No description available.

Selon l'American Lung Association, dans les dernières années, les maladies pulmonaires sont devenues la troisième cause mondiale de décès après les maladies cardiovasculaires et le cancer. Et il est prévu que la position augmente dans ce classement au cours des dix prochaines années. Les maladies pulmonaires telles que la broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et la fibrose interstitielle affectent des millions de personnes dans le monde, tuant des milliers d'entre eux chaque année tandis que de nouveaux cas sont signalés. Aujourd'hui, il n'y a pas de diagnostic précoce des maladies pulmonaires. Celles-ci se manifestent essentiellement par une modification des propriétés viscoélastiques du parenchyme pulmonaire qui ne peut être détectée par les techniques usuelles appliquées généralement sur les autres organes. La tomodensitométrie par rayons X et la biopsie pulmonaire chirurgicale peuvent indiquer la maladie. Cependant, il n'est pas encore possible de prédire la progression de cette dernière ni de déterminer la durée optimale de la thérapie, ni encore d'explorer l'administration d'autres agents potentiellement moins toxiques que ceux utilisés de nos jours. Les causes et les mécanismes de la maladie ainsi que les facteurs génétiques associés ne sont pas encore déterminés. Les enjeux sociétal et médical sont énormes. Les propriétés viscoélastiques des tissus pulmonaires jouent un rôle clé dans la fonction-même de l'organe. Elles pourraient être des biomarqueurs pulmonaires très sensibles puisqu'elles dépendent de la structure des tissus, des conditions biologiques, et qu'elles sont considérablement altérées par la plupart des maladies pulmonaires comme le cancer, l'emphysème, l'asthme ou la fibrose interstitielle. Toutefois, l’auscultation et l’exploration tactile couramment utilisées ne peuvent pas localement les sonder in vivo. Dans ce travail de thèse, une nouvelle modalité a été développée pour cartographier les propriétés viscoélastiques du parenchyme pulmonaire afin de détecter, quantifier et classer les maladies qui les modifient. Cette nouvelle méthode d'imagerie, l’élastographie par résonance magnétique de l'hélium-3 hyperpolarisé, bénéficie de l'innocuité et de la sensibilité de la technique ainsi que de l'importance du signal d'hélium-3 hyperpolarisé dans les poumons.Tout d'abord, la technique a été validée sur des fantômes de poumons préservés de cochon. D'une part, les hypothèses de confinement du gaz et de l'indépendance à la composition du gaz qui sous-tendent l'élastographie IRM quantitative de l'hélium-3 ont été confirmées. D'autre part, la sensibilité de la technique a été éprouvée par rapport à l'inflation des poumons et à leur dépendance à la gravité. Puis, un mode d'excitation original a été développé et les protocoles d'acquisition IRM ont été optimisés pour réaliser l'élastographie IRM de l'hélium-3 in vivo. Les premières mesures de propagation d'ondes de cisaillement ont été obtenues à la fois dans des poumons de rat et d'humain. Les modules d'élasticité de cisaillement obtenus s'accordent assez bien avec les valeurs de rigidité obtenues ex vivo par les techniques alternatives. Ce travail ouvre une voie unique d'exploration in vivo de la physiopathologie pulmonaire. / According to the American Lung Association, for the last few years, lung diseases have become the third most common cause of death worldwide after cardiovascular disease and tumors, and it is expected to rise up the ranking position in the next ten years. Lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and interstitial fibrosis affect millions of people worldwide, killing thousands of them every year while new cases are reported. Today, there is no early diagnosis of these pulmonary diseases. They effectively manifest by a modification of the viscoelastic properties of the lung parenchyma which cannot be detected by usual techniques that are applied to other organs. X-ray computer tomography and surgical lung biopsy can state the disease. However, it is not yet possible to predict its progression, to determine the optimal length of the therapy, or to explore the administration of other agents potentially less toxic than those used nowadays. Causes and mechanisms of the disease, associated genetic factors are not determined yet. The social and medical issues are huge. The viscoelastic properties of lung tissue play a key role in the basic function of the organ. They could be very sensitive pulmonary biomarkers as they depend on the tissue structure, the biological conditions, and they are dramatically altered by most lung diseases like cancer, emphysema, asthma, or interstitial fibrosis. However, current auscultation and tactual explorations fail to regionally probe them in vivo.In this PhD work, a new modality was developed to regionally measure the viscoelastic properties of the lung parenchyma in order to detect, quantify, and classify diseases that modify them. This new imaging approach, hyperpolarized helium-3 Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE), benefit from the innocuity and the sensitivity of the technique as well as from the huge hyperpolarized helium-3 signal in the lung. First, the technique was validated on preserved pig lung phantoms. On the one hand, the assumptions of gas confinement and gas content independence that support quantitative helium-3 MRE were assessed. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the technique was challenged with respect to lung inflation and gravity dependence. Second, original means of mechanical excitation were developed and MR acquisition protocols were optimized to perform helium-3 MRE in vivo. First measurements of shear wave propagation were achieved in both rat and human lungs. Resulting shear elasticity agrees fairly well with stiffness values found ex vivo by alternative measurement techniques. This work opens up promising insights into lung pathophysiology in vivo.

Les propriétés mécaniques des tissus biologiques sont des paramètres importants en médecine : ce sont des biomarqueurs du fonctionnement normal ou pathologique d'un tissu. En effet, ces propriétés peuvent être affectées par certaines conditions mécaniques telles que l'application d'une contrainte externe, comme l'hypertension ou un traumatisme, mais également par la présence de certaines maladies, telles que le cancer, la fibrose, l’inflammation, la maladie d'Alzheimer, ou bien tout simplement avec l'âge. La palpation réalisée par le médecin permet de discerner ces changements mais ce geste est qualitatif et ne peut accéder à des organes profonds. L'élastographie-IRM reste une méthode quantitative, robuste, d'une grande précision, qui permet de sonder l'élasticité et la viscosité des tissus. Elle consiste à mesurer le champ de déplacement d'une onde de cisaillement induite dans l'organe ciblé par une technique IRM en contraste de phase. Les modules viscoélastiques sont alors déduits après inversion de l'équation d'onde. Malgré cela, la justesse de cette technique n'a pas encore été pleinement établie. L'élastographie-IRM est en cours d'implémentation en routine clinique sur des patients atteints de maladies hépatiques chroniques ou bien pour caractériser des tumeurs dans le cas de cancer du sein. L'application aux autres organes protégés, tels que le cerveau ou les poumons, reste encore du domaine de la recherche à cause de la difficulté d'y induire des ondes mécaniques (protection naturelle de la boîte crânienne ou de la cage thoracique). C'est dans ce contexte qu'intervient un volet de mon travail de thèse : la mise en place, la caractérisation et l'optimisation d'un système induisant des ondes mécaniques dans les organes profonds. L’approche originale suivie a été d’utiliser les voies naturelles permettant d’amener l’onde de pression aux poumons ou bien à l’encéphale, différente des approches classiques consistant à traverser les barrières protectrices. Ce générateur d'onde de pression nous a permis d'obtenir des amplitudes d'onde allant de 6 µm à 30 µm dans l'ensemble du cerveau, amplitudes suffisantes afin d'en déduire les modules viscoélastiques du cerveau entier. D'autre part, un travail important s'est attaché à la réalisation d'un schéma original de correction des mouvements du patient en élastographie-IRM. Nous avons mis en évidence comment ces mouvements peuvent entraîner une discordance des composantes du champ de déplacement, nécessitant alors d'être corrigées. La correction proposée est composée d'une première étape dont la finalité est de recaler spatialement l'ensemble des volumes acquis, puis d'une seconde étape permettant de rétablir les composantes du champ de déplacement dans la même base orthonormée. Nous avons évalué numériquement et expérimentalement le biais induit quand aucunes corrections n'étaient appliquées sur ces données ainsi que l'apport de ces deux étapes de correction. Un travail préliminaire sur l'étude de la reproductibilité des acquisitions (phase en particulier) a été nécessaire. Enfin, l'ensemble des résultats de ces deux volets nous ont permis de réaliser des acquisitions d'élastographie du cerveau complet et d'obtenir des cartes du champ de déplacement de qualité. Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer la tendance des ondes mécaniques à suivre les directions privilégiées des fibres du cerveau, résultats que nous avons commencé à confronter aux observations faites en DTI. / Mechanical properties of biological tissues are important parameters in medicine: they are normal or pathological function biomarkers of tissue. Indeed, these properties can be affected by some mechanical conditions such as the application of an external constraint, like hypertension or trauma, but also by the presence of certain diseases, such as cancer, fibrosis, inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, or simply with age. Palpation performed by the physician can detect these changes but this gesture is qualitative and can not access deep organs. MR-elastography remains a quantitative and robust method of high precision, which probes elasticity and viscosity of tissues. It consists in measuring the displacement field of a shear wave induced in the target organ by a phase contrast based MRI technique. The viscoelastic moduli are deducted after inversion of the wave equation. Nevertheless, the accuracy of this technique has not yet been fully established. MR-elastography is being implemented in routine clinical practice for patients with chronic liver diseases or to characterize tumors in the case of breast cancer. Application to other protected organs, such as the brain or lungs, is still in research area because of the difficulty to induce mechanical waves (natural protection of the skull or the rib cage). It is in this context that a part of my thesis work is involved: the establishment, characterization and optimization of a system inducing mechanical waves in deep organs. The original approach was to use anatomical pathways for bringing the pressure waves to the lungs or the brain, different from conventional approaches of traversing the protective barriers. This pressure wave generator allowed us to obtain wave amplitudes ranging from 6 µm to 30 µm in the whole brain, sufficient amplitudes to deduce the whole brain viscoelastic moduli. On the other hand, an important work has focused on the realization of an original scheme of patient motions correction in MR-elastography. We have brought out how these motions can cause a mismatch of the displacement field components, which need to be corrected. The proposed correction is composed of a first step whose purpose is to spatially realign all acquired volumes, then a second step to restore the displacement field components in the same orthonormal basis. We numerically and experimentally evaluated the bias when no corrections were applied to these data and the contribution of these two correction steps. A preliminary work on the study of the acquisitions reproducibility (particularly phase) was necessary. Finally, all the results of these two components have allowed us to realize elastography acquisitions of the whole brain and obtain quality displacement field maps. Thus, we showed the trend of mechanical waves to follow the brain fibers preferred directions, results that we started to compare to the observations made by DTI.

Diese Arbeit stellt das Konzept der kompressionssensitiven Magnetresonanzelastographie vor. Kompressionssensitive MRE analysiert die Ausbreitung von Kompressionswellen und liefert dadurch Erkenntnisse über die Kompressionseigenschaften eines Mediums auf Grundlage eines poroelastischen Modells. Anomalien bei der Regulation des Gewebedrucks stehen in Zusammenhang mit verschiedenen Krankheitsbildern, wie Normaldruck-Hydrozephalus und Pfortader-Hypertonie. Statischer Druck spielt als Porendruck eine zentrale Rolle in den poroelastischen Wellengleichungen; die kompressionssensitive MRE könnte daher ein nichtinvasives Diagnoseinstrument darstellen, das die durch konventionelle Scherwellen-Elastographie gewonnenen Informationen um weitere Aspekte ergänzt. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung einer schnellen Singleshot-EPI-Bildgebungssequenz, mit deren Hilfe die durch propagierende Druckwellen hervorgerufene volumetrische Verzerrung quantifiziert werden kann. Die Validierung der kompressionssensitiven MRE erfolgte an verschiedenen Systemen: an porösen Gelphantomen, an der menschlichen Lunge in zwei Atemzuständen, in einer ex-vivo Schafsleber bei unterschiedlichen hydrostatischen Drücken und schließlich am menschlichen Gehirn. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass die Stärke der induzierten volumetrischen Verzerrung sensitiv gegenüber Druckänderungen ist, wohingegen die Scherverzerrung keine derartige Abhängigkeit aufweist. In einer weiteren Studie wurde intrinsische Pulsation des menschlichen Hirns anstelle einer externen Vibrationsquelle ausgenutzt. Dabei erzeugte die arterielle Pulswelle eine kurze lokale Expansion des Hirnparenchyms; in der sich anschließenden diastolischen Phase erfolgte eine langsame Rückkehr zum Ausgangszustand. Aus den gemessenen volumetrischen Verzerrungen wurden durch Inversion der Druckwellengleichung numerische Werte für den Druckwellenmodul M berechnet; Rauschen wurde als primäre Ursache für die systematische Unterschätzung von M identifiziert. / This thesis introduces the concept of compression-sensitive Magnetic Resonance Elastography. Compression-sensitive MRE detects the propagation of pressure waves, providing insight into the compressibility of a material based on a poroelastic tissue model. Poroelastic models incorporate compressibility through interaction of compartments, even as each individual compartment remains incompressible. Hydrostatic tissue pressure abnormalities are associated with a number of diseases, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus or hepatic portal hypertension. Since pore pressure plays a central role in the poroelastic wave equations, compression-sensitive MRE could potentially serve as a diagnostic tool, providing information complimentary to shear-wave MRE data. This thesis describes the development of a fast single-shot EPI MR sequence capable of quantifying volumetric strain induced by external vibrations. Compression-sensitive MRE was validated in porous gel phantoms, in the human lung at two different respiratory states, in an ex vivo sheep liver at varying levels of hydrostatic pressure, and finally in human liver and brain. Results illustrate that compression-sensitive MRE is capable of quantifying volumetric strain in phantoms and in human organs. It was found that volumetric strain was sensitive toward pressure changes associated with different physiological states, whereas shear strain remained constant. In an additional study, pulsation of the human brain, driven by the heart cycle, was used as the actuation source instead of the external vibration generator. Results indicate local expansion of brain parenchyma upon the arrival of the arterial pulse wave, followed by a slow return to the initial state during the diastolic phase. Numerical values for the pressure wave modulus M were calculated from measured volumetric strain through inversion of the pressure wave equation. Measurement noise was identified as the primary effect causing a severe underestimation of M.

No description available.

Em tecidos biológicos lesados, a viscoelasticidade é a propriedade física que mais se modifica em relação ao tecido normal. Palpação manual é geralmente usada para identificar estas lesões, tais como nódulos e cistos. Recentemente, vários estudos envolvendo técnicas ultrassônicas e de ressonância magnética, denominadas elastografia, têm sido empregadas para avaliar as propriedades viscoelásticas dessas lesões. Uma das dificuldades neste tipo de estudo está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de simuladores de tecidos biológicos com inclusões equivalentes, uma vez que, essas estruturas lesadas originam-se a partir do próprio tecido biológico. Com base nessas motivações, técnicas quantitativas de elastografia por ressonância magnética e ultrassom foram exploradas para avaliar lesões simuladas em fantomas viscoelásticos. Estas lesões, com diferentes propriedades viscoelásticas, foram geradas no interior de um fantoma usando radiação ionizante. Os fantomas, também conhecidos como gel dosimétrico, foram desenvolvidos a base de pele animal, e irradiados utilizando um sistema de terapia de radiação convencional. Imagens de relaxometria por ressonância magnética (RRM) foram adquiridas nestes fantomas e usadas como referência padrão da dose absorvida e de sua distribuição. Os perfis da distribuição de dose avaliados nessas imagens de RRM e pelo sistema de planejamento radioterápico TPS 3D foram comparados aos de rigidez das imagens elastográficas. O estudo elastográfico nestes fantomas foi realizado utilizando os métodos de Vibroacustografia (VA), Vibrometria por Ultrassom (VU) e Elastografia por Ressonância Magnética (ERM). O segundo objetivo desta tese foi explorar a viabilidade de existência de speckle em imagens de vibroacustografia. Para testar essa idéia, um modelo tridimensional (3D) para a função de espalhamento de ponto (PSF) do sistema de VA foi simulada. O código da simulação foi desenvolvido em ambiente MATLAB e empregando sub-rotinas do programa Field II para simulação numérica dos transdutores. Imagens de ultrassom modo-B (IUSB) e vibroacustografia foram simuladas usando esse modelo de PSF-3D para um transdutor esférico e confocal, respectivamente. Essas IUSB foram simuladas para servir como um parâmetro comparativo com as imagens geradas por VA. As imagens de ultrassom foram exibidas em um plano tomográfico que corresponde ao plano de imagem da VA. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando um cluster de computadores de alto desempenho. Todas as imagens foram simuladas empregando um modelo de fantoma virtual não homogêneo com dimensões de (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Os resultados preliminares mostraram um padrão de interferência nas imagens de VA, semelhantes à speckles, obtidas empregando o transdutor confocal. Estas imagens foram produzidas a partir de espalhadores localizados no interior do volume da célula de resolução da PSF-3D. / The viscoelasticity of injured biological tissues is the physical property that changes the most in relation to normal tissue. Manual palpation is commonly used to identify these lesions, such as nodules and cysts. Recently, several studies involving ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, called elastography, have been employed to assess the viscoelastic properties of these lesions. One difficulty in this type of study is related to the development of biological tissues mimicking materials with similar inclusions, once these injured structures originate from anomalies within the biological tissue. Based on these motivations, quantitative elastographic techniques based on magnetic resonance and ultrasound modalities have been used to assess injuries in viscoelastic mimicking-tissue phantom materials. These lesions, with different viscoelastic properties, were generated within a phantom using ionizing radiation. The phantoms, also known as dosimeter gel, were developed based on animal skin powder, and irradiated using a conventional radiation therapy system. Magnetic resonance relaxometry images (MRR) were acquired in these phantoms, and were used as absorbed dose standard reference and its distribution. The estimated dose distribution profiles from these images and the ones provided by TPS 3D software radiotherapy planning system were compared to the elastograms. The elastographic studies were conducted using Vibro-acoustography (VA), Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) and Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) techniques. The second goal of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of speckle existence in vibro-acoustography images. To test that, a three-dimensional (3D) model for the systems point spread function (PSF) was simulated. The simulation code was implemented in MATLAB and using the program Field II subroutines. The numerical simulations were performed using a cluster of high performance computers. B-mode ultrasound and VA images were simulated using that PSF 3D model, for a spherically focused and a confocal transducer, respectively. These B-mode images were simulated as a comparative parameter to the images generated by VA. The B-mode ultrasound images were displayed in a tomographic plane corresponding to the VA imaging plane. All images were simulated using a virtual phantom with dimensions (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Preliminary results showed a interference pattern in VA images taken with a confocal transducer. These images were produced from scatterers located inside the PSF resolution cell volume.

Em tecidos biológicos lesados, a viscoelasticidade é a propriedade física que mais se modifica em relação ao tecido normal. Palpação manual é geralmente usada para identificar estas lesões, tais como nódulos e cistos. Recentemente, vários estudos envolvendo técnicas ultrassônicas e de ressonância magnética, denominadas elastografia, têm sido empregadas para avaliar as propriedades viscoelásticas dessas lesões. Uma das dificuldades neste tipo de estudo está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de simuladores de tecidos biológicos com inclusões equivalentes, uma vez que, essas estruturas lesadas originam-se a partir do próprio tecido biológico. Com base nessas motivações, técnicas quantitativas de elastografia por ressonância magnética e ultrassom foram exploradas para avaliar lesões simuladas em fantomas viscoelásticos. Estas lesões, com diferentes propriedades viscoelásticas, foram geradas no interior de um fantoma usando radiação ionizante. Os fantomas, também conhecidos como gel dosimétrico, foram desenvolvidos a base de pele animal, e irradiados utilizando um sistema de terapia de radiação convencional. Imagens de relaxometria por ressonância magnética (RRM) foram adquiridas nestes fantomas e usadas como referência padrão da dose absorvida e de sua distribuição. Os perfis da distribuição de dose avaliados nessas imagens de RRM e pelo sistema de planejamento radioterápico TPS 3D foram comparados aos de rigidez das imagens elastográficas. O estudo elastográfico nestes fantomas foi realizado utilizando os métodos de Vibroacustografia (VA), Vibrometria por Ultrassom (VU) e Elastografia por Ressonância Magnética (ERM). O segundo objetivo desta tese foi explorar a viabilidade de existência de speckle em imagens de vibroacustografia. Para testar essa idéia, um modelo tridimensional (3D) para a função de espalhamento de ponto (PSF) do sistema de VA foi simulada. O código da simulação foi desenvolvido em ambiente MATLAB e empregando sub-rotinas do programa Field II para simulação numérica dos transdutores. Imagens de ultrassom modo-B (IUSB) e vibroacustografia foram simuladas usando esse modelo de PSF-3D para um transdutor esférico e confocal, respectivamente. Essas IUSB foram simuladas para servir como um parâmetro comparativo com as imagens geradas por VA. As imagens de ultrassom foram exibidas em um plano tomográfico que corresponde ao plano de imagem da VA. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando um cluster de computadores de alto desempenho. Todas as imagens foram simuladas empregando um modelo de fantoma virtual não homogêneo com dimensões de (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Os resultados preliminares mostraram um padrão de interferência nas imagens de VA, semelhantes à speckles, obtidas empregando o transdutor confocal. Estas imagens foram produzidas a partir de espalhadores localizados no interior do volume da célula de resolução da PSF-3D. / The viscoelasticity of injured biological tissues is the physical property that changes the most in relation to normal tissue. Manual palpation is commonly used to identify these lesions, such as nodules and cysts. Recently, several studies involving ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, called elastography, have been employed to assess the viscoelastic properties of these lesions. One difficulty in this type of study is related to the development of biological tissues mimicking materials with similar inclusions, once these injured structures originate from anomalies within the biological tissue. Based on these motivations, quantitative elastographic techniques based on magnetic resonance and ultrasound modalities have been used to assess injuries in viscoelastic mimicking-tissue phantom materials. These lesions, with different viscoelastic properties, were generated within a phantom using ionizing radiation. The phantoms, also known as dosimeter gel, were developed based on animal skin powder, and irradiated using a conventional radiation therapy system. Magnetic resonance relaxometry images (MRR) were acquired in these phantoms, and were used as absorbed dose standard reference and its distribution. The estimated dose distribution profiles from these images and the ones provided by TPS 3D software radiotherapy planning system were compared to the elastograms. The elastographic studies were conducted using Vibro-acoustography (VA), Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) and Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) techniques. The second goal of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of speckle existence in vibro-acoustography images. To test that, a three-dimensional (3D) model for the systems point spread function (PSF) was simulated. The simulation code was implemented in MATLAB and using the program Field II subroutines. The numerical simulations were performed using a cluster of high performance computers. B-mode ultrasound and VA images were simulated using that PSF 3D model, for a spherically focused and a confocal transducer, respectively. These B-mode images were simulated as a comparative parameter to the images generated by VA. The B-mode ultrasound images were displayed in a tomographic plane corresponding to the VA imaging plane. All images were simulated using a virtual phantom with dimensions (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Preliminary results showed a interference pattern in VA images taken with a confocal transducer. These images were produced from scatterers located inside the PSF resolution cell volume.

L'Elastographie par Résonance Magnétique (ERM) est une technique d'imagerie permettant de caractériser in vivo les propriétés biomécaniques des tissus de façon non invasive. Dans ce contexte, la première partie de cette thèse s'intéresse à comparer les propriétés viscoélastiques obtenues par ERM avec une technique de rhéologie haute-fréquence, pouvant atteindre des fréquences de sollicitation mécanique communes à l'ERM, contrairement à ce qui est classiquement fait dans la littérature. Pour effectuer les mesures ERM, le dispositif d'excitation mécanique et la séquence IRM ont été développés et un algorithme de reconstruction des propriétés viscoélastiques, fondé sur l'inversion de l'équation de Helmholtz, a été implémenté et évalué en simulation. La comparaison ERM/rhéologie a ensuite été effectuée, d'abord sur des fantômes de plastisol présentant différentes propriétés viscoélastiques, puis sur des échantillons de foies bovins. Dans les deux cas, les résultats ont montré un bon accord entre les valeurs obtenues en ERM et celles issues de la rhéologie. Le second volet de ces travaux s'attache à présenter une nouvelle stratégie d'acquisition en ERM. Les séquences d'ERM conventionnelle utilisent des gradients oscillants afin d'encoder la propagation de l'onde. Ces gradients peuvent cependant restreindre les applications, en raison des limitations de leur fréquence de commutation et de leur amplitude maximale. Nous proposons ici d'encoder directement la propagation de l'onde à l'aide d'impulsions RF générées par la théorie du Contrôle Optimal (CO), combinées à un gradient constant. Une première expérience simple de contrôle de la phase par impulsions RF est présentée, consistant à créer des motifs de distribution spatiale de cette phase, en l'absence de propagation d'onde. Puis, des impulsions RF adaptées à l'ERM ont été générées : les images de phase obtenues ont été comparées avec celles acquises par ERM conventionnelle. Les propriétés viscoélastiques reconstruites dans les deux cas sont similaires, validant ainsi cette nouvelle méthode d'acquisition. / Magnetic Resonance Elastography is a non-invasive imaging method enabling in vivo characterization of viscoelastic properties of biological tissues. The first part of this thesis deals with the comparison of viscoelastic properties obtained with MRE and with a high-frequency rheometer having a large excitation frequency range. This large frequency range enables common frequency range to MRE, unlike the comparisons usually performed in the literature. To perform MRE measurements, the excitation device and the MRE sequence were developed and an algorithm reconstructing the viscoelastic properties based on an inversion of Helmholtz equation was implemented and evaluated through simulation. The comparison between MRE/rheology was then performed, first on plastisol phantoms with different viscoelastic properties, and then on bovine liver samples. In both cases, results show a very good agreement between values obtained with MRE and those coming from rheology. The second part of this work presents a new acquisition method for MRE. Conventional MRE sequences use oscillating gradients to encode the wave propagation into the phase image. However, these gradients can restrict MRE applications, as their switching frequencies as well as maximal amplitude are limited. The new acquisition strategy we propose in this thesis encodes the wave propagation directly with RF pulses generated with Optimal Control Theory (OCT), in combination with a constant gradient. An initial experiment of phase control with RF pulses is presented, consisting in creating non-trivial spatial phase patterns in MRI phase images, in the absence of wave propagation. Then, RF pulses adapted to the MRE problem are generated with OCT and phase images obtained with these pulses are compared with conventional MRE acquisitions. Viscoelastic properties reconstructed from these two techniques are similar, validating thus this new acquisition method.