Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1958. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 19 (1958) no. 4, p. 654. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-89).

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Maleic acid (MA) is a key intermediate for the synthesis of polyester resins, surface coatings, lubricant additives, plasticizers, copolymers, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. The current industrial production of MA is an energy-intensive gas-phase oxidation process of n-butane. The dwindling fossil resources and environmental issues have brought about a worldwide paradigm shift from fossil feedstocks to biomass resources for the sustainable production of fuel and chemicals. Furfural (FFR) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are excellent biomass-derived platform chemicals, which present an alternative route for the production of renewable bio-based MA. There has been considerable success achieved in the oxidation of furfural and HMF to maleic acid and maleic anhydride with different catalysts in recent years.

Control of weeds is an agricultural problem of great importance. For centuries, only salts, ashes, or mechanical means of eradication such as hoeing, cutting, or burning were used in weed control. A large number of chemicals have been used for this purpose also. With the advent of modern railroads, highways, and power lines, the demand has grown for newer and more effective control of weeds and brush. The initial application of chemical herbicides produced erratic results in many instances. Some herbicides retarded the growth rate of certain forms of vegetation but left other forms unaffected. Likewise, some herbicides killed the entire plant, while others killed only the portion sprayed. Since 19ul, however, the discovery of synthetic growth regulating substances or plant hormones as effective weedkillers has brought about a revolutionary change in the chemical control of weeds. The synthetic hormone substances are greatly superior to ordinary chemicals in that they are highly selective as between plant species and have many other additional advantages. They are now being used in many places throughout the world, but too often with little accurate knowledge of their nature or of the special circumstances under which they should and should not be used. Such information is important because these substances can be very destructive to vegetation when improperly applied. Maleic acid hydrazide is a relatively new herbicide, possessing the hormone—like property of retarding plant growth for long periods of time by preventing the division of cell nuclei. Field applications of the hydrazide have shown good growth retarding ability on many types of weed and shrubs In view of the wide variation in environmental conditions and farming practices in different parts of the world, as well as the great variety of crop and weed plants involved, the control of weeds is essentially a local problem, and instructions for specific regions and for specific purposes cannot be given until results of local tests become available. It is therefore necessary to rely on experimental work conducted locally for information on how to use these substances. / Master of Science

Yes / A green approach has been used for co-crystallization of non-congruent co-crystal pair of caffeine – maleic acid using water. Ultrasound is known to affect crystallization hence the effect of high power ultrasound on the ternary phase diagram has been investigated in detail using a slurry co-crystallization approach. A systematic investigation was performed to understand how the accelerated conditions during ultrasound assisted co-crystallization will affect different regions of the ternary phase diagram. Application of ultrasound showed considerable effect on the ternary phase diagram; principally on caffeine/maleic acid 2:1 (disappeared) and 1:1 co-crystal (narrowed) regions. Also, the stability regions for pure caffeine and maleic acid in water were narrowed in the presence of ultrasound, expanding the solution region. The observed effect of ultrasound on the phase diagram was correlated with solubility of caffeine and maleic acid and stability of co-crystal forms in water.

Treatment of dichloromaleic anhydride and 1,8-diaminonaphthalene in either benzene or toluene under refluxing conditions gives low yields of the new heterocyclic compound 8,9-dichloropyrrolo[1,2-a]perimidin-10-one. This product has been isolated and characterized in solution by NMR, IR, and UV/vis spectroscopies, and the solid-state structure of 8,9-dichloropyrrolo[1,2-a]perimidin-10-one has been established by X-ray crystallography. The nature of the HOMO and LUMO levels of 8,9-dichloropyrrolo[1,2-a]perimidin-10-one has been studied by extended Hückel molecular orbital calculations.

Industrial catalysts used in commercial processes for the production of maleic anhydride are mainly Vanadium Phosphorous Oxide (VPO) catalysts. The VPO catalyst used is Vanadyl Pyrophosphate (VO)2P207 made from its precursor Vanadium Phosphorous Hemi-Hydrate VOHP04.O.5H20 in an non-aqueous medium. In order for the VPO catalyst to perform optimally, a metal promoter, Ru, was selected as the doping agent in this study. Four catalysts of different metal doping concentrations (undoped, 0.2%, 0.6% and 1%) were subjected to the oxidation of n-butane. Promoters are added to facilitate the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. n-Butane gas is now being used in many industrial processes, in fixed bed reactors to convert the gas to maleic anhydride. Catalysts were calcined under high temperatures under a nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that with an increase in reaction temperature, there was an increase in conversion of n-butane to maleic anhydride. Selectivity of the product also showed an increase with an increase in temperature at a Gas Hourly Space Velocity (GHSV) of 1960-2170hr-1. Catalysts were characterized using different techniques such as Electron Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform - Infra Red, Average Oxidation State, Brunauer Emmett and Teller (surface area), X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The 0.6% Ru promoted VPO catalyst showed to be most effective in terms of conversion, selectivity and yield, at a temperature of 450°C as compared to the other catalysts studied. The catalysts degenerated after being subjected to higher temperatures. The selectivity obtained by this catalyst was at 70.2% and the yield obtained was 37%. This study showed that with an increase in Ru up to a certain concentration (0.6%), an increase in selectivity and yield was observed, thereafter, with additional Ru doping, a decrease in selectivity and yield was obtained. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 2003.

Co promoted and unpromoted vanadium-phosphorous-oxide (VPO) catalysts were synthesized via an organic route. The catalyst precursor was calcined and then conditioned in a reactor, forming the active vanadyl pyrophosphate, (VO)2P2O7, phase. Different promoter loaded catalysts were synthesized and their effect on the yield of maleic anhydride (MA) from n-butane oxidation was examined at different temperatures and gas hourly space velocities (GHSV). The catalysts were tested as a powder. The catalysts were examined in the oxidation of n-butane gas, over air as an oxidant, in a specially designed and constructed continuous flow, fixed-bed catalytic micro-reactor equipped with an on-line gas chromatography (GC) monitoring system. A thermal conductivity detector (TCD) was employed for carbon oxide monitoring and a flame ionization detector (FID) for all other products. The catalysts were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases present in the precursor, calcined and used catalysts. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area was calculated for the different promoter loaded catalysts. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, via the KBr pellet method, and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra were recorded to determine the anions present in the bulk and surface of the catalyst respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and inductively couple plasma-atomic emission spectroscopic (ICP-AES) techniques were employed to determine the elemental composition on the surface and in the bulk of the catalyst respectively. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the catalysts during different stages of their investigation were recorded. The average vanadium oxidation state (AV) in the bulk of the catalyst was determined via a titrimetric method. The catalysts were optimized to a high yield and selectivity of MA. The operating temperature, GHSV and promoter loading on the catalyst were the parameters that were changed during the testing of the catalyst. Different stages of the catalyst's life were characterised via the techniques mentioned above. The catalysts were monitored over a 200-hour period on average, usually taking approximately 24 hours to equilibrate. One such Co promoted catalyst yielded 45 % MA at 275°C and GHSV of 2878 hr-1 on equilibration, with an n-butane conversion of 73 %, whilst all previously reported VPO catalysts produce far lower MA yields at this temperature. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Este projeto propôs a utilização de eletrodos de óxidos metálicos contendo RuO2 para realizar a eletrooxidacao do ácido maleico visando sua degradação total ou formação de produtos com menor grau de toxicidade. A oxidação de compostos fenólicos, clorados ou não, resultam em alguns produtos que interferem na mineralização completa das estruturas clorofenólicas, o ácido maleico, que é um dos principais intermediários obtidos depois da abertura do anel aromático. Os recobrimentos óxidos foram caracterizados por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Análise Dispersiva de Raios X. A caracterização eletroquímica por voltametria cíclica foi utilizada para determinação de potenciais de oxidação do acido maleico em função do eletrólito de suporte. As eletrólises foram realizadas a corrente controlada visando à melhor relação entre eficiência de corrente/degradação e melhoria no entendimento do mecanismo de oxidação. As análises quantitativas dos produtos da eletrólise foram feitas através de CLAE e a taxa de mineralização foi determinada pela quantidade de COT. Além destes dois métodos, também foram realizados testes de DQO e AOX. Os resultados mostraram que os métodos de preparação utilizados são apropriados, pois apresentaram estabilidade química, mecânica, eficiência na oxidação do ácido maleico e redução do carbono orgânico total. / This project proposed the use of metallic oxide electrodes containing RuO2 to perform the total degradation or formation of products with less toxicity. The oxidation of phenolic compounds, chlorinated or not, result in some products that interfere with complete mineralization of chlorophenol structures, the maleic acid, which is a important intermediate obtained after opening the aromatic ring. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray dispersive analysis. The electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the potential for the oxidation of maleic acid as a function of electrolyte support. The electrolyses were carried out at controlled current to the best ratio of efficiency of current/degration and improving the understanding of the mechanism of oxidation. The quantitative analysis of the electrolysis products were made by HPLC and the rate of mineralization was determined by the amount of TOC. Besides these two methods were also investigated COD and AOX. The results showed that the electrode preparation methods used are appropriate, showing chemical stability, mechanical efficiency in the oxidation of maleic acid and reduction of total organic carbon

Este trabalho tem como escopo o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático representativo do processo de enxerto de anidrido maleico em polietileno, processo conhecido como grafting, com o objetivo de prever as modificações no grau de enxerto e teor de gel. Neste processo utiliza-se um iniciador, geralmente um peróxido, para gerar radicais livres, os quais abstraem hidrogênio das moléculas do polímero, gerando radicais poliméricos. O anidrido maleico pode reagir com estes radicais poliméricos, enxertando-se à cadeia polimérica, ou com os radicais fragmentos do iniciador. O mecanismo inclui também as reações de terminação entre os diferentes tipos de radicais presentes. O teor de gel é calculado a partir do grau de formação de ligações cruzadas utilizando-se a aproximação de Charlesby-Pinner. As constantes cinéticas do modelo foram estimadas via regressão não-linear, usando dados experimentais obtidos na literatura, e o modelo foi validado com outros conjuntos de dados, também obtidos da literatura. O modelo obtido mostrou-se capaz de representar adequadamente os dados experimentais em diferentes condições. / The scope of this work is the development of a mathematical model that can represent the process of grafting of maleic anhydride in polyethylene. The objective of this model is to preview the main modifications in polymer structure, as degree of grafting and degree of gel. In this process, an initiator, generally a peroxide) is used to generate free radicals that can abstract hydrogen from the polymer molecules, producing polymeric radicals. Maleic anhydride can react with these polymeric radicals, resulting in grafted polymer chains, or with the initiator radicals. This mechanism includes termination reactions between the different types of radicals present. Gel content was calculated from the crosslinking degree using the approximation of Charlesby-Pinner. Kinetic constants of the model were estimated through non-linear regression, by fitting the model to experimental data taken from literature. The model obtained was further tested using other data sets obtained from literature. The developed model was able to represent adequately the experimental data under different conditions.