Magnesium signifikant und könnte eine klinische Hypernatriämie bzw. Hypermagnesiämie erzeugen. Aus diesem Grund sind isotone Lösungen zu bevorzugen. Außerdem ist Kolikpferden mit primärer Dickdarmobstipation, die mit salinischen Laxantien behandelt werden, freier Zugang zu Wasser zu gewähren, um den entstehenden Durst der Pferde zu stillen. Zusammenfassend ist die Verabreichung isotoner Natriumsulfatlösung zu empfehlen, weil dieses effektive Laxans weder die Magenentleerungszeit verzögert, noch starke Elektrolytimbalanzen verursacht. / The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with cecal or large colon impaction. To reach the impacted mass, the laxative must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The fluid volume should stay inside the gastro-intestinal tract to soften the intestinal contents and resolve the impaction. Depending on the type and concentration of the laxative, absorption and secretion can be triggered in the intestinal mucosa which might be shown as electrolyte abnormalities, or as alterations in the water balance in the blood. The aim of this study was to determine an influence of the most frequently used saline and lubricant laxatives on gastric emptying time in healthy horses. Furthermore the effect on electrolyte and water balance was to be investigated. Six healthy adult fasted Warmblood horses were used for this study which was performed with 5 laxatives, administered via nasogastric tube: 1.8% sodium sulfate (trial 1), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (trial 2), mineral oil (trial 3), 25% sodium sulfate (trial 4), 25% magnesium sulfate (trial 5). Water was used as control: 10 L water (trial 6), 2 L water (trial 7). For indirect measurement of gastric emptying the liquid passage marker D-(+)-xylose (0.5 g/kg bwt as 10% solution) was added to each trial with a minimum washout period of at least one week between the individual trials. EDTA blood and serum samples were taken from the jugular vein at predetermined time points. The serum concentration of D-xylose was analyzed colorimetrically. The time to reach peak serum concentration of D-xylose (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying time. Total protein, albumin and PCV were chosen to evaluate water balance. Electrolyte balance was evaluated on the basis of the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and total calcium. Furthermore the impact on water uptake and fecal consistency was roughly examined. Isotonic solutions of sodium sulfate as well as mineral oil do not delay gastric emptying time compared to water. Isotonic solutions of magnesium sulfate as well as hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics significantly delay gastric emptying time in comparison to water. After ten hours of food restriction the administration of water decreased the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, total calcium and chloride in healthy horses. A single administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate (1.8%) or magnesium sulfate (4.2%) significantly increased serum sodium, respectively serum magnesium concentrations, within the reference range. Mineral oil did not alter electrolyte balance. Hypertonic solution of sodium sulfate (25%) caused hypernatremia, a significant decrease in potassium concentration and a significant increase in chloride concentration. Hypertonic solution of magnesium sulfate (25%) caused hypermagnesemia and a significant decrease in potassium and total calcium concentrations. None of the administered laxatives caused dehydration. Altered water uptake or fecal consistency was caused by hypertonic solution of sodium sulphate only, which considerably increased water consumption and transitionally induced runny feces. For treatment of simple large colon impactions, administration of laxatives usually has to be repeated, until the obstruction has resolved. Hypertonic solutions of sodium and magnesium sulfate significantly increase serum sodium or magnesium concentrations, respectively and may cause clinically hypernatremia or hypermagnesemia. Therefore isotonic solutions are preferable. Furthermore horses with simple large colon impaction, which are treated with saline cathartics need to have free access to water in order to satisfy their arising thirst. In summary it can be stated that the administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate is to be recommended, since this effective laxative does neither delay gastric emptying time nor leads to severe electrolyte alterations.
15

Effects of digestate, magnesium sulfate, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate/potassium dihydrogen phosphate on microalga, <i>Scenedesmus dimorphus<i>

HE, ZHUOHUI JOE 10 November 2016 (has links)
No description available.
16

[en] PRODUCTION OF MGO THROUGH MGSO4 DECOMPOSITION IN THE PRESENCE OF CARBON / [pt] OBTENÇÃO DO MGO A PARTIR DA DECOMPOSIÇÃO DO MGSO4 NA PRESENÇA DE CARBONO

BRUNO MUNIZ E SOUZA 08 April 2019 (has links)
[pt] O sulfato de magnésio se caracteriza como um possível co-produto de alguns processos hidrometalúrgicos envolvendo concentrados minerais portadores desse metal quando submetidos à lixiviação envolvendo ácido sulfúrico. Dentro do contexto dos fluxogramas de processamento desses concentrados, uma etapa bastante comum é a neutralização da solução, usualmente levada a efeito por meio da solubilização de óxido de cálcio. Este, por sua vez, pode ser substituído por óxido de magnésio desde que determinadas propriedades, tais como superfície de contato e reatividade, estejam adequadas aos requisitos desta etapa. Desta forma, o processo de decomposição térmica do sulfato de magnésio, aparentemente, não se configura como uma possível rota de processamento visto que ocorre numa temperatura de aproximadamente 1100 graus Celsius, significativamente alta para a formação de um óxido de magnésio que atenda às condições necessárias para uma neutralização eficiente. O estudo termodinâmico realizado sugere que na presença de agentes redutores como o carbono, ocorre uma diminuição na temperatura, para aproximadamente 400 graus Celsius, a partir da qual a transformação do sulfato em óxido de magnésio é teoricamente viável. Assim sendo, os objetivos do trabalho de pesquisa estão associados com a avaliação do comportamento do sistema reacional constituído por MgSO4 quando na presença de carbono oriundo de carvão vegetal. O estudo contempla também a caracterização dos materiais obtidos a fim de verificar a obtenção do MgO e avaliar se as propriedades do material encontram-se adequadas para a sua utilização como agente regulador de pH tal como o CaO. Desta forma, além das técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de Raios-X, também é prevista a quantificação da reatividade do produto em soluções ácidas. As análises realizadas com as variáveis, excesso de agente redutor, temperatura, vazão de arraste e homogeneidade da amostra, mostraram que a temperatura é a variável que mais influência a decomposição do MgSO4. Entre todos os ensaios analisados, os experimentos a 900 graus Celsius e com tempos de 25 e 30 minutos foram os que indicaram os melhores resultados experimentais de conversão, atingindo uma conversão próxima de 100 por cento. As análises de caracterização, em DR-X e MEV/EDS, indicaram que o MgO foi formado ao fim da reação. O teste de reatividade indicou que o MgO obtido pode ser utilizado como regulador de pH, atendendo a proposta do trabalho. / [en] Magnesium sulfate is characterized as a possible co-product of some Hydrometallurgical Processes involving mineral concentrates that has this metal when subjected to leaching involving sulfuric acid. In the context of the processes flowchart, a fairly common step is the neutralization of the solution that usually takes effect through the solubility of calcium oxide. This, in turn, can be substituted for magnesium oxide as long as these properties, such as contact surface and reactivity, are suitable for the requirements of this step. Thus, the thermal decomposition process of magnesium sulfate, apparently, it is not configured as a possible processing route because it occurs at a temperature of approximately 1100 Celsius degrees, significantly elevated for the formation of a magnesium oxide which satisfies the conditions necessary for a neutralization efficient. The thermodynamic study suggests that in the presence of reducing agents such as carbon, a decrease in the temperature occurs to approximately 400 Celsius degrees, where the conversion of sulfate to magnesium oxide is theoretically viable. Thus, the objectives of the research work are associated with an evaluation of the behavior of the reactive system constituted by MgSO4 when in the presence of carbon provided from the charcoal. The study also contemplates the characterization of the materials obtained in order to verify the attainment of MgO and to evaluate how the properties of the material are suitable for their use as a pH regulating agent such as CaO. Thus, in addition to the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, it is also expected the quantification of the reactivity of the product in acidic solutions. The analyzes performed with the variables, excess of reducing agent, temperature, drag flow and homogeneity of the sample, showed that temperature is the variable that most influences the decomposition of MgSO4. Among all the analyzed tests, the experiments at 900 Celsius degrees and with 25 and 30 minute were that indicated the best experimental results of conversion, reaching a conversion close to 100 percent. The characterization analyzes, in DR-X and MEV/EDS, indicated that MgO was formed at the end of the reaction. The reactivity test indicated that the obtained MgO can be used as pH regulator, attending the work proposal.
17

Reakce vybraných odrůd brambor na listovou aplikaci močoviny a hořké soli / Reaction of selected potato varieties to foliar application of urea and bitter salt

HENŽEL, Vít January 2015 (has links)
The effects of foliage nutrition facilitate efficient and immediate supply of nutrient needs during the vegetation period. The objective of this thesis is to assess the effects of foliage application of magnesium sulfate and urea for potatoes, that are intended for processing into starch production. There were two sorts of potatoes with different vegetation period under study, an early variety called as Bernard and semi-late variety called as Ornella. The foliage fertilizers were applied in three different variants. In the first variant the sorts of potatoes were fertilized by solution of magnesium sulfate, in the second variant by solution of urea and in the third variant the solution of magnesium sulfate and urea was used. The assessment of the experiment consists of yield on tubers, contain of the starch, yield on starch, the average amount of tubers per tuft, the average weight of tubers and profitability of used foliage fertilizers. In the year under the study the increased yield on tubers and on starch was detected in all three used variants. Both sorts of potatoes showed the best results when the solution of bitter salt and urea was applied. The increased yield on starch was reached through the increased yield on tubers preserving the high contain of starch. The yield of starch increased by 8 % in the semi-late variety of potatoes Ornella. The early variety of potato Bernard showed the increase of yield on starch by 14%.
18

Uplatnění foliální aplikace roztoku močoviny a hořké soli při pěstování konzumních brambor / Applying foliar aplication of urea solution and bitter salt in growing table potatoes

ZAJÍC, David January 2016 (has links)
The thesis is focused on the application of foliar fertilizers in the cultivation of potatoes. The evaluation was based on one-year small-plot trial plot, which manages Selekta Pacov. An attempt was based on a comparison of revenue, market share tuber size and number of tubers in a bunch of potatoes, which were fertilized solutions bitter mangnesium sulfate and urea. The results obtained in 2015 largely reflected the drought which occurred during potato vegetation. Of backed results showed that foliar fertilization influences crop, size of table potatoes and starch content.
19

La protection du cerveau en développement et des handicaps de l'enfant prématuré : impact du sulfate de magnésium et du rémifentanil / The protection of the developing brain and the handicaps of the premature child : impact of magnesium sulphate and remifentanil

Chollat, Clément 17 November 2017 (has links)
Les progrès médicaux de la prise en charge des nouveau-nés prématurés ont permis la diminution de la mortalité néonatale, mais la prévalence des handicaps neurologiques d'origine périnatale reste stable. Ainsi, la mise en place de stratégies de neuroprotection est un enjeu primordial de la médecine périnatale actuelle. Parmi ces stratégies, l'administration de sulfate de magnésium en cas de menace d'accouchement prématuré permet l'amélioration du devenir neurologique des enfants à l'âge de deux ans. La neuroprotection concerne aussi l'ensemble des interventions qui ont lieu après la naissance, pendant la période néonatale. Depuis les années 2000, les agents anesthésiques sont mis en cause dans la survenue d'anomalies du développement lorsqu'ils sont administrés chez le nouveau-né. La balance bénéfice/risque doit donc être évaluée pour chaque anesthésique prescrit en période néonatale afin de limiter une potentielle neurotoxicité. La première partie de cette thèse a pour objectif le suivi à l'âge scolaire d'une cohorte d'enfants prématurés exposés en anténatal au sulfate de magnésium. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'évaluation in vivo de l'impact du rémifentanil, morphinique de synthèse utilisé comme agent anesthésique, sur le cerveau immature du souriceau en condition excitotoxique. 1 - Etude de l'influence de l'administration anténatale du sulfate de magnésium sur le développement psychomoteur à l'âge scolaire de prématurés de moins de 33 semaines d'aménorrhée : essai Premag. L'étude Premag, débutée en France en 1997, avait permis l'inclusion de 688 nouveau-nés prématurés exposés au sulfate de magnésium ou à un placebo, dont 606 ont été suivis à l'âge de deux ans. Un suivi à plus long terme était nécessaire pour affirmer l'innocuité de la molécule sur le devenir neurocognitif à l'âge scolaire. Entre 'décembre 2009 et avril 2012, les familles qui avaient participé à l'essai Premag ont été recontactées. Quatre-cent-trente-et-un enfants (moyenne d'âge 11 ans) parmi les 606 survivants ont été évalués à l'âge scolaire par un questionnaire parental. Le critère d'évaluation principal était un critère combiné déficit moteur et/ou décès. Il n'a pas été mis en évidence d'effet délétère de l'exposition anténatale au sulfate de magnésium. Par ailleurs, une diminution non significative des troubles du comportement, une meilleure scolarisation et une réduction du recours aux services d'éducation à domicile ont été observées en cas d'exposition au sulfate de magnésium. 2 - Effet neuroprotecteur du rémifentanil dans un modèle murin de lésion excitotoxique néonatale. Le rémifentanil, morphinique de synthèse, est utilisé en période périnatale, chez la mère en cas d'anesthésie générale ou chez le nouveau-né en cas de nécessité d'anesthésie/analgésie. Nous avons évalué in vivo l'impact du morphinique en contexte lésionnel. Les lésions cérébrales ont été obtenues par administration intracorticale d'iboténate, agoniste glutamatergique, au deuxième jour de vie (P2) chez le souriceau. Après exposition au rémifentanil, la taille de la lésion induite par l'iboténate était significativement réduite à P7. Cet effet protecteur était accompagné par une diminution de la production des dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène et de l'astrogliose réactionnelle, suggérant un effet modulateur de la neuroinflammation par le rémifentanil. L'activité caspase était également réduite dans le groupe rémifentanil. Enfin, les performances sensori-motrices (géotaxie négative entre P6 et P8 et réflexe d'agrippement entre P10 et P12) étaient améliorées chez les animaux lésés exposés au morphinique. A P18, l'analyse du comportement des souris dans l'open field semblait suggérer que l'exposition au rémifentanil à P2 entraînait un effet anxiolytique, particulièrement chez les femelles. / Better protecting the developing brain of very preterm infants remains a dailychallenge for all specialists in perinatal care. Despite improvement of neonatal mortality andmorbidity, very preterm infants remain vulnerable and at risk of developing neurologicalimpairments. To limit the occurrence of such events, implementing of neuroprotectionduring brain development is essential. Neuroprotection in the context of preterm birth is thesubject of extensive research, but few strategies have currently been demonstrated to beeffective. One part of these strategies takes place before birth, as antenatal corticosteroidsadministration that is known to reduce intraventricular hemorrhage, or in utero transfer totertiary maternity hospitals. There is now strong evidence to support antenatal magnesiumsulfate infusion in order to prevent cerebral palsy in context of prematurity.Neuroprotection may also occur after birth and evaluate the benefit/risk balance for eachpotentially deleterious drug administered during this period, such as anesthetics, is one ofthose strategies. Fetuses and preterm newborns are exposed to general anesthesia duringcesarean delivery or in neonatal intensive care when sedation and analgesia isrecommended. The role of these agents remains extremely controversial and could appearto be neurotoxic.This thesis work is part of the development and evaluation of neuroprotectionstrategies for preterm neonates. The first part aims at the follow up of the French PREMAGcohort to evaluate the children for any long-term deleterious effects of magnesium sulfate,and to assess developmental and psychomotor outcomes at school-age. The second part isdevoted to the evaluation of the in vivo impact of remifentanil, synthetic opiate, on theimmature brain of mouse pups in an excitotoxic condition.
20

Einfluss von Laxantien auf die Magenentleerung sowie den Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushalt bei gesunden Pferden

Snyder, Alice 19 February 2013 (has links)
Beim Kolikpferd stellt der Einsatz von Laxantien den wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Behandlung primärer Obstipationen des Zäkums und großen Kolons dar. Um die Obstipation zu erreichen muss das über eine Nasenschlundsonde eingegebene Abführmittel den Magen verlassen und den Dünndarm passieren. Dabei soll das Flüssigkeitsvolumen möglichst vollständig im Intestinaltrakt verbleiben, um effektiv die Ingesta zu durchfeuchten und so die Obstipation zu lösen. Je nach Art und Konzentration des gewählten Laxans werden Resorptions- und Sekretionsvorgänge an der Darmschleimhaut ausgelöst, die sich als Elektrolytverschiebungen oder Alterationen des Wasserhaushaltes im Blut zeigen können. Ziel dieser Studie war es, beim gesunden Pferd einen Einfluss der am häufigsten eingesetzten Laxantien auf die Magenentleerungszeit zu ermitteln. Zudem sollten Auswirkungen auf den Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushalte untersucht werden. Für die vorliegende Studie wurde sechs gesunden, nüchternen, adulten Warmblutpferden abwechselnd je eines von 5 Laxantien über eine Nasenschlundsonde in den nüchternen Magen eingegeben: 1,8% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 1); 4,2% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 2); Paraffinöl (Protokoll 3); 25% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 4); 25% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 5). Als Kontrolle wurde Wasser verabreicht: 10 L Wasser (Protokoll 6); 2 L Wasser (Protokoll 7). Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung wurde der flüssige Passagemarker D-(+)-xylose (0,5 g/kg KG als 10% Lösung) jedem Protokoll zugefügt mit mindestens einer Woche Auswaschzeit zwischen den einzelnen Protokollen. Zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten wurden EDTA-Blut- und Serumproben aus der Jugularvene entnommen. Die Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose wurde colorimetrisch untersucht. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose (Tmax) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Zur Einschätzung des Wasserhaushaltes wurden Totalprotein, Albumin und Hämatokrit bestimmt. Der Elektrolythaushalt wurde anhand der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Chlorid, Magnesium und Gesamtkalzium beurteilt. Zudem wurde der Einfluss auf die Wasseraufnahme und die Kotkonsistenz grobsinnlich untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass weder isotone Natriumsulfatlösung noch Paraffinöl die Magenentleerungszeit im Vergleich zu Wasser beeinträchtigen. Isotone Magnesiumsulfatlösung als auch hypertone Lösungen salinischer Laxantien führen zu einer signifikanten Verzögerung der Magenentleerung im Vergleich zu Wasser. Nach 10-stündiger Nahrungskarenz führte die Applikation von Wasser bei gesunden Pferden zum Abfall der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Magnesium, Gesamtkalzium und Chlorid. Isotone Lösungen von Natriumsulfat (1,8%) und Magnesiumsulfat (4,2%) führten nach einmaliger Applikation zum signifikanten Anstieg der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium bzw. Magnesium innerhalb der Referenzbereiche. Paraffinum liquidum hatte keine starke Alterationen des Elektrolythaushaltes zur Folge. Hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypernatriämie sowie einen signifikanten Abfall der Kalium- und signifikanten Anstieg der Chloridkonzentration. Hypertone Magnesiumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypermagnesämie sowie eine signifikante Abnahme der Kalium- und Gesamtkalziumkonzentration. Keines der verabreichten Laxantien führte zur Dehydratation. Alterationen der Wasseraufnahme oder der Kotkonsistenz wurden ausschließlich durch hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung verursacht, die die Wasseraufnahme deutlich steigerte und vorübergehend dünnbreiigen Kotabsatz induzierte. Bei primären Obstipationen des großen Kolons muss bis zur Lösung der Obstipation meist eine mehrmalige Applikation von Abführmitteln erfolgen. Hypertone Natrium- bzw. Magnesiumsulfatlösung erhöht die Serumkonzentration von Natrium bzw. Magnesium signifikant und könnte eine klinische Hypernatriämie bzw. Hypermagnesiämie erzeugen. Aus diesem Grund sind isotone Lösungen zu bevorzugen. Außerdem ist Kolikpferden mit primärer Dickdarmobstipation, die mit salinischen Laxantien behandelt werden, freier Zugang zu Wasser zu gewähren, um den entstehenden Durst der Pferde zu stillen. Zusammenfassend ist die Verabreichung isotoner Natriumsulfatlösung zu empfehlen, weil dieses effektive Laxans weder die Magenentleerungszeit verzögert, noch starke Elektrolytimbalanzen verursacht.:1 Einleitung ......................................................................................... 1 2 Ergebnisse........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Publikation 1: Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the D-xylose adsorption test......... 5 2.2 Publikation 2: Einfluss von Laxantien auf den Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt bei gesunden Pferden...-........................................ 21 3 Diskussion........................................................................................ 30 3.1 Untersuchungsmethoden der Magenentleerung........................... 30 3.1.1 D-Xylose..................................................................................... 30 3.2 Magenentleerungszeit.................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 32 3.2.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 32 3.2.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 33 3.3 Elektrolythaushalt......................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 35 3.3.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 36 3.3.3.1 Natriumsulfat........................................................................... 36 3.3.3.2 Magnesiumsulfat..................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 38 3.4 Wasserhaushalt............................................................................ 39 3.5 Wasseraufnahme und Kotkonsistenz............................................ 39 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................... 42 5 Summary........................................................................................... 44 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................... 46 Danksagung / The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with cecal or large colon impaction. To reach the impacted mass, the laxative must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The fluid volume should stay inside the gastro-intestinal tract to soften the intestinal contents and resolve the impaction. Depending on the type and concentration of the laxative, absorption and secretion can be triggered in the intestinal mucosa which might be shown as electrolyte abnormalities, or as alterations in the water balance in the blood. The aim of this study was to determine an influence of the most frequently used saline and lubricant laxatives on gastric emptying time in healthy horses. Furthermore the effect on electrolyte and water balance was to be investigated. Six healthy adult fasted Warmblood horses were used for this study which was performed with 5 laxatives, administered via nasogastric tube: 1.8% sodium sulfate (trial 1), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (trial 2), mineral oil (trial 3), 25% sodium sulfate (trial 4), 25% magnesium sulfate (trial 5). Water was used as control: 10 L water (trial 6), 2 L water (trial 7). For indirect measurement of gastric emptying the liquid passage marker D-(+)-xylose (0.5 g/kg bwt as 10% solution) was added to each trial with a minimum washout period of at least one week between the individual trials. EDTA blood and serum samples were taken from the jugular vein at predetermined time points. The serum concentration of D-xylose was analyzed colorimetrically. The time to reach peak serum concentration of D-xylose (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying time. Total protein, albumin and PCV were chosen to evaluate water balance. Electrolyte balance was evaluated on the basis of the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and total calcium. Furthermore the impact on water uptake and fecal consistency was roughly examined. Isotonic solutions of sodium sulfate as well as mineral oil do not delay gastric emptying time compared to water. Isotonic solutions of magnesium sulfate as well as hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics significantly delay gastric emptying time in comparison to water. After ten hours of food restriction the administration of water decreased the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, total calcium and chloride in healthy horses. A single administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate (1.8%) or magnesium sulfate (4.2%) significantly increased serum sodium, respectively serum magnesium concentrations, within the reference range. Mineral oil did not alter electrolyte balance. Hypertonic solution of sodium sulfate (25%) caused hypernatremia, a significant decrease in potassium concentration and a significant increase in chloride concentration. Hypertonic solution of magnesium sulfate (25%) caused hypermagnesemia and a significant decrease in potassium and total calcium concentrations. None of the administered laxatives caused dehydration. Altered water uptake or fecal consistency was caused by hypertonic solution of sodium sulphate only, which considerably increased water consumption and transitionally induced runny feces. For treatment of simple large colon impactions, administration of laxatives usually has to be repeated, until the obstruction has resolved. Hypertonic solutions of sodium and magnesium sulfate significantly increase serum sodium or magnesium concentrations, respectively and may cause clinically hypernatremia or hypermagnesemia. Therefore isotonic solutions are preferable. Furthermore horses with simple large colon impaction, which are treated with saline cathartics need to have free access to water in order to satisfy their arising thirst. In summary it can be stated that the administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate is to be recommended, since this effective laxative does neither delay gastric emptying time nor leads to severe electrolyte alterations.:1 Einleitung ......................................................................................... 1 2 Ergebnisse........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Publikation 1: Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the D-xylose adsorption test......... 5 2.2 Publikation 2: Einfluss von Laxantien auf den Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt bei gesunden Pferden...-........................................ 21 3 Diskussion........................................................................................ 30 3.1 Untersuchungsmethoden der Magenentleerung........................... 30 3.1.1 D-Xylose..................................................................................... 30 3.2 Magenentleerungszeit.................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 32 3.2.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 32 3.2.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 33 3.3 Elektrolythaushalt......................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 35 3.3.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 36 3.3.3.1 Natriumsulfat........................................................................... 36 3.3.3.2 Magnesiumsulfat..................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 38 3.4 Wasserhaushalt............................................................................ 39 3.5 Wasseraufnahme und Kotkonsistenz............................................ 39 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................... 42 5 Summary........................................................................................... 44 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................... 46 Danksagung

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