Initial studies to determine the thermodynamic solubility product (Ksp) of gypsum and CaCO3 were conducted. The influence of different electrolyte salts at different concentrations upon the solubility of gypsum and CaCO3 was then tested. Analytical data was utilized in conjunction with a computer to calculate the activity of CaCO3 and gypsum, the ion pair concentration and the solubility product. Indifferent salts increased the solubility of gypsum and CaCO3, and salts with a common ion decreased the solubility of gypsum and CaCO3. Lithium was found to be the dominant monovalent cation present in these marine derived soils. In most cases the lithium concentration was greater than the sodium plus potassium (Na++K+) concentrations. All soils were found to be high in calcium and sulfate and the 1:1 soil water suspensions were saturated with respect to the constituent mineral gypsum. Salt release from Mancos shale is controlled by the parabolic diffusion law. Two diffusion controlled reactions occur: (a) a fast surface reaction and (b) a slow mineral weathering reaction. The fast reaction, accounting for 80-90 percent of the total salt production is due to the dissolution of salt from the surface of the mineral particles and to the dissolution of the fine (<.10 mm) mineral fraction. This reaction occurred in less than 2 minutes. The slow reaction accounting for 10-20 percent of the salt production is due to the dissolution of the larger more resistant mineral fraction, and proceeds for several days. Chemical equilibrium was reached in less than 72 hours for the small natural occurring size fraction (<.10 mm), while 7 to 9 days was required for equilibrium in the larger (>.25 to >1.0 mm) size fractions, respectively. Soil columns were leached with deionized water to allow the calculation of potential to produce 3.15 tons of salt per acre inch, and the salt accounted for 1.89 percent of the soil's total mass.

Fine-grained clastic sediments make up the gross lithology in interior basins of ancient epicontinental seas, such as the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. This study provides a high-resolution thin-bedded facies analysis and regional correlations to determine how the heterolithic units of the Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale were transported and deposited in the San Juan Basin. Data for this study was obtained from outcrop observations in eleven measured sections, spanning a distance of 115 kilometers. Eleven facies are observed, four sequences and eleven parasequence sets are identified. A depositional model is determined through the high-resolution facies analysis, which suggests deposition on a proximal to distal mudbelt through multiple processes, including turbidity currents, hypopycnal plumes, wave enhanced sediment gravity flows (WESGFs), storm surges, tides and oceanic currents. Overall, the Juana Lopez is dominated by upward-shoaling parasequence sets, with an increasing number and thickness of sandstone dominated bedsets, suggesting regressive sedimentation with distal expressions of transgression found in two parasequence sets. The source of sediment is determined through 520 paleocurrent measurements and plaeogeographic data, and is determined to be transported by along-shelf currents, dominantly from proximal NE clastic wedges. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Esta investigación analiza los efectos de las políticas de estabilización y ajuste estructural en dos etapas. Uno, la estabilización económica de carácter macroeconómico para reducir la demanda agregada. Dos, las reformas estructurales de carácter microeconómico, orientada a aumentar la oferta agregada. Los resultados son el aumento de la pobreza y la concentración de la riqueza; tanto a nivel nacional, como a nivel de las regiones y/o provincias. Las preguntas de fondo que responde esta investigación es: ¿Cuáles son las causas de la pobreza y cuáles son los efectos de la política económica macroeconómica y particularmente en el Distrito de Mancos Provincia de Yungay Ancash?, ¿Qué mecanismos de defensa utilizaron los pobres frente a los efectos de política económica neoliberal? La hipótesis: la pobreza en el Perú tiene raíces históricas y estructurales, el aumento de la pobreza se debe bajo crecimiento del PBI per cápita, bajo nivel de inversión; y a los efectos de las políticas económicas macroeconómicas (Política de Estabilización y Política de Ajuste Estructural, provenientes del llamado Consenso de Washington). La pobreza en el Perú al año 2003, afecta al 54.4% (14’680,900 de peruanos) y la extrema pobreza al 24.6% (6’465,000 de peruanos). En el área rural la pobreza es mayor al promedio nacional. En el Distrito de Mancos; en la zona alta la pobreza y extrema pobreza afecta al 86.96% de habitantes, en la zona media al 61.97% y en la zona baja al 79.82%. Las estrategias que las familias adoptaron para enfrentar situaciones adversas y mitigar los efectos de la política económica y poder satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, en especial de alimentación fueron tres: Los mecanismos de adaptación, la venta de su activos líquidos y la venta de sus activos productivos. Finalmente, la política económica es el instrumento fundamental para explicar la incidencia y los mecanismos de propagación de la pobreza, y la mismo tiempo, es una de las herramientas más importantes para reducir la pobreza, a partir de estrategias nacionales. / -- This investigation analyzes the effects of the stabilization policies and structural adjustment in two stages. One, the economic stabilization of macroeconomic character to reduce the added demand. Two, the structural reformations of micro-economic character, guided to increase the added offer. The results are the increase of the poverty and the concentration of the wealth; so much at national level, like to level of the regions and/or counties. The bottom questions that this investigation responds are: Which are the causes of the poverty and which are the macroeconomic economic politics's effects and particularly in the District of Mancos of Yungay Ancash?, What defense mechanisms did the poor use in front of politics's economic neoliberal effects? The hypothesis: the poverty in the Peru has historical and structural roots, the increase of the poverty owes himself low growth of the PBI per capita, low investment level; and to the effects of the macroeconomic economic politicians (Politics of Stabilization and Politics of Structural Adjustment, coming from the call Consent of Washington). The poverty in the Peru a year 2003, it affects to 54.4% (14'680,900 of Peruvians) and the extreme poverty to 24.6% (6'465,000 of Peruvians). In the rural area the poverty is bigger to the national average. In the District of Mancos; in the high area the poverty and it carries to an extreme poverty it affects to 86.96% of inhabitants, in the half area to 61.97% and in the low area to 79.82%. The strategies that the families adopted to face adverse situations and to mitigate the economic politics's effects and to be able to satisfy their basic necessities, especially of feeding they were three: The mechanisms of adaptation, the sale of their liquid assets and the sale of their productive assets. Finally, the economic politics is the fundamental instrument to explain the incidence and the mechanisms of propagation of the poverty, and the same time, it is one of the most important tools to reduce the poverty, starting from national strategies.

Se exponen los temas necesarios para desarrollar el proyecto de un albergue y una escuela de guías para montañistas, ubicado en el poblado de Mancos, provincia de Ancash, Perú. Se explica qué es el montañismo, quiénes lo practican, cuál es la situación actual del montañismo en el Perú y qué importancia tiene la Cordillera Blanca en dicho país y en el mundo. También se analiza el flujo turístico actual y los pronósticos a futuro de la zona, sus vías de acceso y todos los factores que son relevantes para el proyecto. Se toma en cuenta el medio ambiente, latente en todas las ramas de actividades de montaña, y se busca desarrollar una arquitectura respetuosa de su entorno. Luego, se explica y justifica el porqué de la elección del lugar para el emplazamiento del proyecto, los aspectos climáticos, de asoleamiento, y demás temas de importancia. Asimismo, se explica el contenido del proyecto, como son los paquetes funcionales y la elaboración del programa arquitectónico. Finalmente, se desarrolla el proyecto arquitectónico. / Tesis

Esta investigación analiza los efectos de las políticas de estabilización y ajuste estructural en dos etapas. Uno, la estabilización económica de carácter macroeconómico para reducir la demanda agregada. Dos, las reformas estructurales de carácter microeconómico, orientada a aumentar la oferta agregada. Los resultados son el aumento de la pobreza y la concentración de la riqueza; tanto a nivel nacional, como a nivel de las regiones y/o provincias. Las preguntas de fondo que responde esta investigación es: ¿Cuáles son las causas de la pobreza y cuáles son los efectos de la política económica macroeconómica y particularmente en el Distrito de Mancos Provincia de Yungay Ancash?, ¿Qué mecanismos de defensa utilizaron los pobres frente a los efectos de política económica neoliberal? La hipótesis: la pobreza en el Perú tiene raíces históricas y estructurales, el aumento de la pobreza se debe bajo crecimiento del PBI per cápita, bajo nivel de inversión; y a los efectos de las políticas económicas macroeconómicas (Política de Estabilización y Política de Ajuste Estructural, provenientes del llamado Consenso de Washington). La pobreza en el Perú al año 2003, afecta al 54.4% (14’680,900 de peruanos) y la extrema pobreza al 24.6% (6’465,000 de peruanos). En el área rural la pobreza es mayor al promedio nacional. En el Distrito de Mancos; en la zona alta la pobreza y extrema pobreza afecta al 86.96% de habitantes, en la zona media al 61.97% y en la zona baja al 79.82%. Las estrategias que las familias adoptaron para enfrentar situaciones adversas y mitigar los efectos de la política económica y poder satisfacer sus necesidades básicas, en especial de alimentación fueron tres: Los mecanismos de adaptación, la venta de su activos líquidos y la venta de sus activos productivos. Finalmente, la política económica es el instrumento fundamental para explicar la incidencia y los mecanismos de propagación de la pobreza, y la mismo tiempo, es una de las herramientas más importantes para reducir la pobreza, a partir de estrategias nacionales. / This investigation analyzes the effects of the stabilization policies and structural adjustment in two stages. One, the economic stabilization of macroeconomic character to reduce the added demand. Two, the structural reformations of micro-economic character, guided to increase the added offer. The results are the increase of the poverty and the concentration of the wealth; so much at national level, like to level of the regions and/or counties. The bottom questions that this investigation responds are: Which are the causes of the poverty and which are the macroeconomic economic politics's effects and particularly in the District of Mancos of Yungay Ancash?, What defense mechanisms did the poor use in front of politics's economic neoliberal effects? The hypothesis: the poverty in the Peru has historical and structural roots, the increase of the poverty owes himself low growth of the PBI per capita, low investment level; and to the effects of the macroeconomic economic politicians (Politics of Stabilization and Politics of Structural Adjustment, coming from the call Consent of Washington). The poverty in the Peru a year 2003, it affects to 54.4% (14'680,900 of Peruvians) and the extreme poverty to 24.6% (6'465,000 of Peruvians). In the rural area the poverty is bigger to the national average. In the District of Mancos; in the high area the poverty and it carries to an extreme poverty it affects to 86.96% of inhabitants, in the half area to 61.97% and in the low area to 79.82%. The strategies that the families adopted to face adverse situations and to mitigate the economic politics's effects and to be able to satisfy their basic necessities, especially of feeding they were three: The mechanisms of adaptation, the sale of their liquid assets and the sale of their productive assets. Finally, the economic politics is the fundamental instrument to explain the incidence and the mechanisms of propagation of the poverty, and the same time, it is one of the most important tools to reduce the poverty, starting from national strategies.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-97).

The role of surface chemical effects in hydraulic fracturing of shale is studied using the results of unconfined compression tests and Brazilian tests on Mancos shale- cored at depths of 20-60 ft. The rock mineralogy, total organic carbon and cation exchange capacity were determined in order to characterize the shale. Adsorption tests to study the interaction of the shale and aqueous fluid mixture were also carried out using surface tension measurements. The uniaxial compressive strengths and tensile strengths of individual shale samples after four hours exposure to water, 2.85 x 10^-3 M cationic surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide-DTAB) and 2.81 x 10^-3 M anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate-SDBS) were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. These mechanical strengths were largely reduced on exposure to the aqueous environments studied, despite the relatively low clay and low swelling clay content of the Mancos shale. Further comparison of the uniaxial compressive strengths and tensile strengths of the shale on exposure to water, to the strengths when exposed to the surfactant solutions showed that their difference was not statistically significant indicating that exposure to water had the greatest effect on strength loss. The surface tension measurement of 2.85 x 10^-4 M DTAB and 2.81 x 10^-4 M SDBS solutions before and after equilibration with shale showed about 80% increase in surface tension in the DTAB solution and 10% increase in surface tension in the SDBS solution. The probable sorption mechanism is electrostatic attraction with negatively charged sites of the shale as shown by significant loss of the cationic surfactant (DTAB) to the shale surface, and the relatively minor adsorption capacity of the anionic surfactant (SDBS). Although these adsorption tests indicate interaction between the shale and surfactant solutions, within the number of tests carried out and the surfactant concentration used, the interaction does not translate into a significant statistical difference for impacts of surfactants on mechanical strength of this shale compared to the impact of water alone. The relevance of this work is to facilitate the understanding of how the strength of rock can be reduced by the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids, to achieve improved fracture performance and higher recovery of natural gas from shale reservoirs.

Coal reservoir quality in the Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, and in the Fruitland Formation is dependent on coal cleat characteristics. Coal reservoir permeability increases as a result of high cleat density. From careful outcrop examination, we were able to identify several factors that increase cleat density. Vitrain coal typically has the highest fracture density as a result of having well-developed face cleats and conchoidal fractures. Clarain coal contains face and butt cleats. Cleat density in clarain is also controlled by mechanical layer thickness. As mechanical layer thickness decreases, cleat density increases. Durain and fusain coals typically contain no welldeveloped cleat system, although their presence can affect mechanical layer thickness in adjacent coals, as they may form bounding units. Cleat density increases in the damage zone of faults and in the hinge-line of folds. Cleat-controlled reservoir permeability has beneficially affected methane production in one portion of the Drunkards Wash Gas Field, Utah, and appears to have negatively influenced methane production in the coalbed methane field.

No description available.