Electromagnetic induction (EM) methods have been utilised in a recent surge of archaeological applications across continental Europe, Ireland and Scandinavia. Development of multi-exploration depth instruments and improvements to instrument stability have improved its reputation as an effective method for mapping archaeological remains. Despite these advances, EM methods are comparatively lacking in rigour when for British sites. Through a structured scheme of experimental analysis and fieldwork, this thesis develops an understanding of the responses of EM instruments over a range of British archaeology, including earthworks, field systems, burials, modern remains, and a Cistercian abbey; the results of which demonstrate its effective over a diversity of environments. The impact of instrument-based issues on the collected measurements was quantified through a scheme of experiments targeting instrument drift, calibration and elevation. Dedicated instrument operation and processing workflows were developed based on the collective field and experimental results, which recommend best practice guidelines for improving the quality and accuracy of collected data. The link between instrument measurements and buried archaeology was further developed through a structured analysis of the EM datasets with complementary earth resistance and magnetic results. The integration of the EM, earth resistance and magnetic datasets was utilised to develop an enhanced archaeological characterisation of subsurface features. While the earth resistance and magnetic methods generally responded to different aspects of the buried archaeology, the EM surveys were able to detect a range of responses evident in the results of the former methods. Therefore, the role of EM methods within this characterisation are shown to “bridge the gap” between the earth resistance and magnetic methods, while providing a comprehensive characterisation of the remains in their own right.

Highly ordered magnetic materials with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), such as the L10 ordered FePt, and new recording technologies, such as bit patterned media (BPM), have been proposed as solutions to the media trilemma problem and provide promising strategies towards future high-density magnetic data storage media. L10 ordered FePt thin films can provide the necessary high PMA. However, the ordering of this material perpendicular to the plane of the films remains challenging since high-temperature and time-consuming processes are required. In this work, a remote plasma sputtering system has been used for the investigation of FePt thin films in order to understand if the greater control of process parameters offered by this system can lead to enhanced ordering in L10 FePt thin films at low temperatures compared with conventional dc magnetron approaches. More specifically, the effect of the different substrate temperatures and the target bias voltages on the ordering, the microstructure and the magnetic properties of FePt thin films was investigated. Highly ordered FePt thin films were successfully fabricated after post-annealing processes and were patterned into arrays of FePt islands. This patterning process was carried out with e-beam lithography and ion milling. Initial MFM measurements of these islands showed their single-domain structure for all the island sizes, which indicated the high PMA of the FePt. Magnetometry measurements were also carried out with a novel polar magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) system which was designed and built during this project. This system has unique capabilities which are: a) the application of uniform magnetic field up to 2 Tesla, b) the rotation of the field to an arbitrary angle and c) the use of lasers of four different wavelengths. The combination of these abilities enabled measurements on ordered FePt thin films and patterned media which can pave the way for further highly sensitive measurements on magnetic thin films and nanostructures.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A Bacia de São José de Itaboraí está localizada no Município de Itaboraí, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ela foi descoberta em 1928, pelo Engenheiro Carlos Euler, que após analisar um suposto caulim encontrado na Fazenda São José pelo seu então proprietário, Sr. Ernesto Coube, verificou que se tratava de calcário. Os Professores Rui Lima e Silva e Othon H. Leonardos, enviados ao local para estudos, encontraram uma grande quantidade de fósseis de gastrópodes continentais, despertando o interesse científico pela região. Os estudos preliminares de campo e análises químicas evidenciaram boas perspectivas de exploração do calcário para a fabricação de cimento do tipo Portland. Por mais de 50 anos, a Companhia Nacional de Cimento Portland Mauá (CNCPM) explorou a pedreira. Desde sua descoberta, a Bacia de São José, paralelamente às atividades de mineração, foi objeto de pesquisas científicas realizadas por geólogos, paleontólogos e arqueólogos. No início da década de 80, a Cia. de Cimento Mauá decidiu abandonar a área em função do esgotamento econômico da reserva de minério. Com a retirada das bombas que impediam a inundação da pedreira, formou-se uma lagoa que passou a impedir o livre acesso aos afloramentos. Desde então as pesquisas sobre a Bacia ficaram concentradas aos materiais coletados no período de exploração de calcário. Material esse distribuído no Museu Nacional (MN), Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral (DNPM), Instituto de Geociências da UFRJ, entre outros. Em 1990, a área que pertencia a CNCPM foi desapropriada por pressão da comunidade científica. A mesma passou a pertencer ao Município de Itaboraí, que criou o Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, por meio da Lei 1.346, de 12 de dezembro de 1995. O objetivo desse trabalho foi gerar novos dados através do método geofísico conhecido como magnetometria. Para isso foram realizados levantamentos de campo utilizando um magnetômetro portátil e GPS, foram analisados e corrigidos dados utilizando softwares específicos, elaborados modelos e criados perfis a partir de descrições de testemunhos de sondagem. Os resultados obtidos visam possibilitar uma nova interpretação da geologia e da estratigrafia da bacia, dando condições para que se possa ter uma atualização dos conhecimentos relacionados à região, após quase meio século de atividade mineradora. / São José de Itaboraí Basin is located in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro State. It was discovered in 1928 by Carlos Euler, an engineer who after analysing a supposed kaolin, found on São José farm by its owner in those days, Mr. Ernesto Coube, realized it was limestone. The Professors Rui Lima e Silva and Othon H. Leonardos, sent to the site to study it, found great quantity of fossils of continental gastropods, triggering scientific interest in the region. The earlier site studies and chemical analyses made evident the good prospects to explore limestone to make the Portland cement type. The quarry was explored for more than fifty years by Companhia Nacional de Cimento Portland Mauá (CNCPM). Since its discovery São José Basin alongside with the mining activities, served as a scientific research object for geologists, palaeontologists and archaeologists. In the early 1980s, Cia. de Cimento Mauá decided to give up the area owing to the economic exhaustion of the ore reserve. With the withdrawal of the pumps which prevented the flooding of the quarry, a lagoon was formed and thus prevented the free access to the outcrops. Since then, the researches on the Basin remained focused on the material collected during the time of limestone exploration. Such material has been distributed among Museu Nacional (MN) National Museum, Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral (DNPM) National Department of Mineral Production, Institute de Geociências da UFRJ - Institute of Geosciences of UFRJ among others. In 1990, CNCPM lost the ownership over the area under the pressure made by the scientific community. The ownership was then bestowed to the city of Itaboraí, which created the Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí (Palentolocial Park of São José de Itaboraí), through Law number 1.346, on the 12 December, 1995. The objective of this study was to generate new data through the geophysical method known as magnetometry. To that purpose site studies were carried out using a portable magnetometre and GPS navigation data, data was analysed and corrected using specific softwares, models were designed and profiles were created from descriptions and sounding testament. The obtained results aim at a possible new interpretation of geology and of the stratigraphy of the basin, making possible an updating of the knowledge related to the region, after almost half a century of mining activity.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A Bacia de São José de Itaboraí está localizada no Município de Itaboraí, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Ela foi descoberta em 1928, pelo Engenheiro Carlos Euler, que após analisar um suposto caulim encontrado na Fazenda São José pelo seu então proprietário, Sr. Ernesto Coube, verificou que se tratava de calcário. Os Professores Rui Lima e Silva e Othon H. Leonardos, enviados ao local para estudos, encontraram uma grande quantidade de fósseis de gastrópodes continentais, despertando o interesse científico pela região. Os estudos preliminares de campo e análises químicas evidenciaram boas perspectivas de exploração do calcário para a fabricação de cimento do tipo Portland. Por mais de 50 anos, a Companhia Nacional de Cimento Portland Mauá (CNCPM) explorou a pedreira. Desde sua descoberta, a Bacia de São José, paralelamente às atividades de mineração, foi objeto de pesquisas científicas realizadas por geólogos, paleontólogos e arqueólogos. No início da década de 80, a Cia. de Cimento Mauá decidiu abandonar a área em função do esgotamento econômico da reserva de minério. Com a retirada das bombas que impediam a inundação da pedreira, formou-se uma lagoa que passou a impedir o livre acesso aos afloramentos. Desde então as pesquisas sobre a Bacia ficaram concentradas aos materiais coletados no período de exploração de calcário. Material esse distribuído no Museu Nacional (MN), Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral (DNPM), Instituto de Geociências da UFRJ, entre outros. Em 1990, a área que pertencia a CNCPM foi desapropriada por pressão da comunidade científica. A mesma passou a pertencer ao Município de Itaboraí, que criou o Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí, por meio da Lei 1.346, de 12 de dezembro de 1995. O objetivo desse trabalho foi gerar novos dados através do método geofísico conhecido como magnetometria. Para isso foram realizados levantamentos de campo utilizando um magnetômetro portátil e GPS, foram analisados e corrigidos dados utilizando softwares específicos, elaborados modelos e criados perfis a partir de descrições de testemunhos de sondagem. Os resultados obtidos visam possibilitar uma nova interpretação da geologia e da estratigrafia da bacia, dando condições para que se possa ter uma atualização dos conhecimentos relacionados à região, após quase meio século de atividade mineradora. / São José de Itaboraí Basin is located in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro State. It was discovered in 1928 by Carlos Euler, an engineer who after analysing a supposed kaolin, found on São José farm by its owner in those days, Mr. Ernesto Coube, realized it was limestone. The Professors Rui Lima e Silva and Othon H. Leonardos, sent to the site to study it, found great quantity of fossils of continental gastropods, triggering scientific interest in the region. The earlier site studies and chemical analyses made evident the good prospects to explore limestone to make the Portland cement type. The quarry was explored for more than fifty years by Companhia Nacional de Cimento Portland Mauá (CNCPM). Since its discovery São José Basin alongside with the mining activities, served as a scientific research object for geologists, palaeontologists and archaeologists. In the early 1980s, Cia. de Cimento Mauá decided to give up the area owing to the economic exhaustion of the ore reserve. With the withdrawal of the pumps which prevented the flooding of the quarry, a lagoon was formed and thus prevented the free access to the outcrops. Since then, the researches on the Basin remained focused on the material collected during the time of limestone exploration. Such material has been distributed among Museu Nacional (MN) National Museum, Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral (DNPM) National Department of Mineral Production, Institute de Geociências da UFRJ - Institute of Geosciences of UFRJ among others. In 1990, CNCPM lost the ownership over the area under the pressure made by the scientific community. The ownership was then bestowed to the city of Itaboraí, which created the Parque Paleontológico de São José de Itaboraí (Palentolocial Park of São José de Itaboraí), through Law number 1.346, on the 12 December, 1995. The objective of this study was to generate new data through the geophysical method known as magnetometry. To that purpose site studies were carried out using a portable magnetometre and GPS navigation data, data was analysed and corrected using specific softwares, models were designed and profiles were created from descriptions and sounding testament. The obtained results aim at a possible new interpretation of geology and of the stratigraphy of the basin, making possible an updating of the knowledge related to the region, after almost half a century of mining activity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The brittle tectonic analyzed in this work is referring to an area that represents a portion of the Transbrasiliano Lineament (TL), in northwest of Cearà State, comprising part of CarirÃ, PacujÃ, GraÃa and Reriutabaâs county and the geological context is the basement (Cearà Complex-Canindà Unit) and Jaibaras and Parnaiba Basin (Jaibaras Group-Pacuja Formation and Serra Grande Group, respectively). This study aims to characterize the brittle structures associated to the TL, through integration of remote sensing (SRTM-Topodata and Landsat 7 ETM+), geophysics (Magnetometry) and field data information. From SRTM-Topodata images there were obtained drainage system and hillshade images in N, NE, E and NW directions. Color composition images RGB 743 and 431 derived from Landsat 7 ETM+. The combination of these products permitted the visualization of lineaments that were vectorized to compare to other data. The processed magnetometric data allowed to obtain the anomalous magnetic field and the elaboration of other products through application of variable filters, such as: horizontal and vertical Derived, analytic signal amplitude and analytic signal inclination. They were assets to identify lineaments and define magnetic domains. Anomalous magnetic their depth estimated by Euler deconvolution and matched filter application. The fracture planesâ rosette diagram elaborated from field measures composed parameters to compare the lineaments extracted from the products aforementioned. Itâs evident, from the integration of all information, that the main direction of the TL (NE-SW) is compatible with the brittle structures observed in the area, as well as the N-S and NW-SE lineaments, that are potentially related with translative/extensional tectonic of TL. The E-W direction, which is late to TL and appears in the basement as the basins. The comparative analysis of the data suggests a tectonic control from TL over Jaibaras and Parnaiba Basins, through structures reactivation in NE and NW directions. / A tectÃnica rÃptil analisada neste trabalho à referente a uma Ãrea que detÃm uma porÃÃo do Lineamento Transbrasiliano (LT), situada na regiÃo Noroeste do Estado do CearÃ. Esta Ãrea abrange parte dos municÃpios de CarirÃ, PacujÃ, GraÃa e Reriutaba. O contexto geolÃgico abrange o embasamento (Complexo CearÃ-Unidade CanindÃ) e as bacias Jaibaras (Grupo Jaibaras- FormaÃÃo PacujÃ) e ParnaÃba (Grupo Serra Grande). Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar as estruturas rÃpteis associadas ao LT, atravÃs da integraÃÃo de informaÃÃes oriundas de sensores remotos (SRTM-Topodata e Landsat 7 ETM+), geofÃsica (magnetometria) e dados de campo. A partir das imagens SRTM-Topodata obteveram-se o traÃo da rede de drenagem e as imagens com sombreamento de relevo nas direÃÃes N, NE, E, NW. As imagens Landsat 7 ETM+ as imagens foram analisadas em composiÃÃes coloridas RGB 743 e 431. Estes produtos integrados permitiram a visualizaÃÃo de lineamentos que foram vetorizados para posterior comparaÃÃo com outros dados. Os dados magnetomÃtricos foram processados permitindo a obtenÃÃo do campo magnÃtico anÃmalo na Ãrea de estudo, e a elaboraÃÃo de produtos grÃficos atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo de diferentes filtros, tais como: Derivada horizontal e derivadas verticais, amplitude do sinal analÃtico, inclinaÃÃo do sinal analÃtico, os quais permitiram identificar lineamentos e definir domÃnios magnÃticos. As anomalias magnÃticas tiveram suas profundidades estimadas atravÃs da deconvoluÃÃo de Euler e da aplicaÃÃo de filtro matched. Os diagramas de roseta elaborados a partir de medidas de campo de direÃÃes dos planos de fratura constituÃram parÃmetros para comparaÃÃo com os lineamentos extraÃdos dos outros produtos. A integraÃÃo das informaÃÃes evidencia que a principal direÃÃo do LT (NE-SW) à compatÃvel com as estruturas rÃpteis observadas na Ãrea de estudo, assim como as direÃÃes N-S e NW-SE potencialmente relacionadas com a tectÃnica transtativa/extensional do LT. A direÃÃo E-W tardia ao LT aparece tanto no embasamento como nas bacias. A anÃlise comparativa dos dados sugere um controle tectÃnico do LT nas bacias Jaibaras e ParnaÃba, atravÃs da reativaÃÃo de estruturas nas direÃÃes NE e NW.

Araguainha é a maior e mais bem exposta cratera complexa da América do Sul, formada em sedimentos horizontais da Bacia do Paraná. Sua portentosa estrutura com aproximados 40 km de diâmetro e 25 km de cavidade transiente revela um contraste negativo de densidade e susceptibilidade magnética na região do soerguimento central. Esta feição permite inferir um limite de propriedade física entre o Núcleo Central Soerguido (NCS) e o Embasamento Granítico Soerguido (EGS), que por sua vez apresenta baixa razão de Koenigsberger. A caracterização geofísica de Araguainha é sustentada por modelamento 2,5D com base em informações gravimétricas, aeromagnéticas e magnéticas terrestres, o que permite classificá-la como uma estrutura concêntrica e simétrica, com profundidade média do embasamento a 1,0 km, exceto para a borda sul, que apresenta soerguimento mais acentuado. A interface embasamento/sedimento é seccionada por pares espelhados de falhas radiais que surgem no estágio de modificação da cratera. Estas estruturas rúpteis conferem as maiores profundidades à região da bacia anelar e promovem constricção dos sedimentos com tensão horizontal radial. A observação e interpretação destas deformações permitem caracterizar Araguainha como uma estrutura de impacto de domínio rúptil-dúctil. / Araguainha is the largest and the best-exposed complex crater of South America, formed in horizontal sediments of the Paraná Basin. Its portentous structure with 40 km in diameter and 25 km of transient cavity reveals a negative contrast of density and magnetic susceptibility in the central uplift. That feature allows to infer a limit of physical property between the uplifted central core and the uplifted granite basement, which shows a low Konigsberger?s ratio. The geophysical characterization of Araguainha is sustained by 2,5D modeling with gravity, aeromagnetic, and ground magnetic information and It allows to classify it as a concentric, symmetrical structure, with average basement depth of 1.0 km, except in the southern rim, that shows a bigger uplift. The basement/sediment interface is cut by specular pairs of radial faults that appears in the modification stage of the crater. These brittle structures are responsible for the biggest depths in the annular basin region, and they promote a sediment constriction with horizontal radial tension. The observation and interpretation of these deformations allow to characterize Araguainha as an impact brittle-ductile domain structure.

A collection of studies are reported that focus on the examination of exchange interactions in complexes containing paramagnetic ions with a large magnetic anisotropy. A number of complementary techniques are used to analyse the complicated systems that arise, including high-field high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance, inelastic neutron scattering, SQUID magnetometry, and ab initio calculations. The nuclearity of the complexes ranges from dimetallic, to trimetallic, to octametallic. A family of five water- and carboxylate-bridged nickel(II) dimetallics are the focus of a magneto-structural correlation study that succeeds in measuring the magnitude of the exchange interaction despite dominating effects from large zero-field splitting effects. Similar work is reported for four cobalt(II) analogues of these compounds, with the relationship between exchange interactions and geometry also being probed by pressure INS. Charge density studies that combine high resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction studies are reported on cobalt and nickel analogues from the same family of dimetallics, revealing strong evidence for non-direct exchange. A family of four trimetallic triangle complexes containing two nickel(II) ions and one chromium(III) ion bridged by a central fluoride and a total of six carboxylates are reported, and the exchange interactions are elucidated from a global model that accounts for the low-field magnetic, heat capacity, and EPR data. Two new octametallic vanadium(III) wheels—where each pair of adjacent metals are bridged by a fluoride and two carboxylates—are reported along with preliminary results from magnetic measurements and solid state proton NMR spectra, which reveal significant field-dependent effects arising from level crossings at high fields.

La pression est un paramètre physique qui modifie les interactions structurales, électroniques et magnétiques dans les matériaux. Créer une très haute pression permet donc la synthèse de nouveaux matériaux, comme par exemple des supraconducteurs ayant des valeurs de température critique record. Ces pressions peuvent être générées au moyen d’une cellule à enclume de diamant (DAC) qui peut comprimer un matériau jusqu’à des pressions de plusieurs centaines de GPa. Il est cependant difficile de caractériser les propriétés magnétiques de matériaux à l’intérieur d’une DAC à cause du très faible volume occupé par l’échantillon et des contraintes techniques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d’utiliser une technique de magnétométrie optique fondée sur la résonance de spin électronique de centres colorés NV du diamant. Ces centres NV sont fabriqués à la surface d’une des deux enclumes de la DAC et sont ainsi au contact de l’échantillon magnétique à caractériser.Dans un premier chapitre, nous rappelons le fonctionnement de la DAC et décrivons les techniques de mesures magnétiques développées pour la physique des hautes pressions. Nous présentons ensuite le principe de la magnétométrie à centres NV et l’appliquons à la mesure de l’aimantation d’un micro-aimant à pression ambiante. La sensibilité de cette mesure atteint celle des magnétomètres à SQUID. Le troisième chapitre discute de la façon dont les contraintes mécaniques modifient la résonance de spin du centre NV, et détaille la manière dont cet effet se combine avec celui dû à un champ magnétique externe. La possibilité de découpler les deux effets nous permet d’observer la transition de phase magnétique du fer autour de 15 à 30 GPa dans le quatrième chapitre. Enfin, le dernier chapitre décrit le contexte et les enjeux liés à la synthèse d’hydrures supraconducteurs à haute température critique. Nous montrons ensuite qu’il est possible de détecter optiquement une phase supraconductrice à l’intérieur d’une DAC en utilisant les centres NV pour observer l’effet Meissner de MgB2 à une pression de 7 GPa et avec une température critique de 30 K. / Pressure is a physical variable that alters structural, electronic and magnetic interactions in all materials. Reaching high pressure is thus a way to create new materials such as superconductors with record critical temperatures. High pressures can be enabled through the use of diamond anvil cells (DAC), which can attain pressures of several hundred of GPa. It is however quite a challenge to measure magnetic properties of materials inside a DAC because of the very small sample volume available and of technical constraints. In this PhD thesis, we demonstrate the use of a magnetometry method based on the electronic spin resonance of NV centers in diamond. These NV centers are fabricated directly on top of one of the DAC anvils, which places them in contact with the magnetic sample.In the first chapter, we describe how the DAC works and we present the different ways of probing magnetic properties that have been developed for high pressure conditions. We then explain the operating principle of NV magnetometry and use this method to measure the magnetization of a micro-magnet at ambient pressure. The sensitivity of this measure is comparable to that of SQUID magnetometry. In the third chapter, we discuss how mechanical constraints modify the spin resonance of the NV center, and describe how this effect combines with the influence of an external magnetic field. By decoupling these two effects, we can observe the magnetic phase transition of iron around 15 to 30 GPa, which is displayed in the fourth chapter. Finally, the last chapter briefly presents the context and stakes associated with the synthesis of superconducting superhydrides with high critical temperature. We perform an optical detection of a superconducting phase inside a DAC with NV centers through the observation of the Meissner effect in MgB2 at a pressure of 7 GPa and with a critical temperature of 30 K.

Graphite is the strongest diamagnet of all known materials to date. Recent studies of the thickness dependence of the resistance of graphite have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the charge distribution in bulk graphite and prompted the study of its magnetic properties. The studies of the thickness dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of graphite, done in this work, showed that two-dimensional interfaces between the crystalline (Bernal or rhombohedral stacking order) blocks in graphite make a dominant contribution to its diamagnetic susceptibility. Previously proposed models of diamagnetism in graphite are not suitable for explaining its magnetic properties, and therefore new concepts should be considered. Additionally, the studies of the transport and magnetic properties of graphite and multilayer graphene indicated the existence of superconductivity at the interfaces in well-ordered graphite. The possibility of creating permanent circulating currents around artificial holes in highly oriented graphite was studied by highly sensitive magnetization measurements. The obtained results provide hints for the possible existence of superconducting regions inside the bulk highly ordered graphite. In the present thesis, a further thickness dependent phenomenon on the depinning line (DL) of the flux line lattice of the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ was studied. This geometrical effect shifts to notably lower temperatures in micrometer ring, compared with bulk crystals and thin flakes. The shift is related to a decrease in the overall pinning potential as a result of size effects, caused by: a) the thickness of the sample being smaller than the pinning correlation length, and b) the increase in the effective London penetration depth of the vortices (Pearl vortices). The large shift of the DL to lower temperatures may significantly influence the suitability of such elements for device applications in microstrip antennas and THz emitters.

Runion is a protohistoric Native American village located on the floodplain of the Nolichucky River in western Washington County. Previous archaeological excavations and radiocarbon dates suggest that the village was occupied during the mid-16th to mid-17th century. The Nolichucky River, in contrast, has been flowing through the area for millennia. Geophysical surveys are used to image the subsurface non-invasively, without disturbing protected land and/or organisms. Preliminary geophysical data collected at Runion include ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI), and magnetometry. These data show a linear feature surrounding the protohistoric village. Given its placement around the margins of the village, the feature could be interpreted as a fortification ditch, which is often paired with a palisade wall to defend a village from attack. The feature is also consistent with typical meandering floodplain stratigraphy, where sections of channel are often abandoned to form oxbow lakes. Over time these abandoned channels fill in and are called paleochannels. Each geophysical method measures the properties and characteristics of the linear feature, a presumed paleochannel. GPR sends electromagnetic radar waves into the ground, which reflect off different subsurface layers and are recorded as radargrams. Magnetometry measures subtle changes in earth magnetism, including the magnetization of rocks, soils, and/or ferrous objects. EMI systems transmit low frequency electromagnetic waves to measure both electrical conductivity (EC) and magnetic susceptibility (MS). Each of these instruments are used to collect data in transects and then processed to produce profiles, maps and, in the case of GPR, three-dimensional datasets of the subsurface. It is anticipated that GPR will reveal details about the stratigraphy of the linear feature. Magnetic, EC, and MS measurements will further help to interpret the GPR data by distinguishing between different types of sediments. These data may show if the feature is a paleochannel or a ditch excavated into older stratigraphic layers by village inhabitants for fortification. Ultimately, the feature will be tested with soil cores to study the sediments directly. At this preliminary stage the feature is interpreted to be a paleochannel. The stratigraphic layers revealed by GPR show a broad depression with stratigraphic layers characteristic of a paleochannel. In addition, magnetic readings are anomalously low on the eastern margin (closer to the modern river channel) and high on the western margin. This could indicate paired point bar sands and paleochannel fill, respectively. This interpretation is still tentative, however, because we have not yet integrated the EMI data, extracted soil cores, or dated the feature. Radiocarbon dates might help determine the relative age of the feature if organic carbon is present. In conclusion, preliminary data currently suggests that the structure is geological rather than archaeological. In the coming months we will collect more GPR data with different frequency GPR antennas, integrate the EMI data, and test the findings by extracting soil cores and reconstructing the stratigraphy.