Araguainha é a maior e mais bem exposta cratera complexa da América do Sul, formada em sedimentos horizontais da Bacia do Paraná. Sua portentosa estrutura com aproximados 40 km de diâmetro e 25 km de cavidade transiente revela um contraste negativo de densidade e susceptibilidade magnética na região do soerguimento central. Esta feição permite inferir um limite de propriedade física entre o Núcleo Central Soerguido (NCS) e o Embasamento Granítico Soerguido (EGS), que por sua vez apresenta baixa razão de Koenigsberger. A caracterização geofísica de Araguainha é sustentada por modelamento 2,5D com base em informações gravimétricas, aeromagnéticas e magnéticas terrestres, o que permite classificá-la como uma estrutura concêntrica e simétrica, com profundidade média do embasamento a 1,0 km, exceto para a borda sul, que apresenta soerguimento mais acentuado. A interface embasamento/sedimento é seccionada por pares espelhados de falhas radiais que surgem no estágio de modificação da cratera. Estas estruturas rúpteis conferem as maiores profundidades à região da bacia anelar e promovem constricção dos sedimentos com tensão horizontal radial. A observação e interpretação destas deformações permitem caracterizar Araguainha como uma estrutura de impacto de domínio rúptil-dúctil. / Araguainha is the largest and the best-exposed complex crater of South America, formed in horizontal sediments of the Paraná Basin. Its portentous structure with 40 km in diameter and 25 km of transient cavity reveals a negative contrast of density and magnetic susceptibility in the central uplift. That feature allows to infer a limit of physical property between the uplifted central core and the uplifted granite basement, which shows a low Konigsberger?s ratio. The geophysical characterization of Araguainha is sustained by 2,5D modeling with gravity, aeromagnetic, and ground magnetic information and It allows to classify it as a concentric, symmetrical structure, with average basement depth of 1.0 km, except in the southern rim, that shows a bigger uplift. The basement/sediment interface is cut by specular pairs of radial faults that appears in the modification stage of the crater. These brittle structures are responsible for the biggest depths in the annular basin region, and they promote a sediment constriction with horizontal radial tension. The observation and interpretation of these deformations allow to characterize Araguainha as an impact brittle-ductile domain structure.

O Maciço Alcalino máfico-ultramáfico Ponte Nova localiza-se no setor norte da Província Serra do Mar, junto à porção oriental da Serra da Mantiqueira, na fronteira dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Caracteriza-se por dois afloramentos de áreas 5 km² e 1 km². Dados magnéticos obtidos dos aerolevantamentos realizados para a CPRM pela Microsurvey Aerogeofísica e Consultoria Científica Ltda evidenciaram a presença de uma anomalia magnética extensa e de grande amplitude sobre os afloramentos. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da interpretação geofísica e de modelagem direta integrando os dados aeromagnéticos com dados geológicos e gravimétricos do maciço visando uma caracterização do maciço em subsuperfície. Para uma determinação mais eficaz da localização e das dimensões da fonte da anomalia magnética, foram utilizadas técnicas de redução ao polo, amplitude do sinal analítico da anomalia magnética de campo total e aplicação de derivadas direcionais. Em laboratório, foram medidas as susceptibilidades magnéticas e intensidade da magnetização remanente natural de 14 amostras retiradas da região. Os resultados confirmaram a presença de magnetização remanescente em algumas das amostras, e susceptibilidade magnética média da ordem de 10-2 SI. A partir da conjunção dos dados do aerolevantamento e de dados geológicos, foi feita a modelagem direta 3-D com as propriedades magnéticas parametrizadas pelas medidas em laboratório. Os modelos consideraram a discriminação das fácies petrográficas do maciço, com susceptibilidades magnéticas variando de 0,1 a 0,9 SI. Os corpos modelados atingiram profundidades da base de pelo menos 3 km e seus volumes foram da ordem de 25 km³. Com base nas dimensões obtidas nos modelos magnéticos diretos, foi realizado um modelo gravimétrico direto com valores de densidade variando entre 2,77 g/cm³ e 3,30 g/cm³. Os resultados obtidos pelos modelos diretos foram discutidos e comparados com o modelo geológico e com outros modelos gravimétricos desenvolvidos. Apesar dos resultados alcançados pelos modelos apresentarem valores compatíveis com os observados nos levantamentos, os modelos não permitiram discriminar entre as duas hipóteses de trabalho sobre a configuração do maciço em subsuperfície: um corpo único que aflora em duas regiões ou dois corpos desconectados em subsuperfície. / The Ponte Nova mafic-ultramafic alkaline massif is located in the northern sector of the Serra do Mar Province, near the eastern portion of the Serra da Mantiqueira, on the border of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. It is characterized by two outcrops measuring 5 km² and 1 km² of area. Magnetic data obtained from the airborn surveys carried out for the CPRM by Microsurvey Aerogeofísica and Consultoria Científica Ltda. evidenced the presence of an extensive magnetic anomaly with great amplitude on the outcrops. This work presents the results of geophysical interpretation and direct modeling integrating the aeromagnetic data with geological and gravimetric data of the massif, aiming a characterization of the massif in the subsurface. To determine a better location and shape values of the magnetic anomaly\'s source, we use pole reduction techniques, amplitude of the analytical signal of the total field magnetic anomaly and directional derivative applications. Magnetic susceptibilities and natural remanent magnetization intensity of 14 samples from the region were measured in laboratory. The results confirm the presence of remanent magnetization in some samples, and the average magnetic susceptibility about 10-2 SI. From the conjunction of the aero-survey data and the geological data, two direct 3-D model were developed with the magnetic properties parameterized by the laboratory measurements. These models considered different petrographic facies, with magnetic susceptibilities ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 SI. The modeled bodies reached depths of the base of at least 3 km and their volumes were about 25 km³. Based on the dimensions obtained from direct magnetic models, a direct gravimetric model was performed, with density values ranging from 2.77 g / cm³ and 3.30 g / cm³. The results obtained by the direct models were discussed and compared with the geological model and with other existing gravimetric models. Although the direct models yielded results compatible with those observed in the surveys, the results do not allow for discrimination of the following working hypotheses on the configuration of the subsurface massif: a single body outcropping in two regions or two bodies disconnected in the subsurface.

O Maciço Alcalino máfico-ultramáfico Ponte Nova localiza-se no setor norte da Província Serra do Mar, junto à porção oriental da Serra da Mantiqueira, na fronteira dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Caracteriza-se por dois afloramentos de áreas 5 km² e 1 km². Dados magnéticos obtidos dos aerolevantamentos realizados para a CPRM pela Microsurvey Aerogeofísica e Consultoria Científica Ltda evidenciaram a presença de uma anomalia magnética extensa e de grande amplitude sobre os afloramentos. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da interpretação geofísica e de modelagem direta integrando os dados aeromagnéticos com dados geológicos e gravimétricos do maciço visando uma caracterização do maciço em subsuperfície. Para uma determinação mais eficaz da localização e das dimensões da fonte da anomalia magnética, foram utilizadas técnicas de redução ao polo, amplitude do sinal analítico da anomalia magnética de campo total e aplicação de derivadas direcionais. Em laboratório, foram medidas as susceptibilidades magnéticas e intensidade da magnetização remanente natural de 14 amostras retiradas da região. Os resultados confirmaram a presença de magnetização remanescente em algumas das amostras, e susceptibilidade magnética média da ordem de 10-2 SI. A partir da conjunção dos dados do aerolevantamento e de dados geológicos, foi feita a modelagem direta 3-D com as propriedades magnéticas parametrizadas pelas medidas em laboratório. Os modelos consideraram a discriminação das fácies petrográficas do maciço, com susceptibilidades magnéticas variando de 0,1 a 0,9 SI. Os corpos modelados atingiram profundidades da base de pelo menos 3 km e seus volumes foram da ordem de 25 km³. Com base nas dimensões obtidas nos modelos magnéticos diretos, foi realizado um modelo gravimétrico direto com valores de densidade variando entre 2,77 g/cm³ e 3,30 g/cm³. Os resultados obtidos pelos modelos diretos foram discutidos e comparados com o modelo geológico e com outros modelos gravimétricos desenvolvidos. Apesar dos resultados alcançados pelos modelos apresentarem valores compatíveis com os observados nos levantamentos, os modelos não permitiram discriminar entre as duas hipóteses de trabalho sobre a configuração do maciço em subsuperfície: um corpo único que aflora em duas regiões ou dois corpos desconectados em subsuperfície. / The Ponte Nova mafic-ultramafic alkaline massif is located in the northern sector of the Serra do Mar Province, near the eastern portion of the Serra da Mantiqueira, on the border of the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. It is characterized by two outcrops measuring 5 km² and 1 km² of area. Magnetic data obtained from the airborn surveys carried out for the CPRM by Microsurvey Aerogeofísica and Consultoria Científica Ltda. evidenced the presence of an extensive magnetic anomaly with great amplitude on the outcrops. This work presents the results of geophysical interpretation and direct modeling integrating the aeromagnetic data with geological and gravimetric data of the massif, aiming a characterization of the massif in the subsurface. To determine a better location and shape values of the magnetic anomaly\'s source, we use pole reduction techniques, amplitude of the analytical signal of the total field magnetic anomaly and directional derivative applications. Magnetic susceptibilities and natural remanent magnetization intensity of 14 samples from the region were measured in laboratory. The results confirm the presence of remanent magnetization in some samples, and the average magnetic susceptibility about 10-2 SI. From the conjunction of the aero-survey data and the geological data, two direct 3-D model were developed with the magnetic properties parameterized by the laboratory measurements. These models considered different petrographic facies, with magnetic susceptibilities ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 SI. The modeled bodies reached depths of the base of at least 3 km and their volumes were about 25 km³. Based on the dimensions obtained from direct magnetic models, a direct gravimetric model was performed, with density values ranging from 2.77 g / cm³ and 3.30 g / cm³. The results obtained by the direct models were discussed and compared with the geological model and with other existing gravimetric models. Although the direct models yielded results compatible with those observed in the surveys, the results do not allow for discrimination of the following working hypotheses on the configuration of the subsurface massif: a single body outcropping in two regions or two bodies disconnected in the subsurface.

The Pile Mound survey includes magnetometry paired with targeted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys of the mound and testing of associated features over the ca. 6.5 ha site. The GPR survey discovered six rock features (five large rock features within the mound and one marking the outside of the mound). Knowledge of mounds in the Upper Cumberland Plateau (UCP) is lacking—the closest other studied sites are at the Corbin Site, Croley-Evans, Bell Site, and Beasley Mounds, approximately 75 – 100 km away. However, the most similar mound construction is found at Corbin and Cherokee sites, some 175 – 275 km away. In addition, the associated ceramic assemblage appears to reflect more similarity to the East Tennessee Valley rather than the Middle Cumberland region. These data provide a unique opportunity to better understand the Mississippian occupation in the UCP of Tennessee.

In this thesis, an inductive ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique is developed to measure the magnetisation dynamics in thin films across a wide range of frequencies and fields. In particular, this project concentrates on measuring higher order exchange dominated modes to observe surface and interface effects in bilayer films. The experimental technique was first developed as a time domain technique, utilising a fast rise time (~50 ps) step pulse to disturb the equilibrium position of the magnetisation. The subsequent precessional damped decay was measured at different applied fields to observe the resonant modes. The data is Fourier transformed to extract a frequency dependent susceptiblity, and results are presented for the frequency and linewidth dependence of excitations of a permalloy film as a function of applied field. This technique is limited to a frequency range dictated by the rise time of the pulse. The technique was then extended so as to use a continuous wave perturbation, utilising a network analyser as both the excitation source and the measurement device. The scattered wave parameters of both the transmission and reflection from the sample were measured, and a magnetic susceptibility is extracted. This method has a frequency range which is dictated by the bandwidth of the network analyser and the microwave circuit. In this project, results are presented for frequencies up to 15 GHz. The signal to noise ratio was also found to be lower than the pulsed technique. Fundamental resonant mode studies are presented for a Fe/MnPd exchange bias bilayer film. Crystalline and exchange anisotropies are extracted from angular measurements, and the behaviour of the magnetisation is investigated during its reorientation to a hard axis direction. Information about the distribution of the local exchange field strength and direction is predicted. Fundamental mode studies are also presented for a Py/Co exchange spring bilayer film. Two modes are observed, approximating an optical and acoustical excitation. Film systems were also designed with suitable thicknesses to observe in the experimentally available frequency range non-uniform exchange dominated excitations through the thickness of the film. The broadband nature of the experiment allowed the frequency of the modes to be measured as a function of field. Results from a single permalloy layer showed two observable modes, the fundamental and the first exchange mode. Measurements were also taken of bilayer films where permalloy is coupled to cobalt. In this system the effect of the cobalt is seen to shift the single layer Py mode frequencies, as well as introduce new modes. The relative intensities of the modes also change with the addition of cobalt. Results are shown for a Pt/Co multilayer coupled to a permalloy layer through a Cu spacer of varying thickness. The observation of excitations through the thickness of the film motivated the development of a suitable theory. A system of integro-differential equations were derived which account for dipole and exchange coupling in the film as well as the field screening by the metal of the coplanar line. The conductivity of the sample and the finite wavevector excitation of the stripline are also included. Numerical solution of the equations results in a spectrum of acoustical, optical and higher-order modes. Fitting of the model to the experimental results allowed extraction of the film parameters including; the exchange constants in the film; the surface pinning from any surface layer anisotropy; as well as the interlayer exchange coupling across the interface.

<p>The magnetic properties of transition metal compounds have been studied using SQUID-magnetometry, magnetic force microscopy and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. New magnetic materials have been found and their magnetic properties have been determined. How the magnetic properties of a material can be changed through e.g. chemical substitution of magnetic and nonmagnetic atoms and shape and size effects have also been studied. Three different sets of samples have been investigated: three new Mn-compounds, two substitution series of layered magnetic structures and ferromagnetic micronsized thin film elements.</p><p>The three Mn-compounds, Mn₃IrSi, IrMnSi and Mn₈Pd₁₅Si₇, show different magnetic ordering. Mn₃IrSi orders 'antiferromagnetically' at 210 K. IrMnSi forms a double cycloidal spin spiral below 460 K. Mn₈Pd₁₅Si₇ only shows short-range magnetic ordering.</p><p>Substituting Se with S in TlCo₂Se_2-xS_x changes the magnetic order from a spin spiral to a colinear ferromagnet for a composition of <i>x</i>=1.75. An intermediate region exists where the compound is neither a pure ferromagnet, nor purely a spin spiral, as evidenced by the magnetization versus field measurements for the <i>x</i>=1.3 and 1.5 samples. This is also seen in the temperature dependent susceptibility measurements. For the TlCu_2-xFe_xSe₂ compounds it was found that the ordering temperature and saturation magnetic moment per Fe-atom changed with composition <i>x</i>.</p><p>Ferromagnetic micronsized thin film elements in permalloy, Fe₂₀Ni₈₀, and epitaxial Fe/Co multilayers were studied. For the Fe/Co multilayer thin film elements it was found that it is possible to change the magnetization reversal process, by aligning the easy shape anisotropy axis with either the easy or the hard magnetocrystalline anisotropy axis. In the permalloy elements the effect of inter-elemental distance was found to determine the interval of fields where multidomain states were stable, so that for shorter inter-elemental distances multidomain states were stable for a shorter interval of fields. The domain structure of permalloy elements in rotating magnetic fields was also studied. Higher applied fields led to a broader interval of angles in which saturated states were stable.</p>

Magnetic force microscopy studies in varying temperature and applied external magnetic field of magnetic thin films of LaCoO₃ under strain and single crystal UMn₂Ge₂ have been performed. In the case of LaCoO₃ thin films the aim is an understanding of the response of the magnetic microstructure to different signs and degrees of strain and a further attempt to distinguish the effect of defects from strain-induced effects. In UMn₂Ge₂ the magnetic microstructure is imaged for the first time and signatures of a possible phase transition at 150 K and crystalline anisotropy are explored. The first portion of this dissertation focuses on the synthesis methods used to produce the samples investigated and the critical role of synthesis in producing high-quality samples. This is followed by a discussion of characterization techniques used to obtain local and global magnetic and structural characteristics, with particular emphasis on magnetic force microscopy including noise characteristics and a discussion of achieving a high force gradient sensitivity by optimizing the fiber-optic interferometer used for cantilever deflection detection. Design elements and features of the multi-mode variable-temperature atomic force microscope used to obtain magnetic force microscopy images are presented and results for LaCoO₃ and UMn₂Ge₂ are discussed. / text

The magnetic properties of transition metal compounds have been studied using SQUID-magnetometry, magnetic force microscopy and Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. New magnetic materials have been found and their magnetic properties have been determined. How the magnetic properties of a material can be changed through e.g. chemical substitution of magnetic and nonmagnetic atoms and shape and size effects have also been studied. Three different sets of samples have been investigated: three new Mn-compounds, two substitution series of layered magnetic structures and ferromagnetic micronsized thin film elements. The three Mn-compounds, Mn3IrSi, IrMnSi and Mn8Pd15Si7, show different magnetic ordering. Mn3IrSi orders 'antiferromagnetically' at 210 K. IrMnSi forms a double cycloidal spin spiral below 460 K. Mn8Pd15Si7 only shows short-range magnetic ordering. Substituting Se with S in TlCo2Se2-xSx changes the magnetic order from a spin spiral to a colinear ferromagnet for a composition of x=1.75. An intermediate region exists where the compound is neither a pure ferromagnet, nor purely a spin spiral, as evidenced by the magnetization versus field measurements for the x=1.3 and 1.5 samples. This is also seen in the temperature dependent susceptibility measurements. For the TlCu2-xFexSe2 compounds it was found that the ordering temperature and saturation magnetic moment per Fe-atom changed with composition x. Ferromagnetic micronsized thin film elements in permalloy, Fe20Ni80, and epitaxial Fe/Co multilayers were studied. For the Fe/Co multilayer thin film elements it was found that it is possible to change the magnetization reversal process, by aligning the easy shape anisotropy axis with either the easy or the hard magnetocrystalline anisotropy axis. In the permalloy elements the effect of inter-elemental distance was found to determine the interval of fields where multidomain states were stable, so that for shorter inter-elemental distances multidomain states were stable for a shorter interval of fields. The domain structure of permalloy elements in rotating magnetic fields was also studied. Higher applied fields led to a broader interval of angles in which saturated states were stable.

Magnetic imaging has been playing central roles not only in fundamental sciences but also in engineering and industry. Their numerous applications can be found in various areas, ranging from chemical analysis and biomedical imaging to magnetic data storage technology. An outstanding problem is to develope new magnetic imaging techniques with improved spatial resolutions down to nanoscale, while maintaining their magnetic sensitivities. For instance, if detecting individual electron or nuclear spins with nanomter spatial resolution is possible, it would allow for direct imaging of chemical structures of complex molecules, which then could bring termendous impacts on biological sciences. While realization of such nanoscale magnetic imaging still remains challenging, nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond have recently considered as promising magnetic field sensors, as their electron spins show exceptionally long coherence even at room temperature. This thesis presents experimental progress in realizing a nanoscale magnetic imaging apparatus with a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center diamond. We first fabricated diamond nanopillar devices hosting single NV centers at their ends, and incorporated them to a custom-built atomic force microscope (AFM). Our devices showed unprecedented combination of magnetic field sensitivity and spatial resolution for scanning NV systems. We then used these devices to magnetically image a single isolated electronic spin with nanometer resolution, for the first time under ambient condition. We also extended our study to improve and generalize the application of the scanning NV magnetometer we developed. We first introduced magnetic field gradients from a strongly magnetized tip, and demonstrated that the spatial resolution can be further improved by spectrally distinguishing identical spins at different locations. In addition, we developed a method to synchronize the periodic motion of an AFM tip and pulsed microwave sequences controlling an NV spin. This scheme enabled employment of 'AC magnetic field sensing scheme' in imaging samples with static and spatially varying magnetizations. / Engineering and Applied Sciences

The aim of this thesis has been to investigate and interpret late Iron Ageand Early Medieval traces of non-ferrous metalworking on the islandGotland, Sweden. Gotland was not, based on the archaeological record, anintegrated part of the common Scandinavian culture. Instead a local,endemic cultural expression had developed; a seclusion which lasted forcenturies despite the islands central position in the Baltic Sea. In thepast, key elements for the understanding of local settlement- and burialpractices as well as the local material culture were mainly recovered andreported by local farmers. A specific category of such finds – so-called‘bronze slag’ is discussed and partly reinterpreted in the first study ofthis thesis. Two further studies treat different aspects of metalworkingand metalworkers – one discusses common archaeological notions ofScandinavian workshops, production sites and metalworkers from a criticalperspective while the other mainly focuses on the Gotlandic finds frommetal-detector surveys carried out over the last 35 years. Based on whereand to which extent, both from a quantitative and a qualitative point ofview, these finds occur a hierarchical classification into four sub groupsis presented – ordinary farm sites with traces of non-ferrous metalworking,workshop sites, potential workshop sites and last, extrovert harboursettlements. A fourth study presents an attempt to evaluate the usefulnessof magnetometry in delimiting extant traces of high-temperature crafts,such as metalworking. The last study of the thesis presents an attempt touse trace elements analysis of skeletal lead in human bone to identifypotential non-ferrous metalworkers. As the wearing of endemic Gotlandic jewellery appears to have been centralin the manifestation of the local identity it is argued that themetalworking artisans played a crucial role in defining how this identitywas signalled and displayed via the jewellery and dress-related metalobjects. It is further suggested that these artisans might have played animportant role in upholding the local economy before the advent of localminting. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>