Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst / This study investigates and analyzes the environmental licensing of the bridge over the River Coco at Sabiaguaba, Fortaleza â Cearà -Brazil. The licensing was initiated in 2001, being stopped a few times and being completed just in 2010. Through literature, and observation in the field, the public and private interests related to this building were checked. It was examined how is the lifestyles and cultural heritage of Sabiaguaba population, including their relationship with ecosystems, especially mangrove. It was analyzed howthe impacts on the natural environment were observed by the justifications given by the licensing documents and the government intitutes. For this, we examined the aspects ecodynamics and environmental services of mangrove ecosystems, including an investigation about the importance of mangrove ecosystem of the River Coco, the relationship of population of Sabiaguaba with ecosystems and environmental that exist in that area; and an analysis of the current legislation and legal doctrine that focuses on environmental licensing / Este estudo investiga e analisa o licenciamento ambiental da ponte sobre o rio CocÃ, no bairro Sabiaguaba, em Fortaleza â CearÃ. O licenciamento foi iniciado em 2001, sofrendo a obra paralisaÃÃes e sendo finalizada apenas em 2010. AtravÃs de pesquisa bibliogrÃfica, documental e observaÃÃo em campo, foram verificados os interesses pÃblicos e privados relacionados a essa construÃÃo e examinado como o modo de vida e o patrimÃnio cultural da populaÃÃo de Sabiaguaba, incluindo-se a sua relaÃÃo com os ecossistemas, principalmente o manguezal, e como os impactos sobre o meio ambiente natural foram observados pelas justificativas apresentadas pelos documentos do licenciamento e pelos ÃrgÃos envolvidos em torno da obra. Para isso, examinou-se os aspectos ecodinÃmicos e os serviÃos ambientais dos ecossistemas manguezais, investigando-se a importÃncia do ecossistema manguezal do rio CocÃ; a relaÃÃo da populaÃÃo de Sabiaguaba com os ecossistemas e os fluxos ambientais existentes naquela Ãrea; alÃm de uma anÃlise da legislaÃÃo vigente e da doutrina jurÃdica que versa sobre licenciamento ambiental.

Infecções hospitalares são um problema de saúde pública. Quatorze linhagens de fungos isolados de mangue foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial de síntese de nanopartículas de prata (NP Ag) por método biológico com atividade antimicrobiana, sendo dois fungos selecionados. A caracterização físico-química das NP foi realizada por espectrofotometria, microscopia eletrônica e espectroscopia de correlação de fótons. A banda de plasmon evidenciou a formação de NP entre 10-30 nm. A ação antimicrobiana foi avaliada em espécies de Candida e bactérias. As NP foram mais efetivas nas espécies de C. guilhermondi, C. parapsilosis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus com concentrações inibitórias variando de 0,015 a 0,132 µg/mL. A ação antifúngica de tecidos impregnados com NP Ag foi testada em C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. parapsilosis com inibição do crescimento na faixa de 68,41 97,91 %. Em E. coli e S. aureus a inibição do crescimento foi de 100% na concentração de 2,2 µg/mL. Os fungos foram identificados como Bionectra ochroleuca e Aspergillus tubingensis, respectivamente. / Hospital infections are a public health problem. Fourteen strains of fungi isolated from the mangrove were evaluated regarded to their capacity to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) by a biological method with antimicrobial activity and two fungi were selected. The physicochemical characterization was performed by spectrophotometry, electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. The plasmon band evidenced the formation of NP from 10-30 nm. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Candida species and bacteria. The NP were more effective against the C. guilhermondi, C. parapsilosis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus especies with inhibitory concentrations from 0.015 to 0.132 µg/mL (1.3 a 12 µM). The antifungal activity of the fabrics impregnated with Ag NP was tested against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, presenting inhibition from 68.41 97.91 %. Against E. coli and S. aureus the growth inhibition was of 100% in the concentration of 2.2 µg/mL. The fungi were identified as Bionectra ochroleuca and Aspergillus tubingensis, respectively.

ROCHA, Davi Aragão. Ecossistema manguezal e licenciamento ambiental da ponte sobre o Rio Cocó no bairro Sabiaguaba, Fortaleza/Ceará. 2011. 140 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA. Fortaleza-Ce, 2011. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T14:05:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_darocha.pdf: 3371820 bytes, checksum: 6ec63106965664215b5f49b3e7813a3e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T14:06:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_darocha.pdf: 3371820 bytes, checksum: 6ec63106965664215b5f49b3e7813a3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T14:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_darocha.pdf: 3371820 bytes, checksum: 6ec63106965664215b5f49b3e7813a3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / his study investigates and analyzes the environmental licensing of the bridge over the River Coco at Sabiaguaba, Fortaleza – Ceará -Brazil. The licensing was initiated in 2001, being stopped a few times and being completed just in 2010. Through literature, and observation in the field, the public and private interests related to this building were checked. It was examined how is the lifestyles and cultural heritage of Sabiaguaba population, including their relationship with ecosystems, especially mangrove. It was analyzed howthe impacts on the natural environment were observed by the justifications given by the licensing documents and the government intitutes. For this, we examined the aspects ecodynamics and environmental services of mangrove ecosystems, including an investigation about the importance of mangrove ecosystem of the River Coco, the relationship of population of Sabiaguaba with ecosystems and environmental that exist in that area; and an analysis of the current legislation and legal doctrine that focuses on environmental licensing / Este estudo investiga e analisa o licenciamento ambiental da ponte sobre o rio Cocó, no bairro Sabiaguaba, em Fortaleza – Ceará. O licenciamento foi iniciado em 2001, sofrendo a obra paralisações e sendo finalizada apenas em 2010. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e observação em campo, foram verificados os interesses públicos e privados relacionados a essa construção e examinado como o modo de vida e o patrimônio cultural da população de Sabiaguaba, incluindo-se a sua relação com os ecossistemas, principalmente o manguezal, e como os impactos sobre o meio ambiente natural foram observados pelas justificativas apresentadas pelos documentos do licenciamento e pelos órgãos envolvidos em torno da obra. Para isso, examinou-se os aspectos ecodinâmicos e os serviços ambientais dos ecossistemas manguezais, investigando-se a importância do ecossistema manguezal do rio Cocó; a relação da população de Sabiaguaba com os ecossistemas e os fluxos ambientais existentes naquela área; além de uma análise da legislação vigente e da doutrina jurídica que versa sobre licenciamento ambiental.

Para o conhecimento da dinÃmica espacial das Ãreas de manguezais dos em dez complexos estuarinos da costa oeste cearense foram utilizadas imagens orbitais com resoluÃÃo espacial de 30m e imagens coloridas com resoluÃÃo de 2m, com aplicaÃÃo de tÃcnicas de sensoriamento remoto e tecnologia de Sistemas de InformaÃÃes GeogrÃfias (SIG). Ãs imagens do sensor TM do satÃlite LANDSAT 5, observadas por perÃodo de 23 anos, e Ãs ortofotos que recobrem a Ãrea objeto, foram aplicados procedimentos de classificaÃÃo orientada a objetos, tÃcnica que traduz o Estado da Arte para a extraÃÃo de informaÃÃes espaciais. A abordagem orientada a objeto delimita corpos singulares e homogÃneos a partir das informaÃÃes espectrais dos pixels, e de caracterÃsticas relacionadas à geometria e topologia dos objetos. Esse algoritmo foi desenvolvido para classificaÃÃo em imagens com altÃssima resoluÃÃo espacial, onde nÃo hà mistura espectral: os pixels possuem caracterÃsticas semelhantes a de seus vizinhos, enquanto que imagens de baixa e mÃdia resoluÃÃo espacial, os pixels contÃem informaÃÃes espectrais correspondentes a vÃrios objetos. Embora a base teÃrica/conceitual do mÃtodo de classificaÃÃo com orientaÃÃo a objeto priorize aplicaÃÃes sobre imagens de altÃssima resoluÃÃo espacial, a pesquisa teve por objetivo desenvolver estudos sobre imagens de mÃdia resoluÃÃo espacial para a quantificaÃÃo de Ãreas ocupadas por vegetaÃÃo de mangues dos estuÃrios da Costa Oeste cearense, entre os anos de 1985 e 2008. Com resultados da classificaÃÃo orientada a objeto, produzida em imagens de mÃdia resoluÃÃo espacial, foram realizadas anÃlises da dinÃmica espacial da Ãrea ocupada pelo sistema manguezal ao longo do recorte temporal estabelecido. A anÃlise da dinÃmica espacial entre o 1 e 2 perÃodos registrou incremento correspondente à variaÃÃo percentual de 3,43%, e para o intervalo entre o 2 e 3 perÃodos foi registrada a variaÃÃo de 6,35%. Jà a variaÃÃo observada entre os valores de Ãreas de mangues entre o 1 e 3 perÃodos, que corresponde ao recorte temporal de 1985 a 2008, corresponde a aproximadamente 10%. Em complementaÃÃo aos objetivos estabelecidos, os estudos foram concentrados na aquisiÃÃo de valores relativos à quantificaÃÃo, com acurÃcia, da vegetaÃÃo do ecossistema manguezal, mas obtidos sobre imagens ortorretificadas de alta resoluÃÃo, para a comparaÃÃo com dados publicados em trabalhos de outros autores, elaborados com tÃcnicas e metodologias distintas das empregadas na pesquisa. Para a validaÃÃo dos resultados da classificaÃÃo foram utilizadas as mesmas ortofotos, obtidas no ano de 2007, como referÃncia para a verificaÃÃo da Verdade Terrestre, com vistas à garantia da qualidade geomÃtrica e posicional das feiÃÃes de bosques de mangues identificadas. Enfatize-se que os resultados apresentaram discrepÃncias aceitÃveis para os objetivos estabelecidos. Por fim, as discrepÃncias observadas nos valores referentes aos complexos estuarinos pesquisados, comparados com outros trabalhos publicados estÃo associadas Ãs diferentes metodologias e tÃcnicas empregadas. / To the knowledge of the spatial dynamics of mangrove areas of estuarine complex on the west coast of Cearà were used satellite images with spatial resolution of 30m and images colored with a resolution of 2m, with application of remote sensing technology and geographic information systems (GIS). The sensor images of LANDSAT TM 5, observed for a period of 23 years, and orthophotos that cover the area object, classification procedures were applied object-oriented technique that reflects the state of the art for extracting spatial information. The object-oriented approach delimits natural and homogeneous bodies from the spectral information of pixels, and features related to geometry and topology of objects. This algorithm was developed for classification of images with high spatial resolution, where no spectral mixing: the pixels have similar characteristics to their neighbors, while images of low and medium spatial resolution, pixels contain spectral information corresponding to multiple objects. Although the theoretical / conceptual classification method with object orientation prioritize applications on images of high spatial resolution, the research aimed to develop studies on images of medium spatial resolution for quantification of areas occupied by vegetation mangrove estuaries Coast West Ceara, between the years 1985 and 2008. With results of object-oriented classification, produced in medium spatial resolution images were analyzed with the spatial dynamics of the area occupied by the system mangrove along the established time frame. The analysis of the spatial dynamics between the 1st and 2nd periods recorded an increase corresponding to the percentage change of 3.43%, and the interval between the 2nd and 3rd periods was recorded variation of 6.35%. However, the variation observed between the values of mangrove areas between the 1st and 3rd periods, corresponding to the time frame from 1985 to 2008, the rate recorded is around 10%. Complementing the established objectives, studies were concentrated on the acquisition of relative values to quantify with accuracy, the vegetation of the mangrove ecosystem, but obtained on high-resolution orthorectified images, for comparison with data published in works of other authors, drawn up techniques and different methodologies employed in the research. For validating the classification results were the same used orthophotos, obtained in 2007, as a reference for verifying the Truth Road, with a view to ensuring the quality of geometric and positional features of mangrove forests identified. Emphasize that the results showed discrepancies acceptable to the established objectives. Finally, the discrepancies observed in the values for the complex estuarine surveyed, compared with other published works are associated with different methodologies and techniques employed.

Infecções hospitalares são um problema de saúde pública. Quatorze linhagens de fungos isolados de mangue foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial de síntese de nanopartículas de prata (NP Ag) por método biológico com atividade antimicrobiana, sendo dois fungos selecionados. A caracterização físico-química das NP foi realizada por espectrofotometria, microscopia eletrônica e espectroscopia de correlação de fótons. A banda de plasmon evidenciou a formação de NP entre 10-30 nm. A ação antimicrobiana foi avaliada em espécies de Candida e bactérias. As NP foram mais efetivas nas espécies de C. guilhermondi, C. parapsilosis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus com concentrações inibitórias variando de 0,015 a 0,132 µg/mL. A ação antifúngica de tecidos impregnados com NP Ag foi testada em C. albicans, C. glabrata e C. parapsilosis com inibição do crescimento na faixa de 68,41 97,91 %. Em E. coli e S. aureus a inibição do crescimento foi de 100% na concentração de 2,2 µg/mL. Os fungos foram identificados como Bionectra ochroleuca e Aspergillus tubingensis, respectivamente. / Hospital infections are a public health problem. Fourteen strains of fungi isolated from the mangrove were evaluated regarded to their capacity to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) by a biological method with antimicrobial activity and two fungi were selected. The physicochemical characterization was performed by spectrophotometry, electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. The plasmon band evidenced the formation of NP from 10-30 nm. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Candida species and bacteria. The NP were more effective against the C. guilhermondi, C. parapsilosis, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus especies with inhibitory concentrations from 0.015 to 0.132 µg/mL (1.3 a 12 µM). The antifungal activity of the fabrics impregnated with Ag NP was tested against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, presenting inhibition from 68.41 97.91 %. Against E. coli and S. aureus the growth inhibition was of 100% in the concentration of 2.2 µg/mL. The fungi were identified as Bionectra ochroleuca and Aspergillus tubingensis, respectively.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19875号 / 地環博第149号 / 新制||地環||30(附属図書館) / 32911 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems widespread in tropical and subtropical coastlines, with a coverage of 75% of the world’s tropical shorelines. Mangrove plants developed specific physiological and morphological adaptation to thrive in such unique environments. Together with plant adaptations, mangroves develop a tight partnership with microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that form the so-called mangrove-microbiome. Plant-associated microorganisms are generally recruited by the root system (root tissues and rhizosphere) and the colonization process starts with the release of root-related exudates detected by the surrounding edaphic microorganisms that are attracted in the rhizosphere zone. Then, root surface selects those microorganisms that can enter the tissues as endophytes. The microorganisms recruited belowground can migrate through the plant tissues by using the plant vessels and may colonize the aboveground compartments of the plant. Here, I aimed to evaluate the environmental origin and compartmentalization of the mangrove microbiome. To do this, I sampled bulk sediments, sea water, and mangrove plant compartments (root rhizosphere and endosphere, pneumatophores, shoot, leaves, flowers and propagules) of 20 gray mangrove trees (Avicennia marina L.) across two sites on the Red Sea coast of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. By high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, I showed that the bacterial assembly in A. marina plant compartments follows a clear niche partition process in which bacterial communities are actively recruited from the surrounding ecosystem (sediment and sea water) by the root system, and further distributed across the different plant organ and compartments. Moreover, the composition of microbiome detected had many similitudes with others previously described around the world, suggesting that certain bacteria represent a mangrove “core microbiome”. The conservation of microbiome composition, mainly driven by environmental and host selection, that beneficial bacteria provide to the plant and contribute to its growth and fitness by several mechanisms. Thus, the characterization and identification of mangrove microbiome can meliorate our knowledge regarding plant–microbe interactions, as well as put the bases for the development of Nature-based Solution (NBS) to enhance reforestation and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems

Associative relationships among mangrove species and macroinvertebrate species were analysed for ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park. Census of mangrove species with allometric measurements was conducted in selected plots, and census of macroinvertebrate species was conducted in quadrats inside of mangrove species census plots. Correlational analysis among allometrically estimated aboveground biomass of mangrove species and population of macroinvertebrate species was examined by clustering method. High level of similarity was resulted for specific macroinvertebrate species with specific mangrove species in annual and seasonal basis. Moreover, indicator macroinvertebrate species is proposed based on indicator value index method. / Các mối quan hệ giữa thực vật ngập mặn và động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn được phân tích trong các hệ sinh thái của Vườn quốc gia Xuân Thủy. Khảo sát về số lượng của các loài cây ngập mặn cùng với các phép đo tương quan sinh trưởng được tiến hành trong các ô tiêu chuẩn, và nghiên cứu về thành phần loài và mật độ động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn được thực hiện trong các ô tiêu chuẩn này. Phân tích tương quan giữa sinh khối ước tính trên mặt đất của các loài cây ngập mặn và các quần thể động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn đã được thực hiện bằng phương pháp nhóm. Giữa các loài động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn đặc trưng với các loài cây ngập mặn đặc trưng đã cho thấy mức độ tương đồng cao theo năm và theo mùa. Hơn thế nữa, các loài động vật không xương sống cỡ lớn chỉ thị được đề xuất dựa trên phương pháp chỉ số giá trị chỉ thị.

Biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park were composed, taking into account the environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, based on suggested indicators provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Relevant environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, identified by bibliographic and field surveys, were ordered by Pressures, State, Benefits, and Responses categories following the guidance of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Furthermore, the linked relationships among the indicators were identified for effective monitoring of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National Park. / Dựa trên các chỉ thị được gợi ý từ Công ước về Đa dạng sinh học, các chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học phục vụ công tác bảo tồn các hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn của Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy đã được xây dựng, có tính đến các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người. Các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người có liên quan, được xác định bằng việc tổng hợp và đánh giá các tài liệu và các đợt điều tra ngoài thực địa, dưới trật tự các nhóm Áp lực, Tình trạng, Lợi ích và Đáp ứng theo hướng dẫn của Đối tác chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học. Hơn thế nữa, các mối quan hệ liên kết giữa các chỉ thị đã được xác định nhằm quan trắc hiệu quả đa dạng sinh học ở Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy.

Changing environmental conditions often impose stressful growing conditions in plant communities. Until now, morphological plasticity, i.e. polymorphic growth physiognomies of plants, has not been sufficiently studied as a pivotal strategy for the whole ecosystem adaptation to environmental stress. We consider mangrove ecosystems as suitable models to provide insights on this subject. In the thesis, I investigate the ecological significance of tree morphological plasticity in the structural development and the dynamics of mangrove forests. I conducted field experiments in two regions located on both sides of the Amazon River mouths i.e. in French Guiana and North Brazil. Forest inventories were carried out in contrasting mangrove stands in both regions. The thesis combines empirical analysis of field data, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and mechanistic, individual-based computer simulations. We published results that proved the TLS-based analysis of individual tree structure useful for a better knowledge on biomass allocation between trunk and branches in tall and large Avicennia germinans mangrove trees reaching 45 m high and 125 cm of trunk diameter. Combining structural descriptions of A. germinans trees found in both sites, I highlighted the site-specific differences in tree allometries. The study suggests that regional differences in mangrove tree structure and function could be captured through better description of crown metrics, and that selected indicators of local morphological plasticity and consequent stand structure could generate a plus-value in the understanding of mangrove stand dynamics across contrasting coastal environments. Beyond the extension of allometric models to large Avicennia trees, we proposed new biomass equations with improved predictive power when crown metrics is taken into account. Additionally, we developed a novel software tool, named Lollymangrove, based on the AMAPStudio suite of software, with the objective of maximizing the potential of further field descriptions and modeling works. Lollymangrove allows standardized forest data capture, 3D visualization of structural data, aboveground biomass computations from a configurable module and export formats for forest dynamics and remote sensing models. Simulation experiments were conducted by means of the spatially explicit, individual-based stand model BETTINA_IBM. This model describes the important mechanism of water uptake limited by salt stress, and revealed insights into the relation between environmental conditions, allometric variations and biomass partitioning of mangrove trees, and stand characteristics. The simulation results suggest close matches with observed ecological patterns (e.g., tree allometries, mortality distributions, and self-thinning trajectories) under higher salinity. In low salinity conditions, however, the current parameterization underestimates the maximum tree height and diameter, and consequently, aboveground biomass and self-thinning trajectories of forest stands. This suggests that the morphology of trees under low levels of salinity are explained by further regulation mechanism(s) that still need to be addressed in a subsequent model improvement. Overall, this work has essentially pointed out the need to elucidate how morphological plasticity relates with structural development of forest stands. It establishes that TLS measurements and structural data analysis associated to efforts for integrative software and mechanistic modelling works could link mangrove dynamics to fast-changing coastal processes.