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The need for, and state of, energy-efficient homes in the United StatesFoss, A.D. 12 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although there are serious hurdles to overcome before green, energy-efficient homes
become common; the technological and market-based foundations are already in place
to support a shift in standard practice. Many organizations, from the federal
government to local non-profits, are driving the transition to more efficient
homebuilding practices through research, market-based competition, and tax
incentives. However, many builders are resisting the transition, due to the fragmented
nature of the building industry and a perceived lack of consumer demand. Because of
the nature of the US economy, until American consumers understand green homes
and demand builders to build them, green homebuilding will not reach its full
potential. If building practices are left unchanged, inefficient homes will continue to
cause dire consequences to the world because of their contribution to global climate
change. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoewel daar ernstige struikelblokke bestaan, wat oorkom moet word alvorens groen,
energie-doelmatige wonings algemeen raak, is die tegnologiese en markgerigte
grondslae reeds gelê om ’n verskuiwing in standaard-praktyk te onderskraag. Verskeie
instansies – van die federale regering tot nie-winsgewende organisasies – verleen
stukrag deur middel van navorsing, markgerigte mededinging en belastingaansporings
aan die oorgang na meer doelmatige gebruike rondom praktyke ten
opsigte van die konstruksie van huise. Weens die gefragmenteerde aard van die
boubedryf en die waarneembare gebrek aan verbruikersaanvraag staan talle bouers
egter die vermelde oorgang teen. Weens die aard van die VSA se ekonomie en totdat
Amerikaanse verbruikers groen tuistes kan verkoop en by bouers aandring om hulle
op te rig, sal groen woningkonstruksie nie sy volle potensiaal bereik nie. Indien
boupraktyke onveranderd gelaat word, sal ondoelmatige wonings as gevolg van hulle
bydrae tot globale klimaatsverandering steeds aaklige gevolge vir die wêreld tot
gevolg hê.
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Decentralisation for community development - a Rwanda Case studyMutagoma, Paul 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A community-centred development which can be qualified as authentic development
leads to the sustainability of the community. This must be understood as a process of
economic, political and social change springing from the efforts of people themselves
working for the benefit of themselves, their families and, hopefully, their communities,
which process can be referred to as a self-reliant participatory development. This calls for
active mutual self-help among people working together in their common struggle, at the
grassroots level, to deal with their common problems.
It is also acknowledged that if development efforts are to be effective, then the
participation of problem-affected groups is necessary, with support from local
government, NGO’s, local resource people and donors, willing to live and work among
them. The success of this self-reliant participatory development approach accompanied
by inner conviction, a shared understanding, and awareness or consciousness-awakening
that people have of their common problems, and finding ways of mobilising resources,
planning, implementing and eventually controlling their own development activities.
Against this background, however, the roles of government as well as of NGOs, in
fighting against poverty and social transformation that leads to the development of the
community, remain indispensable. Government roles should be enabling and supportive,
and create a space for communities’ needs.
This study aimed to explore the decentralisation process to boost the community efforts
towards participation in local development management. As the public participation
processes in local government do not yield the outcomes that reveal a fully optimised
process, the role of the community developer is merely to create an environment of
freedom within which the latent development potential of the community can bloom (Schutte, 2000:5). This Rwandan case study offers an overview of its decentralisation and
community development policies.
The literature review provides the definitions of key concepts regarding the topic, in both
the international context as well as Rwandan context. It discusses the topic and highlights
definition, objective, different forms of decentralisation, community development and its
delivery framework.
The findings show that community development depends on the political will that
establishes effective and favourable institutions to sustain the self-reliance of the
community as well as the awareness of the community of its daily problems and its
participation in planning and implementing solutions. The SWOT analysis provides a
situation from which to adopt new alternatives and strengthen the existing one in order to
face challenges. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gemeenskapgesentreerde ontwikkeling wat kwalifiseer as oorspronklike ontwikkeling,
lei tot die volhoudbaarheid van die gemeenskap. Dit moet gesien word as ‘n proses van
ekonomiese, politieke en sosiale verandering wat sy oorsprong het in die pogings van die
mense self, wat werk tot voordeel van hulself, hulle gesinne, en hopelik hulle
gemeenskappe. Hierdie proses kan na verwys word as selfstandige deelnemende
ontwikkeling. Dit vereis aktiewe, onderlinge selfhulp waar mense saamwerk en
saamstreef op voetsoolvlak, om hulle gemeenskaplike probleme te oorkom.
Daar word ook erken dat om doeltreffend te wees, die deelname van die voordeeltrekkers
nodig is, met die ondersteuning van plaaslike regering, Nie-Regerings Organisasies
(NGOs), plaaslike kundiges en donateure wat gewillig is om tussen die mense te woon en
te werk. Om die sukses van hierdie deelnemende ontwikkelingsbenadering te verseker,
moet dit gesteun word deur innerlike oortuiging, ‘n gesamentlike siening, en die
bewuswording van die mense self van hulle gesamentlike probleme. Hulle moet maniere
vind om hulle hulpbronne te mobiliseer, om te beplan, die planne te implementeer en
uiteindelik om hulle eie ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite te beheer.
Teen hierdie agtergrond, egter, is die rolle van die regering en die nie-regerings
organisasies in die stryd teen armoede onontbeerlik en is dit nodig om sosiale
transformasie wat kan lei tot die ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, te bewerkstellig. Die
regering se rol is om die gemeenskap te bekwaam en te ondersteun, en om spasie te skep
vir die vervulling van die gemeenskap se behoeftes.
In hierdie studie word die desentralisasieproses wat die gemeenskap se pogings tot
deelname in plaaslike bestuur bevorder, ondersoek. Aangesien die uitkomste van
publieke deelname prosesse in plaaslike regering nog nie ten volle geoptimaliseer is nie, moet die gemeenskapontwikkelaar ‘n omgewing skep waarin die latente
ontwikkelingspotensiaal van die gemeenskap vryelik kan blom (Schutte, 2000:5). Hierdie
Rwandese gevallestudie bied ‘n oorsig van die desentralisasie en
gemeenskapsontwikkeling beleid in Rwanda.
Definisies van sleutelkonsepte rakende die onderwerp, in beide die internasionale konteks
en die Rwandese konteks word in die literatuuroorsig verskaf. Die onderwerp word
bespreek en die definisie, doelwit, verskillende vorme van desentralisasie,
gemeenskapontwikkeling en die raamwerk waarbinne dit moet plaasvind, word
beklemtoon.
Die bevindinge toon dat gemeenskapsontwikkeling afhang van die politieke wil om
doeltreffende instansies te skep vir gemeenskappe wat op hulleself kan steun en wat
bewus is van hulle daaglikse probleme asook hoe hulle moet deelneem in die beplanning
en implementering van oplossings. Die SWOT ontleding verskaf ‘n situasie waaruit nuwe
oplossings kan ontstaan en bestaande oplossings versterk kan word, om sodoende nuwe
uitdagings tegemoet te gaan.
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Project proposal for transforming Grabouw, Western Cape, into a sustainable communityHaysom, Gareth (Gareth Duff) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cities and in particular, secondary cities are fast emerging as the dominant form of
human settlement. Considering the anticipated growth in the population and the
expected global economic growth, what role will cities play in addressing the core
issues pertaining to sustainable development? Will cities be able to address these
issues at all? Addressing the sustainability of cities is about focussing on addressing
the key issues of form and function. These, coupled with the specific social
interactions, the cultural and political actions, are the drivers that need to be
harnessed, integrated and reworked if cities are to be sustainable in any way.
Without a collective and concerted drive to make direct inputs into the three main
drivers of a city; planning and design, the resource use and inputs and the social
interactions within cities, no efforts to address the hope of leaving legacies of
resources for future generations will be realised. If these efforts do not originate in,
and grow out of cities, cities will not support, but rather undermine, any attempts at
achieving sustainable development.
There is an increasing realisation that the current approaches to development are
not meeting the needs of the growing global populations and as such, new
approaches need to be sought. The one key area where these new approaches hold
potential is to attempt to seek ways to create sustainable communities, communities
with equitable access to resources and where communities are designed to function
in different ways. The town and outlying areas of the Grabouw region in the Western
Cape provide a unique and extremely rare opportunity for implementing a wide range
of Government policies that have been adopted at the National, Provincial and Local
Government levels to give effect to the national commitment to sustainable
development and the creation of sustainable communities. These policy
commitments span social, environmental and economic policies. Grabouw is
perfectly configured in both geographical and strategic terms to become a national
model for ‘integrated sustainable development’ and to demonstrate in practice how
the attainment of the concept of sustainable development and sustainable
communities can be supported. The intention of the project proposal is to facilitate specific actions that would include
the framing of a foundation that is the core discussion document for the engagement
with the broader communities. The purpose of this document and supporting plan
would be to facilitate the communities’ participation in the creation and design of the
project that serves to transform the town of Grabouw, and the region, ultimately
becoming a national model of sustainability with a community that is resilient and
equitable, meeting their current needs fairly, but doing so in a manner that preserves
resources for future generations of Grabouw residents and South Africans. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stede, en sekondêre stede in die besonder, wen vinnig veld as die dominante vorm
van menslike vestiging. Met inagneming van die verwagte groei in die bevolking en
die verwagte globale ekonomiese groei, kan die vraag gestel word watter rol stede
gaan speel om die kernvraagstukke met betrekking tot volhoubare ontwikkeling aan
te spreek. Sal stede hoegenaamd daartoe in staat wees om hierdie vraagstukke aan
te spreek? Van deurslaggewende belang vir die volhoubaarheid van stede is die
fokus op die sleutelvraagstukke van vorm en funksie. Dit, gekoppel aan die
spesifieke maatskaplike interaksies, die kulturele en politieke aksies, is die
sleutelaandrywers wat ingespan, geïntegreer en herbeplan moet word om stede
volhoubaar te hou. Sonder 'n kollektiewe en volgehoue plan om direkte insette te
lewer in die drie sleutelaandrywers van 'n stad – beplanning en ontwerp; die gebruik
van hulpbronne en insette; en die maatskaplike interaksies binne stede – sal daar
niks kom van die wens om hulpbronne vir toekomstige nageslagte na te laat nie. As
hierdie pogings nie in stede ontstaan en uit stede groei nie, sal stede nie daarin
slaag om enige pogings tot volhoubare ontwikkeling te ondersteun nie, maar dit
eerder kelder.
Daar word toenemend besef dat die huidige benadering tot ontwikkeling nie in die
behoeftes van die groeiende globale bevolkings voorsien nie en dat nuwe
benaderings op die proef gestel moet word. Die een sleutelgebied waar 'n nuwe
benadering belofte inhou, is om maniere te ondersoek om volhoubare
gemeenskappe te skep – gemeenskappe met gelyke toegang tot hulpbronne en
waar gemeenskappe ontwerp is om op verskillende maniere te funksioneer. Die dorp
en distrik Grabouw in die Wes-Kaap bied 'n unieke en uiters seldsame geleentheid
vir die implementering van breë nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike regeringsbeleide
om uitvoering te gee aan die nasionale verbintenis tot volhoubare ontwikkeling en
die skepping van volhoubare gemeenskappe. Maatskaplike, omgewings- en
ekonomiese beleide word in hierdie beleidsverbintenisse saamgesnoer. Grabouw is
ideaal vanuit 'n geografiese sowel as strategiese oogpunt om 'n nasionale model te
word vir 'geïntegreerde volhoubare ontwikkeling' en om prakties te demonstreer hoe
volhoubare ontwikkeling en volhoubare gemeenskappe ondersteun kan word. Die oogmerk van die projekvoorstel is om spesifieke aksies te fasiliteer, soos die
opstel van 'n kernbesprekingsdokument met as doelwit die betrekking van die breër
gemeenskappe. Die doel van hierdie voorstel is die fasilitering van die
gemeenskappe se deelname aan die skepping en ontwerp van die projek wat dien
om die dorp en distrik Grabouw te transformeer tot 'n nasionale model van
volhoubaarheid, met 'n gemeenskap wat kragtig en gelyk is, en waar in huidige
behoeftes voorsien word, maar op so 'n manier dat hulpbronne vir toekomstige
geslagte Grabouw-inwoners en Suid-Afrikaners bewaar word.
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A model for the delegation of roles and responsibilities within a performance management system at Oudtshoorn MunicipalitySauls, Alfonso Loxley 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thc purpose of this research was to design a model for the delegation of roles and
responsibilities within a performance management system (PMS) that will assist
Oudtshoom Municipality in the implementation ofPMS.
The motivation for the study was the fact that performance management is a relatively
new legislative requirement for local government in South Africa. Local government
authorities are currently experiencing many problems in the delivering of services to
their respective communities, and this makes performance management a contemporary
issue.
The objectives of this research project are to
o Explain what PMS is;
o Explain how I'MS fits into the legislative framework in local government in South
Africa;
o Explain the importance of defining roles and responsibilities in a PMS;
o Design a model for the delegation of roles and responsibilites within a PMS for
Oudtshoorn Municipality;
o Make recommendations for the successful implementation of PMS at Oudtshoorn
Municipality.
The research design that was used in this study was a combination of a model-building
design and a case study design. The study was qualitative in nature and was a
combination of non-empirical and empirical studies. Semi-structured interviews were
held with a selected group of individuals who are key role-players in I'MS at
Oudtshoorn Municipality. Some of the aims of the interviews were to establish the
respondents understanding of PMS, and roles and responsibilities. The same
respondents were given a table of different roles and responsibilities, to determine
whether they knew what the different roles and responsibilities are of the different
stakeholders in the PMS. The data analysis showed that the stakeholders (participants in the research) within the
PMS at Oudtshoorn Municipality could not assign roles and responsibilities correctly.
In order for PMS to be implemented successfully at Oudtshoorn Municipality,
stakeholders in the PMS need to know exactly what is expected of them. It is not only
from an organisational point of view that roles and responsibilities are important, but it
is also a legislative requirement that roles and responsibilities need to be clarified before
implementing a PMS.
This problem created the need to design a model for the delegation of roles and
responsibilities within a PMS that will assist Oudtshoorn Municipality in the
implementation of PMS. The model is presented and an explanation of the model is
given to understand how to use the model.
Since Oudtshoorn Municipality is in the process of developing a PMS, a few
recommendations are made to assist the municipality in the implementation of PMS. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om 'n model te ontwikkel vir die delegering van
rolle en verantwoordelikhede binne 'n prestasie besluurstelsel, wat Oudtshoom
Munisipaliteit kan help met die implementering van 'n prestasie bestuurstelsel.
Die motivering vir die studie was die lcit dat prestasie bestuur 'n relatiewe nuwe wetlike
vereiste vir plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika is. Plaaslike regerings owerhede
ondervind tans baie probleme met dienslewering aan hulle onderskeie gemeenskappe en
dit maak prestasie bestuur 'n kontemporere saak.
Die doel van hierdie navorsingsprojek is om,
o Te beskryfwat 'n prestasie bestuurstelsel is;
o Te beskryf hoe 'n prestasie bestuurstelsel inpas in die wetlike raamwerk van
plaaslike regering in Suid-Atrika;
o Te beskryf die belangrikheid om rolle en verantwoordelikhede binne 'n prestasie
bestuurstelsel te definieer;
o Om 'n model vir die delegering van rolle en verantwoordelikhede binne 'n
prestasie bestuurstelsel vir Oudtshoorn Munisipaliteit te ontwikkel; en
o Aanbevelings te maak vir die suksesvolle implementering van 'n prestasie
bestuurstelsel by Oudtshoorn Munisipaliteit.
Die navorsingsontwerp wat gebruik was in hierdie studie was 'n kombinasie van modelbou
ontwerp en 'n gevallestudie ontwerp. Die studie was kwalitatief van aard en was 'n
kombinasie van nie-empiriese en empiriese studies. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude
was gevoer met 'n geselekteerde groep individue wat sleutel rolspelers is, in prestasie
bestuur, by Oudtshoom Munisipaliteit. Sommige van die mikpunte van die onderhoude
was om vas te stel die respondente se verstaan van prestasie bestuurstelsels en rolle en
verantwoordelikhede. Dieselfde respondente het ook 'n tabel voltooi wat verskillende
rolle en verantwoordelikhede van die onderskeie rolspelers binne 'n prestasie
bestuurstelsel aandui. Die data analise hel getoon dat rolspelers (deelnemers in die navorsing) binne die
prestasie bestuurstelsel by Oudtshoom Munisipaliteit nie rolle en verantwoordelikhede
korrek kon toeken nie. Om 'n prestasie bestuurstelsel suksesvol by Oudtshoom
Munisipaliteit te implementeer, is dit belangrik dat elke rolspeler presies sal weet wat
van homlhaar verwag word. Dit is nie net vanuit 'n organisatoriese oogpunt belangrik
dal rolle en verantwoordelikhede gedefinieer moet word nie, maar wetgewing vereis
ook dat rolle en verantwoordelikhede duidelik moet wees voordat 'n prestasie
bestuurstelsel geimplementeer word.
Die probleem wat hier ontstaan het, het die geleentheid geskep om 'n model te
ontwikkel vir die delegering van rolle en verantwoordelikhede binne 'n prestasie
bestuurstelsel wat Oudtshoom Munisipaliteit kan help met die implementering van 'n
prestasie bestuurstelsel. Die model, met 'n verduideliking hoc om die model te verstaan,
word ook voorgestel.
Oudtshoorn Munisipaliteit is tans besig om 'n prestasie bestuurstelsel te ontwikkel.
Aanbevelings word gemaak om die munisipaliteit te help met die implementering van 'n
prestasie besluurstelsel.
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Smart Growth : a sustainable solution for our citiesTheart, Alwie 03 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The greatest challenge for our time is to ensure the preservation of our environment and the well
being of our people. With this in mind and the fact that almost half of the world’s population is
living in urban areas, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that cities develop in a sustainable
manner. Cities are regarded as one of the most magnificent creations of human achievements, but
when looking at urban areas around the world it can also be regarded as one of the most problematic
achievements. The growth of cities is a natural process and an unstoppable progression of events.
Modern cities have a major impact on the environment and to ensure successful reduction of this
impact, certain problem areas will have to be identified and addressed without delay in order to be
in a position to make any significant change in the long run. Interventions of some sort are needed
to make living in cities as well as on the planet as a whole more sustainable. The big question is
however, how this can be achieved? One of the possible new interventions is the Smart Growth
Concept, which is a form of growth management. Although Smart Growth has been around from
the early 70’s, it is still a new concept that has not been explored to its full potential. The concept is
well known in America but in most countries around the world, including South Africa, it is still a
vague concept, which needs more introductions, convincing and ultimately, implementation.
Although this article will focus on the Smart Growth concept as a possible solution to creating
sustainable cities, the critics do not all agree with this point of view. Enough evidence is however
provided to prove that Smart Growth can make a difference in our daily lives. The main aim of this
article is to provide the reader with enough information on the subject of Smart Growth, and
address the criticism against the concept of Smart Growth, to be able to see the positive influence
that the Smart Growth concept can have on our cities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grootste uitdaging van ons tyd is om te verseker dat die ons omgewing beskerm word en die
welstand van ons mense bevorder word. Met dit in gedagte en die feit dat ongeveer die helfte van
die aarde se bevolking in stedelike areas woonagtig is, is dit van uiterste belang dat stede op ‘n
volhoubare manier ontwikkel word. Stede kan as een van die grootste skeppings van die mensdom
beskou word, maar as daar gekyk word na stedelike areas rondom die wêreld kan dit ook as een van
die problematiese skeppings beskou word. Die groei van stede is natuurlike proses en is
onstuitbare sameloop van gebeurlikhede. Moderne stede het groot inpak op die omgewing en om
te verseker dat die impak suksesvol beperk word, is daar sekere probleemareas wat geïdentifiseer
moet word en wat sonder enige verder vertraging aangespreek moet word, ten einde in ‘n posisie te
wees om enige beduidende verandering op die lang duur te maak. Ingryping op een of ander manier
is nodig om stede meer bewoonbaar te maak, asook die planeet as ‘n geheel meer volhoubaar te
maak. Die groot vraag is egter, hoe om dit te doen? Een van hierdie moontlike ingrypings is die
Innoverende Groei (‘Smart Growth’) Konsep, wat ‘n vorm van groeibestuur is. Alhoewel die
Innoverende Groei Konsep al sedert die sewentiger jare bestaan, is dit steeds ‘n nuwe konsep wat
nog nie tot sy volle potensiaal ontwikkel is nie. Die konsep van Innoverende Groei is bekend in
Amerika maar is in die meeste lande rondom die wêreld, insluitend Suid-Afrika, nog steeds ‘n vae
konsep wat nog verder bekendstelling en oortuiging vereis en uiteindelik geïmplementeer moet
word. Alhoewel hierdie artikel die fokus plaas op die Konsep van Innoverende Groei as
moontlike oplossing in die skepping van volhoubare stede, is daar kritici wat nie saamstem met
hierdie sienswyse nie. Genoeg bewyse word egter voorgehou om te bewys dat die Konsep van
Innoverende Groei ‘n verskil kan maak in ons daaglikse lewe. Die hoof doel van hierdie artikel is
om die leser van genoeg inligting te voorsien rondom die Konsep van Innoverende Groei , en om
die kritiek teen die konsep aan te spreek, ten einde die leser te oortuig dat die konsep positiewe
invloed op die groei van ons stede kan hê.
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The global corporation and its role as a source of innovation for sustainable development : beyond corporate social responsibilityGonzalez, Maria Susana Muhamad, Hamann, R., Loorbach, D. 03 1900 (has links)
77 leaves single side printed, preliminary pages i-v and numbered pages 1-72. Includes bibliography. / Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
This thesis explores how to bring about change through innovation by using current
power structures to move towards a more sustainable society. The type of change we
are concerned with is the transformation from social structures, economic systems and
institutions which diminish natural resources; to systems of production, institutions
and social structures which affirm and interact productively with living systems,
assuring their own sustainability. This change cannot be limited to address the social,
environmental and economic consequences of the current system but should redefine
the basic principles of society’s design and operation.
One of the key actors in the current system are Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
which have the capacity to mobilize natural resources, labour, and financial capital at
a global scale. It is defined that to contribute proactively towards sustainability, the
role of the corporation is to innovate in its core business, creating products and
services that help to solve the current un-sustainability patterns of society.
However, how effective are targeted innovation platforms within MNC’s in designing
and implementing meaningful innovations for sustainability? How meaningful are
these innovation efforts in terms of the broader CSR strategy of the company and its
sustainability performance? What can we learn from business innovation platforms in
terms of organization and entrepreneurship for sustainability?
In order to answer these questions an action research method was used in which I
reflect on my own experience of using the innovation platform from the Royal Dutch
Shell Group (Shell) to develop sustainability innovations. Within this perspective,
the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is re-visited to highlight its
potential to hinder or facilitate this process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Hierdie tesis ondersoek hoe verandering met innovasie te weeg gebring kan word deur
gebruikmaking van huidige magstrukture om sodoende te beweeg na ’n meer
volhoubare gemeenskap. Die verandering waarmee ons gemoeid is, is die
transformasie van sosiale strukture, ekonomiese stelsels en instansies - wat natuurlike
hulpbronne verminder - na stelsels van produksie, asook instellings en sosiale
strukture wat regstel en produktief wisselwerk met lewenskragtige stelsels om
sodoende hulle eie volhoubaarheid te verseker. Hierdie verandering kan geensins
beperk word om die sosiale, omgewings en ekonomiese gevolge van die huidige
stelsel aan te spreek nie, maar behoort die basiese beginsels van die gemeenskap se
ontwerp en optrede te herdefinieer.
Een van die sleutelspelers in die huidige stelsel is die Multinasionale Korporasies
(‘MNCs’) wat oor die vermoë beskik om natuurlike hulpbronne, arbeid en geldelike
kapitaal op globale skaal te mobiliseer. Om pro-aktief tot volhoubaarheid by te dra,
moet die rol van die korporasie – volgens definisie – van so ’n aard wees dat hy in sy
kern-sakebedrywighede innoverend optree om produkte en dienste te skep wat sal
bydra om die huidige nie-volhoubare patrone binne die gemeenskap uit te skakel.
Maar hoe doeltreffend is geteikende innovasie-platforms binne die Multinasionale
Korporasies egter vir soverre dit die ontwerp en toepassing van betekenisvolle
innovasies betref wat op volhoubaarheid gerig is? Hoe betekenisvol is dié pogings
rondom innovasie gemeet teen die breër strategie van korporatiewe sosiale
verantwoordelikheid van die maatskappy en sy volhoubaarheidsprestasie? Wat kan
ons van innovasie-platforms van sakeondernemings met betrekking tot organisasie en
entrepreneurskap - gerig op volhoubaarheid - wys word?
Met die oog op die beantwoording van hierdie vrae, is ’n aksie-navorsingsmetode
gebruilc, waarin ek besin oor my eie ondervinding met die gebruik van innovasieplatforms
van die Royal Dutch Shell Group (Shell) om volhoubaarheidsinnovasies te
ontwikkel. Binne hierdie perspektief word weer gekyk na die konsep van
korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid om sodoende sy potensiaal om dié proses te
kortwiek of te fasiliteer, uit te lig.
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Developing an individual performance management instrument for Overberg District MunicipalityPrins, Henry F. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Overberg District Municipality is required by law to develop and implement a
organisational performance management system. This requirement by law is in
recognition of the need for government to take real steps to ensure that municipalities
effectively deliver on their constitutional mandate.
The transformation of local government ushered in a pertinent focus on developing and
implementing performance management systems. The researcher experienced that
municipalities are at this stage primarily focusing on developing systems for
organisational performance management, resulting in minimum attention to individual
performance management.
The purpose of this research is to develop an individual performance management
instrument, integrating the strategic objectives as identified in the Integrated
Development Plan of the Overberg District Municipality with the objectives of the
individual. The proposed instrument should enhance integrated human resource
management and be commensurate with applicable labour legislation.
A literature review of performance management and related human resource
management practices was conducted in order to gain better insight into the topic.
Further to this, legislation and policy documents were analysed with specific reference
to performance management. After gathering the information through the literature
review, a proposed individual performance management instrument was developed and
submitted to subject matter experts for their input.
The research is concluded with a presentation of recommendations for implementation
at Overberg District Municipality. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Overberg Distriksmunisipaliteit moet volgens wet 'n organisatoriese
prestasiebestuurstelsel ontwikkel en implementeer. Hierdie wetlike vereiste erken die
vereiste dat die regering doelgerigte stappe moet doen om te verseker dat munisipaliteite
hul grondwetlike mandaat doeltreffend uitvoer.
Die transformasie van plaaslike regering het 'n besliste fokus op die ontwikkeling en
implementering van prestasiebestuurstelsels meegebring. Die navorser het ondervind
dat munisipaliteite op hierdie stadium hoofsaaklik op die ontwikkeling van stelsels vir
organisatoriese prestasiebestuur ingestel is, en dus die minimum aandag aan individuele
prestasiebestuur gee.
Die oogmerk van hierdie navorsing is om 'n individuele prestasiebestuursinstrument te
ontwikkel, en daardeur die strategiese doelwitte wat in die Geintegreerde
Ontwikkelingsplan van die Overberg Distriksmunisipaliteit geidentifiseer is, met die
individu se doelwitte te integreer. Die voorgestelde instrument moet geintegreerde
menslikehulpbronbestuur versterk en in ooreenstemming met toepaslike
arbeidswetgewing wees.
'n Literatuuroorsig van prestasiebestuur en verwante menslike hulpbronbestuurspraktyke
is gedoen ten einde 'n beter begrip van die onderwerp te kry. Verder is
wetgewing en beleidsdokumente ontleed met spesifieke verwysing na prestasiebestuur.
Nadat die inligting by wyse van die literatuuroorsig versamel is, is 'n voorgestelde
individuele prestasiebestuursinstrument ontwikkel en aan kundiges op hierdie gebied
voorgelê vir hulle insette.
Die navorsing is afgesluit met aanbevelings vir implementering by die Overberg
Distriksmunisipaliteit.
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The application of decision support systems in the Eritrean public sectorSahle Habtemichael, Faniel 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The traditional skills required in government-wide local knowledge, sound political
judgment and concern for the welfare of people-are still essential in the global information
society. But, to be more effective, these skills now have to be supported by the new
decision-making techniques of operations research and decision support systems. The
capacity of the human mind to handle complex issues is limited. This situation of
complexity and incapacity makes the application of operations research techniques and
electronic DSS essential for good governance outcomes.
Operations research is a multidisciplinary discipline that requires a team approach to
decision making. It is based on systems analysis approach because of its preoccupation with
interconnections among parts rather than within the parts themselves. This systems
approach allows the optimization of an organization's overall goals, not just those of
isolated departments.
Optimization is one of the functions of operations research techniques. Linear programming
models are most effective at the operational level of decision making with a single objective
where scarce or limited resources must be allocated or used in an optimal manner. At the
policy level where there are many uncertainties and conflicting objectives, multiobjective
programming is more suitable. On the other hand, dynamic programming is flexible and is
particularly applied whenever a sequence of decisions must be made and the goal is to find
the combination of decisions that optimizes the overall effectiveness of the entire set of
decisions. However, when a problem is too complex to be treated by numerical optimization
techniques, simulation is used. That is when the problem either cannot be formulated for
optimization, because the formulation is too large, there are too many interactions among
the variables, or the problem is stochastic (probabilistic) in nature. Despite the analytical
power of operations research, many real-world problems are not amenable to direct
analytical solution by known mathematical techniques. Hence, in the absence of exact
methods to solutions, we usually resort to heuristics, i.e. finding a good but not necessarily
the best solution.
Other problems encountered by public sector agencies include service stations (waiting
lines), inventory levels, forecasting, and project scheduling, which all need decision support
systems. To reduce the adverse impact of waiting to acceptable levels one has to minimize costs associated with providing service and those associated with waiting time. For smooth
operations, inventory of goods must be kept to an acceptable level to minimize setup or
ordering, inventory holding, and shortage (public complaints, and loss of good will and
sales) costs. Forecasting is crucial as most managerial decisions are based on projected
information and policy analysis is almost always about future outcomes. Many government
policies and programs are implemented through projects. Project managers must know how
long a specific project will take to finish, what the critical tasks are, and what the
probability of completing the project within a given time span is.
Successful applications of operations research and decision support systems in the public
sector have been recorded including in the areas of the military, transportation, crime and
justice, police units, energy, natural resources, facility location, and land use planning.
However, operations research applications are not without impediments. Technical and
institutional barriers are some of the problems encountered in the effort to apply operations
research in the public sector. Similarly, reasons for the slow growth of decision support
systems include lack of user demand, lack of system designer motivation, lack of system
designer expertise, reluctance to change, and increased risk of failure
In the Eritrean public sector, the low level of awareness of operations research and decision
support systems is reflected in the inadequacy of addressing multicriteria decision
processes, the lack and lor inappropriate selection of decision support systems, improper
project management techniques, suboptimal facility locations and service stations, the low
level of multidisciplinary approach, and the absence of national standards for pollution
control. In general, constraints such as the lack of capacity, awareness, know-how, and
software, are rampant.
The study concludes that policy-making processes should incorporate opportunities to
exercise choices and explore rational options. These rational options are the results of
appropriate interface of human, operations research and decision support systems. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tradisionele vaardighede wat van 'n regering verwag word - wye kennis van plaaslike
omstandighede, goeie politieke oordeel en besorgdheid oor die welvaart van mense - was
nog altyd belangrik in die moderne wêreld. Hierdie vaardighede moet egter ondersteun
word deur die nuwe besluitnemingstegnieke van operasionele navorsing en besluitnemings
ondersteuningstelsels om effektief te wees. Die vermoë van die menslike brein om
komplekse kwessies te hanteer, is beperk. Hierdie situasie van kompleksheid aan die een
kant en onvermoë aan die ander kant maak die aanwending van operasionele navorsingstegnieke
en elektroniese besluitneming nodig vir goeie regeringsuitkomste.
Operasionele navorsing is 'n multidisiplinêre disipline wat 'n spanbenadering tot
besluitneming benodig. Dit is baseer op die sisteemanalise benadering omdat dit gaan oor
interkonneksies tussen onderdele en nie soseer oor die onderdele self nie. Hierdie
sisteembenadering maak die optimisering van die sisteem se oorhoofse doelwitte moontlik,
nie net die doelwitte van geïsoleerde departemente nie
Optimisasie is een van die funksies van operasionele navorsing. Liniêre programmeringsmodelle
is meer effektief op die operasionele vlak van besluitneming met 'n enkel doelwit
waar skaars of beperkte bronne toegewys of gebruik moet word op 'n optimale wyse. Op
die beleidsvlak waar baie onsekerhede en botsende doelwitte voorkom, is multi-doelwit
programmering meer geskik. Aan die ander kant is dinamiese programmering meer
toepaslik en buigsaam, veral as dit toegepas word waar 'n reeks besluite geneem moet word
en die doel is om 'n kombinasie van besluite te vind wat die oorhoofse effektiwiteit van die
hele stel besluite optimiseer. Sekere probleme is egter te kompleks om met numeriese
optimisering op te los, omdat die probleem nie geprogrammeer kan word vir optimisering
nie, omdat die formulasie te groot is, daar te veel interaksies tussen die veranderlikes is, of
die probleem stogasties van aard is. Dan kan simulasies oorweeg word om oplossings te
probeer vind. Ten spyte van die analitiese krag van operasionele navorsing, kan baie
werklike probleme nie direk deur analitiese wiskundige tegnieke opgelos word nie - altans
nie deur bekende wiskundige tegnieke nie. As 'n presiese oplossing nie moontlik is nie, kan
kan 'n heuristiese oplossing ondersoek word, d.w.s. 'n goeie, maar nie noodwendig die
beste oplossing nie. Ander probleme wat deur die openbare sektor ondervind word, sluit in diensstasies,
inventarisvlakke, voorspellings, en projekskedulering. Hulle benodig almal
besluitnemingsstelsels vir effektiewe oplossings. Om die wagtydperk te verminder tot 'n
aanvaarbare vlak moet die koste verbonde aan die verskaffing van die diens en die koste
verbonde aan wagtydperke minirniseer word. Om 'n operasie glad te laat verloop moet die
inventaris van goedere op 'n aanvaarbare vlak gehou word om die koste van bestellings, die
byhou van voorrade en tekorte (klagtes van die publiek, die verlies aan vertroue en
verkope) te minirniseer. Voorspelling is van die uiterste belang vir hierdie doel, omdat
bestuursbesluite baseer is op geskatte syfers en beleidsontleding betrekking het op
toekomstige uitkomste. Baie regeringsbeleide en -programme word deur projekte
geïmplementeer. Projekbestuurders moet weet hoe lank dit sal neem om 'n projek te
voltooi, wat die belangrike take is en hoe waarskynlik dit is dat die projek betyds voltooi
sal word.
Operasionele navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels is al suksesvol aangewend
in die volgende openbare sektore: militêre funksies, vervoer, misdaad en justisie, die
polisie, energie, natuurlike hulpbronne, en die beplanning van grondgebruik. Tegniese en
ander hindernisse word egter soms ondervind by die gebruik van operasionele
navorsingstegnieke in die openbare sektor. Redes hoekom die gebruik van sulke stelsels so
stadig toeneem, sluit in die gebrek aan aanvraag van verbruikers, die gebrek aan
stelselontwerp motivering, die gebrek aan stelselontwerp vaardighede, onwilligheid om te
verander en die groter risiko van mislukking.
In die openbare sektor van Eritrea word die lae vlak van bewustheid van operasionele
navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels gereflekteer in 'n onvermoë om dit te
gebruik, die gebrek aan of verkeerde keuse van sulke hulpmiddels, verkeerde
bestuurstegnieke, suboptimale plasing van dienspunte, die afwesigheid van multi-disiplinêre
benaderings, en die afwesigheid van nasionale standaarde vir die beheer van besoedeling.
Beperkings soos 'n gebrek aan kapasiteit, bewustheid, kennis en sagteware kom algemeen
voor.
In hierdie studie word daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beleidmakende prosesse die
geleentheid behoort in te sluit om keuses te maak en om verskillende opsies te toets.
Hierdie rasionele opsies is die gevolg van die regte interaksie tussen die mens, operasionele
navorsing en besluitnemingsondersteuning stelsels.
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Urban water security in the city of WindhoekVan Rensburg, Francois 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urbanisation is a complex phenomenon and is a trend witnessed across the globe. Africa particularly has been experiencing the world’s most rapid rate of urbanization and cities are faced with the resulting pressure on natural resources. Water is one of the resources under pressure and the provision thereof is complicated by the deteriorating quality and quantity thereof.
This study takes a brief look at the water situation in a water scarce region in Africa and concentrates on the urban water supply sector. It takes an in depth look at the measures used to secure water supply to a city in this very dry part of the world.
The area under study is Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, situated in the southwestern corner of Africa. Namibia is the driest country in Sub-Saharan Africa and is characterised by a semi-arid nature, which results in a very hot and dry climate with erratic rainfall patterns. Windhoek has a low average rainfall associated with very high evaporation rates. No permanent water bodies exist near the city and the bulk of Windhoek’s water supply comes from storage dams quite a distance from the capital. Most of these sources of supply have been developed and are nearing the limit of their potential. A desperate need therefore exists to develop reliable additional water resources to secure the water supply especially during periods of prolonged drought.
The case study gives examples of the initiatives taken by water authorities to improve the security of supply and keep up with the growing demand in the city. These initiatives include a dual pipe system for the distribution of semi-purified sewage for irrigation, reclamation of domestic sewerage, aquifer recharge and the implementation of Water Demand Management principles. An analysis of the most efficient and cost-effective means of supply augmentation namely aquifer recharge, have been balanced against the potential water savings of Water Demand Management in the city. The study also takes a brief look at the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management and how it is incorporated in the strategies used to augment supply to the city.
The research found aquifer recharge as the most efficient and cost-effective means to augment supply to the city and together with Water Demand Management creates an approach complying with the goals of Integrated Water Resource management. The study concludes by identifying gaps in demand management in the city. It also suggests relevant recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of Water Demand management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verstedeliking is ‘n komplekse verskynsel en ‘n tendens wat regoor die wêreld voorkom. Die hoogste voorkoms van verstedeliking vind in Afrika plaas wat groot druk plaas op die natuurlike hulpbronne van stede.
Water is een van die hulpbronne onder druk en die voorsiening daarvan word bemoeilik deur die verswakking van die kwaliteit en die beskikbaarheid daarvan.
Hierdie studie konsentreer op die watersituasie in ‘n waterskaars streek in Afrika en die stedelike watervoorsieningssektor. Dit behels ‘n in diepte ondersoek na metodes wat gebruik word om die watervoorraad van die stad te verseker in hierdie droogte gesteisterd deel van die wêreld.
Die gebied onder bespreking is Windhoek, die hoofstad van Namibië, wat geleë is in die Suidwestelike deel van Afrika. Namibië is die droogste land in die Sub-Saharastreek en word gekenmerk deur gereelde droogtes met ‘n gepaardgaande warm droë klimaat en onreëlmatige reënvalpatrone. Windhoek word gekenmerk deur ‘n lae gemiddelde reënval met ‘n baie hoë verdampingstempo. Geen permanente waterbronne kom in die nabyheid van die stad voor nie en die watervoorraad word gestoor in opgaardamme wat redelik ver van die hoofstad geleë is.
Hierdie voorsieningsbronne is voortdurend in gebruik en die voorraad is beperk. Daar onstaan dus ‘n dringende behoefte aan betroubare bykomende waterbronne om voortdurende voorsiening aan die stad te verseker veral gedurende aanhoudende droogtes. Die gevallestudie konsentreer op voorbeelde en inisiatiewe wat deur die Water Owerhede geneem word om die voorsiening van water, aan die immergroeiende behoeftes van die stad te verbeter en te verseker.
Hierdie pogings sluit in,‘n dubbele pyplynsisteem vir die verspreiding van halfgesuiwerde rioolwater vir besproeiingsdoeleindes, herwinning van huishoudelike rioolwater, herlaai van ondergrondse watervoorraad en die implimentering van wateraanvraag bestuursmaatreëls.
Die geskiktste en mees koste-effektiewe metode van verhoogde watervoorsiening naamlik die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne, is ontleed, en die voordele opgeweeg teen die potensiële waterbesparing deur die Bestuur van Wateraanvraag in die stad.
Daar is ook kortliks gekyk na die beginsels van Geintigreerde Water Bronne Bestuur en hoe dit by bestaande strategieë ingelyf is om uitbreiding van voorsiening aan die stad te verseker.
Die navorsing het bevind dat die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne as die geskikste en mees koste-effektiewe metode beskou kan word om die verhoogde aanvraag van die stad die hoof te bied.
Die studie word afgesluit deur die tekortkominge in die Water Aanvraagbestuur van die stad te identifiseer. Relevante aanbevelings word gemaak van hoe om die effektiwiteit van hierdie betrokke strategie te verbeter.
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The effect of centralization of fiscal powers on developmental activities of the Okavango Regional CouncilChaka, Lister Lutombi 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This theoretically guided qualitative and quantitative study aims at
investigating the extent to which centralization of fiscal powers in the
Namibian State has been detrimental to development activities of the
Okavango Regional Council. A further aim is to make recommendations and
suggest balanced inter-governmental fiscal relations between central and
regional governments in Namibia.
The significance" of this study lies in the fact that, since the abolition of
homelands in Namibia by the incumbent goven:rrnent in the 1990s, no
comprehensive study has been carried out to analyze the socio-economic
implications of such centralization of powers by central government.
The study demonstrates that the degree of autonomy afforded to regional
governments in Namibia stagnates their role as socio-economic development
agents/facilitators. The study also examines the causes of disparities between
centnil and regional governments. Important among the causes is the legal
framework, which does not specify a fixed sharing formula.
A number of corrective measures are suggested by the study. Among these
measures are the decentralisation of functions that can be efficiently
performed by regional governments, assignment of taxes to regional
governments and amendment of existing legislation to allow for a balanced
inter-governmental relations policy. The study further suggests that
decentralization of functions to regions needs to be carefully planned and
implemented because to lack of resource endowment and experienced
personnel in the regions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie teoreties-gefundeerde kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe studie is daarop
gemik om te bepaal tot watter mate die sentralisering van fiskale magte in
die Namibiese regering 'n nadelige effek op die ontwikkelings-aktiwiteite
van die Okavango Streeksraad gehad het. Nog 'n doelwit (van die studie) is
om aanbevelings en voorstelle te maak vir die daarstelling van
gebalanseerde inter-regeringsverhoudings tussen sentrale- en
streeksowerhede in Namibië.
Die waarde van hierdie studie lê in die feit dat, sedert die afskaffing van
tuislande in Namibië deur die huidge regering in die 1990s, geen
omvattende ondersoek nog gedoen is om die sosio-ekonomiese implikasies
van so 'n sentralisering van magte deur die sentrale regering te ontleed nie.
Die studie dui aan dat die mate van selfbestuur wat aan streeksowerhede in
Namibië toegeken is, hulle rol as die agente/fasiliteersders van sosio-ekonomiese
ontwikkeling kniehalter. Die studie ondersoek ook die oorsake
van die verskille wat tans tussen sentrale- en streeksowerehede bestaan. Een
van die hoofredes hiervoor blyk te wees die feit dat die bestaande
resraamwerk/statutêre nie 'n vaste formule (vir die deling van mag) bepaal
nie.
'n Aantal korrektiewe maatreëls word deur die studie aan die hand gedoen.
Die aanbevelings sluit onder andere in maatreëls om dié funskies te
densentraliseer wat effektief deur streeksowerhede gedoen kan word, die
toekenning van belasting aan streeksowerhede en die wysiging van bestaande
wetgewing om voorsiening te maak vir 'n gebalanseerde interregeringsverhoudingsbeleid.
Die studie beveel verder aan dat die
desentralisering van funkies na streke noukeurig beplan en geimplementeer
moet word in die lig van 'n gebrek aan middele en ervare personneel in die
streke.
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