<p>The applications of magnetic materials are related to their magnetic and crystal structure as well as electronic properties. In this thesis, mainly experimental methods have been focussed on novel materials and bulk materials. A selection of materials were studied by several techniques like Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction and magnetisation measurements.</p><p>New technology allow us to prepare artificial materials with unic magnetic properties. Magnetic multilayers are very interesting not only from phenomenological point of view but also as good applications materials. In this work will be shown some results from Fe/V and Fe/Co multilayer system</p><p>The (Fe_1-xMn_x)₃P system has been studied at both ends of the composition range. At the Fe-rich end, compounds exhibiting ferromagnetic ordering are formed, while at the Mn-rich end, an antiferromagnetic coupling was discovered. The experimental results are supported by theoretical calculations.</p><p>Rare-earth compounds with focus on Fe_0.65Er_0.2B_0.15 were studied by means of traditional Mössbauer spectroscopy, Monochromatic Circular Polarized Mössbauer Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and magnetic mesurements. This compound shows interesting behaviour of Fe magnetic moment at low and room temperature.</p><p>The first magnetic studies on rhombohedral Li₃Fe₂(PO₄)₃ at low temperature has also been made and an antiferromagnetic structure was revealed.</p>

The applications of magnetic materials are related to their magnetic and crystal structure as well as electronic properties. In this thesis, mainly experimental methods have been focussed on novel materials and bulk materials. A selection of materials were studied by several techniques like Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction and magnetisation measurements. New technology allow us to prepare artificial materials with unic magnetic properties. Magnetic multilayers are very interesting not only from phenomenological point of view but also as good applications materials. In this work will be shown some results from Fe/V and Fe/Co multilayer system The (Fe1-xMnx)3P system has been studied at both ends of the composition range. At the Fe-rich end, compounds exhibiting ferromagnetic ordering are formed, while at the Mn-rich end, an antiferromagnetic coupling was discovered. The experimental results are supported by theoretical calculations. Rare-earth compounds with focus on Fe0.65Er0.2B0.15 were studied by means of traditional Mössbauer spectroscopy, Monochromatic Circular Polarized Mössbauer Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and magnetic mesurements. This compound shows interesting behaviour of Fe magnetic moment at low and room temperature. The first magnetic studies on rhombohedral Li3Fe2(PO4)3 at low temperature has also been made and an antiferromagnetic structure was revealed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adisserta.pdf: 620282 bytes, checksum: 42737bbc61b6415b2b23fa4670060fd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-14 / The Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) technique was used to study the magnetic anisotropy of NiFe/Ru multilayers. The FMR spectra and absorption fields of multilayers with Ru layers thickness bellow 20 Å are the same as that of single monolayer films. Evidence of the coupling between the magnetic layers also is given by the fact that for the sample with Ru thickness equal to 7 Å, in normal configuration of the applied static field, spin-wave resonance modes also are excited by the microwave field. The interlayer coupling constant obtained is equal to 1, 1 £ 10¡7 erg/cm. For the set of samples with different NiFe thicknees, the analysis of the effective magnetic anisotropy in terms of volume and surface contributions, gives KV = 3, 4 £ 106 erg/cm3 and KS = 1, 2 erg/cm2. / A técnica de Ressonância Ferromágnética (RFM) foi aplicada para estudar a anisotropia magnética de multicamadas NiFe/Ru. Os espectros de RFM e os campos de absorção das multicamadas com espessura da camada de Ru abaixo de 20 Å são os mesmos daqueles obtidos para um filme monocamada. Uma evidência do acoplamento entre as camadas magnéticas destas amostras é dada pelo fato de que para a multicamada com espessura de Ru igual a 7 Å, na configuração perpendicular ao campo estático aplicado, modos de ressonância de ondas de spin são também excitados pelo campo de microondas. A constante de acoplamento inter-camadas obtida é igual a 1, 1 £ 10¡7 erg/cm. Para o conjunto de amostras com espessura variável da camada de NiFe, a análise da anisotropia magnética efetiva em termos das contribuições de volume e superfície resultou em KV = 3, 4 £ 106 erg/cm3 e KS = 1, 2 erg/cm2

This work is a study of complex many-body systems with non-trivial interactions. Many such systems can be described with models that are much simpler than the real thing but which can still give good insight into the behavior of realistic systems. We take a look at two such systems. The first part looks at a model that elucidates the variety of magnetic phases observed in rare-earth heterostructures at low temperatures: the six-state clock model. We use an ANNNI-like model Hamiltonian that has a three-dimensional parameter space and yields two-dimensional multiphase regions in this space. A low-temperature expansion of the free energy reveals an example of Villain's `order from disorder' [81, 60] when an infinitesimal temperature breaks the ground-state degeneracy. The next part of our work describes biological systems. Using ECIS (Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing), we are able to extract complex impedance time series from a confluent layer of live cells. We use simple statistics to characterize the behavior of cells in these experiments. We compare experiment with models of fractional Brownian motion and random walks with persistence. We next detect differences in the behavior of single cell types in a toxic environment. Finally, we develop a very simple model of micromotion that helps explain the types of interactions responsible for the long-term and short-term correlations seen in the power spectra and autocorrelation curves extracted from the times series produced from the experiments.

Dans un effort de combiner le bénéfice des propriétés magnétiques et électroniques, les semi-Conducteurs magnétiques dilués sont projetés pour être à la base de composants reliant dans leur fonctionnement, à la fois la charge et le spin des électrons. Par l'utilisation d'une technique de magnétométrie à effet Hall, on a fait la caractérisation de ces matériaux par la détermination de l'orientation magnétique à basse température. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés aux matériaux moléculaires à transition de spin (SCO). La technologie des capteurs magnétiques offre une voie vers la vulgarisation des techniques de détection par l'utilisation de systèmes rapides et sensibles. La détection de la transition de spin des nanoparticules est réalisée par un capteur à effet Hall planaire, fabriqué à base de multicouches magnétiques. Le travail effectué est pionnier dans le domaine de la détection nano magnétique, il ouvre la voie à de nouvelles perspectives dans la recherche fondamentale et dans le développement technologique des capteurs magnétiques. Des améliorations du dispositif ont été réalisées et d'autres sont en stage de développement pour l'amélioration de la sensibilité et la réduction du bruit. L'optimisation devrait fournir un dispositif original de détection de transition de spin des nanoparticules à température ambiante. / In an effort to combine the benefits of magnetic and electronic properties, diluted magnetic semiconductors are projected to be the basis for devices combining in their operation, both the charge and spin of electrons. Using Hall Effect magnetometer, a characterization of these materials is done by determining the magnetic orientation at low temperatures. We were also interested in molecular materials spin crossover. The magnetic sensor technology provides a path to the extension of detection techniques through the use of rapid and sensitive systems. The detection of the spin crossover nanoparticles is achieved by a planar Hall Effect sensor, made from magnetic multilayers. The work is a pioneer in the field of nano magnetic detection; it opens up new perspectives in basic research and the technological development of magnetic sensors. Improvements of the device have been completed and others are under development in order to improve sensitivity and reduce noise. The optimization should provide a novel system for detecting spin transition nanoparticles at room temperature.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21598号 / 理博第4505号 / 新制||理||1647(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 小野 輝男, 教授 吉村 一良, 教授 島川 祐一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors and magnetic metallic multilayers are investigated by SQUID magnetometry. By doping GaAs with magnetic Mn2+ ions under well defined growth conditions, one obtains a diluted magnetic semiconductor, (Ga,Mn)As, in which the randomly-distributed magnetic ions act as acceptor centers. At high enough dopant and hole concentration a carrier-induced ferromagnetic state results between the magnetic ions. Due to peculiarities of the growth process sizable amounts of donor defects, such as Mn interstitials and As antisites, are also introduced into the GaAs host. The magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As are altered by the presence of such defects through the compensation effect of the holes. The Mn interstitials are thermally unstable above a certain threshold temperature and therefore their concentration can be controlled by post-growth annealing. The influence of the interfaces on the magnetic moment of FeNi/V and FeNi/Co superlattices has been studied. A decrease of the `FeNi' magnetic moment at the interfaces is observed for FeNi/V superlattices while in case of FeNi/Co an enhanced magnetic moment is obtained at the interfaces. Changes of the interlayer exchange coupling have been studied in a series of Fe/V(Fe) multilayers in which the V spacer was alloyed with small amounts of Fe. The dynamic magnetic properties of discontinuous metal-insulator multilayers of Ni81Fe19/Al2O3 have been investigated. By varying the thickness of the insulator the system exhibits a superferromagnetic, a 3d spin-glass-like and a superparamagnetic behavior.

Title: Relativistic Theory of Electron Transport in Magnetic Layers Author: Rudolf Sýkora Department / Institute: Institude of Theoretical Physics Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: doc. RNDr. Ilja Turek, DrSc., Department of Condensed Matter Physics Abstract: We review the density-functional theory (DFT) in detail using the Levy Lieb ap- proach. The Kohn Sham scheme is discussed, starting from the simplest spinless non- relativistic case, then including spin and considering potential spin magnetism, and finally deriv- ing the full Kohn Sham Dirac relativistic scheme. The Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital (LMTO) method for electronic-structure calculation is presented, together with mentioning the necessary changes to include the spin-orbit (SO) interaction effects to an otherwise scalar-relativistic (SR) theory. Derivation of an electronic-conductance formula for a layered system is given, based on the Landauer scattering picture and using simple non-equilibrium Green functions. The formal- ism is applied to layered metallic systems of light elements Co, Ni, Cu elements, and to layered systems with a tunnelling barrier, Fe/MgO/Ag and Fe/GaAs/Ag. The effects of the SO interac- tion on the Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) ratio and/or the Tunnelling Anisotropy Magnetore- sistance (TAMR) for these systems are discussed....

En électronique de spin, le couple de transfert de spin (STT) et la magnétorésistance tunnel (TMR) dans les jonctions tunnel magnétiques à électrodes ferromagnétiques (F) sont deux phénomènes physiques essentiels. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une étude théorique du STT dans des jonctions tunnel antiferromagnétiques (AF), où deux électrodes non-plus F mais AF sont séparées par une barrière isolante non-magnétique. Plus concrètement, les comportements du STT et de la TMR sont étudiés dans des jonctions tunnel AF cristallines, et ce, à l´aide de calculs de liaisons fortes dans le cadre du formalisme de Keldysh. Nous avons observé une distribution spatiale de la composante perpendiculaire du STT régulière et de signe alternatif, ce qui est similaire au comportement de la composante parallèle. Ces variations spatiales de la composante perpendiculaire sont cependant spécifiques à l'utilisation d'une barrière tunnel et contrastent avec les effets observés par le passé pour le cas de couches séparatrices métalliques. De plus, contrairement aux jonctions tunnel F conventionnelles, nous avons montré que la TMR peut augmenter avec la tension appliquée et atteindre des valeurs du même ordre de grandeur que pour des vannes de spin usuelles : tout-métallique et à électrodes F.L´analyse effectuée pour des AF est ensuite étendue aux matériaux ferrimagnétiques (FI), pour lesquels les AF constituent, somme toute, des cas limites. La complexité magnétique additionnelle inhérente aux FI se traduit par un comportement spatial du STT beaucoup plus riche dans les jonctions tunnel FI. Nous observons notamment que les paramètres électroniques tels que les largeurs et les décalages de bandes ont une très forte influence sur le STT. Plus particulièrement, la différence entre les couplages d'échange inter-spin locaux des deux sous-réseaux du FI donne lieu à une distribution spatiale du STT ondulatoire qui est modulée par la densité locale de spin. Il est possible d'ajuster cet effet en jouant sur la tension appliquée aux bornes de la jonction tunnel FI. Nous trouvons de plus que la différence entre les couplages d'échange inter-spin locaux constitue un paramètre fondamental pour la quantification des longueurs caractéristiques du STT dans les FIs. Ce paramètre peut être considéré comme un champ d´échange effectif, par similitude avec le cas usuel des Fs qui présentent un champ d´échange homogène.Pour finir, nous avons sondé expérimentalement les longueurs caractéristiques du STT dans des AFs. Pour de l'Ir20Mn80 et du Fe50Mn50, nous avons déterminé les longueurs de pénétration de spin et les mécanismes d'absorption de courants de spin à température ambiante en utilisant la résonance F et le pompage de spin. Plus précisément, nous avons associé les profondeurs de pénétration critiques à deux mécanismes d'absorption distincts: du déphasage pour l´Ir20Mn80 et du retournement de spin pour le Fe50Mn50. / Spin transfer torque (STT) and tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) in magnetic tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic (F) leads are two essential underlying phenomena of modern spintronics. We present here a theoretical study of STT in antiferromagnet (AF) based tunnel junctions, where two AF metal electrodes are separated by a thin nonmagnetic insulating barrier. In particular, the behaviour of STT and TMR in epitaxial AF-based tunnel junctions is investigated using tight binding calculations in the framework of the Keldysh formalism. The spatial distribution of the STT out-of-plane component is found to be staggered, similar to the in-plane component. This behaviour is specific to the use of a tunnel barrier and significantly differs from the out-of-plane torques reported in previous works using a metallic spacer. Additionally, we show that unlike conventional ferromagnetic-based tunnel junctions, the TMR can increase with applied bias and reach values comparable to typical magnetoresistances found for usual spin valves.Next, the analysis carried out for AFs is extended to ferrimagnets (FI), for which AFs constitute simpler limiting cases. The additional magnetic complexity inherent to FI materials yields to a richer physics concerning the STT spatial behaviour in FI based tunnel junctions.Electronic structure parameters such as band widths and exchange splittings of the FI are shown to have a strong influence on STT. In particular, the STT spatial distribution within the leads exhibits a striking spin-modulated wave-like behaviour resulting from the interplay between the exchange splittings of the two FI sublattices. This wave-like behaviour can also be tuned via the applied voltage across the junction. Furthermore, the fundamental intrinsic parameter for quantifying STT characteristic lengths in FI metals is identified. This fundamental parameter can be considered as an effective exchange field in FIs, similar to the homogeneous exchange field in the F case.Finally, the STT characteristic lengths in AF materials are investigated experimentally. Here, room temperature critical depths and absorption mechanisms of spin currents in Ir20Mn80 and Fe50Mn50 are determined by F-resonance and spin pumping. In particular, room temperature critical depths are observed to be originated from different absorption mechanisms: dephasing for Ir20Mn80 and spin flipping for Fe50Mn50.

Les skyrmions magnétiques sont des enroulements bidimensionnels et nanométriques de la configuration de spin, pouvant être stabilisés dans certains matériaux magnétiques soumis à l’interaction d’échange antisymétrique Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Ils présentent une topologie non-triviale et s’annoncent peut-être comme étant les plus petites configurations magnétiques pouvant être réalisées. Très récemment, des skyrmions magnétiques ont pu être stabilisés à température ambiante grâce à la conception de multicouches magnétiques brisant la symétrie d’inversion selon la direction verticale. Suite à cette avancée, l’objectif central de cette thèse est la compréhension et la maîtrise des multiples propriétés physiques des skyrmions hébergés dans ces systèmes multicouches. Pour aborder cet objectif, un modèle original est décrit puis employé, permettant la prédiction des profils adoptés par les skyrmions multicouches. Ce modèle numérique est très générique, n’utilisant que la symétrie cylindrique des skyrmions afin de simplifier la détermination des interactions magnétostatiques. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu afin de pouvoir approximer la stabilité thermique des skyrmions, ce qui constitue un élément clé dans leur obtention expérimentale. Une seconde dimension de ce travail consiste en l’étude expérimentale de la manipulation électrique des skyrmions multicouches, démontrant la possibilité de trois fonctionnalités centrales que sont leur nucléation par courants locaux, leur déplacement sous courant de spin et leur détection électrique individuelle par tension transverse. Le troisième aspect de ma thèse est l’étude des propriétés physiques influençant le déplacement des skyrmions dans les multicouches magnétiques. Un comportement d’ancrage sur des défauts est mis en évidence expérimentalement et est analysé à l’aide d’une modélisation micromagnétique. Un des résultats importants de ce travail est aussi la prédiction d’une chiralité hybride dans les configurations magnétiques de certaines multicouches, qui est ensuite démontrée expérimentalement par des mesures au synchrotron. Les conséquences attendues de cette chiralité hybride sur le déplacement des skyrmions sont étudiées pour permettre l’optimisation des multicouches, aboutissant à l’observation expérimentale de la propagation de skyrmions de 50 nm de rayon à des vitesses atteignant environ 40 m/s. La dernière partie de cette thèse vise à mettre à profit ces avancées théoriques et expérimentales afin de parvenir à réduire la taille des skyrmions à température ambiante. Après avoir analysé l’impact des interactions dipolaires sur la stabilité des skyrmions, il est entrepris d’optimiser les matériaux et la périodicité des couches. Je m’intéresse aussi à la conception expérimentale de textures magnétiques dont l’aimantation est compensée au sein de structures multicouches appelées antiferromagnétiques synthétiques, dont je montre qu’elles peuvent héberger des skyrmions antiferromagnétiques à température ambiante. Ce résultat final ouvre de nouvelles perspectives vers l’obtention de skyrmions à la fois mesurant moins de 10 nm et très mobiles, qui pourraient être utilisés dans la conception de composants de calcul et de stockage d’information plus compacts et plus efficaces. / Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale two-dimensional windings in the spin configuration of some magnetic materials subject to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya antisymmetric exchange interaction. They feature a non-trivial topology and show promise to be the smallest achievable magnetic textures. Very recently, magnetic skyrmions have been successfully stabilised up to room temperature by leveraging on the design of magnetic multilayer systems breaking the vertical inversion symmetry. Following up on this achievement, the main objective of this thesis is the understanding and the control of the various physical properties of skyrmions hosted by such multilayer systems. As a first approach to this objective, an original model allowing to predict the profiles adopted by multilayer skyrmions is described and then employed. This numerical model is very generic, as it exploits only the cylindrical symmetry of multilayer skyrmions, in order to determine the magnetostatic interactions with less effort. This model is further extended in order to approximate the thermal stability of multilayer skyrmions, which is key to their experimental realisation. The next aspect of this thesis consists in the experimental study of the electrical manipulation of multilayer skyrmions, demonstrating three main functionalities that are nucleation by local currents, displacement under spin currents and individual detection by transverse voltage. The third aspect of my thesis is the study of the physical properties influencing the current-induced motion of skyrmions in magnetic multilayers. A pinning behaviour is evidenced experimentally and analysed relying on micromagnetic modelling. One of the important results of this work is also the prediction of hybrid chirality for some multilayer magnetic configurations, which is then demonstrated experimentally using a synchrotron technique. The impact of hybrid chirality on current-induced skyrmion motion is discussed and leads to the optimisation of the multilayer design, resulting in the experimental observation of motion for skyrmions below 50 nm in radius at velocities reaching around 40 m/s. The last part of this thesis aims at leveraging on these theoretical and experimental advances in order to reduce the size of skyrmions at room temperature. After the analysis of the impact of dipolar interactions on skyrmion stability, the engineering of the materials and of the layers periodicity is attempted. I also investigate experimentally the conception of magnetic textures with compensated magnetization in multilayer structures known as synthetic antiferromagnets, and show that they can host antiferromagnetic skyrmions at room temperature. This last result opens up new prospects for achieving room-temperature skyrmions combining size in the single-digit nm range and high mobility, potentially allowing applications towards energy-efficient computation and storage devices with a very dense integration.