Mathematica 8 introduces a free-form language input as the new method of calculation. Enter everyday English - no syntax, you can get results. It is a new entry point of the mma workflow, including the world's most advanced statistical computing power and the most advanced image processing. In this paper, we investigate the applications of Mathematica 8.0 in probability and statistics including dynamic module, descriptive statistics and data visualization, probability distribution and hypothesis testing. Moreover, we provide related examples by retrieving the data of built-in system or textbooks.

<p> The implication of the title of this thesis, Emily Dickinson's Spectrum, is that this poet had a highly individual attitude towards colour, an attitude which the analysis of colour-imagery in the poet's writings will illuminate. The first chapter of the thesis demonstrates how the poet's scientific background enabled her to set up a spectrum that differed from the "received" Newtonian spectrum in many ways. The second chapter shows how Dickinson's originality, a quality often noticed by critics, is to a large extent the product of her ability to manipulate the colours of her spectrum in a manner analogous to the practice of the pictorial artist. The third chapter explains, however, that though her use of colour was indeed original, her practice reflects the international anti-Newtonian "colour-revolution" of the era in which she lived, a revolution in which she had a significant role to play notwithstanding her apparent seclusion in Amherst. In the final chapter, Emily Dickinson's spectrum is set out, and each of its chief colours is shown to be a concise means of referring to a different complex or node of emotions that are at once personal and universal in their import.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

I feel uncertain about my place in the world and it is necessary for me to discover how I am perceived by myself and by the world by exploring interior spaces. Interior spaces are both spaces of comfort, security, and permanence as well as vulnerability, uncertainty, and transcendence. My childhood home is an important drive in my work. It has caused me to think more about space and how the places we inhabit become more than just places we live in. They are places that hide our secrets, make their mark on us, and continue to live on with us after we leave them. Interiority of the body and interiority of the space are two different things that interact and connect with each other. The body’s own interior space and the interior space that the body exists in allows me to understand how I exist in this world. Elina Brotherus says that gaining perspective of oneself is facilitated by another presence within the space and when one “projects [oneself] onto it.” In my art, I repeat my engagement with the space around me by photographing myself and becoming one within it. Being a woman, and because of cultural stereotypes and pressures forced upon women, I am aware of my body and its vulnerability. I am conscious of its vulnerability to the other objects within the space and the exposure of revealing myself to the camera. I struggle between fully showing my body and hiding my identity. I manipulate the space through my body, the objects used, and the amount of negative space shown in the photograph. I believe that my work undulates between spaces, meanings, and exists in a state of ambiguity.

Allmännyttiga ideella föreningar är en samling av människor med gemensamma intressen som arbetar för allmänhetens nytta. Verksamheten kräver resurser för att drivas vilket oftast genereras av samhället i form av bidrag och donationer. Därav blir ideella föreningar beroende av intressenter som tillför resurser för att kunna driva en ideell verksamhet. Beroendet kräver i sin tur att ideella föreningar anses vara legitima. Föreningar använder därför strategier för att skapa och bevara legitimitet, varav årsredovisningar är ett av verktygen som används. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur allmännyttiga ideella föreningar använder årsredovisningar för att skapa och bevara legitimitet. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har utförts på tio allmännyttiga ideella föreningars årsredovisningar genom en undersökningsmodell för att identifiera koder, nyckelord och meningsbärande enheter i ett kodningsschema. Undersökningsmodellen bygger på tidigare forskning kring fyra olika strategier som är; informera, anpassa, ändra och manipulera. Resultatet av studien visar att allmännyttiga ideella föreningar informerar, anpassar, ändrar eller manipulerar genom årsredovisningarna för att skapa och bevara legitimitet. Studiens teoretiska bidrag är en mer teoretiskt utvecklad modell för en fortsatt framtida forskning. Studiens sociala bidrag är att bidra med en förståelse för hur allmännyttiga ideella föreningar skapar och bevarar legitimitet genom årsredovisningen. / Public non-profit organizations are groups of people with common interests working towards specific goals. To be able to operate, the organizations require resources generated by the society through gifts and donations. Therefore, the organizations are dependent on the stakeholders to be able to survive the market. Organizations also require that the society assumes the non-profit organizations to be legitimate. Legitimacy can be created and maintained through various strategies, including annual reports as one of the tools to do so. The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of how public non-profit organizations uses annual reports to create and maintain legitimacy. A qualitative content analysis is adapted on ten annual reports of public non-profit organizations through a research model to identify codes, keywords and meaningful components in an encoding scheme. The research model is based on previous research on four different strategies; inform, adapt, modify and manipulate. The results of the study indicate that public non-profit organizations inform, adapt, modify or manipulate in order to create and maintain legitimacy through the annual reports. The study’s theoretical contribution is a further developed theoretical model for future research. The study’s social contribution is to contribute with an understanding of how the public non-profit organizations in Sweden create and maintain legitimacy through annual reports.

Overall hypothesis in a series of lactation studies reported in this dissertation was that supplementing different rumen modifiers would have consistent responses on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance under optimal ruminal fermentative conditions. First experiment investigated the influence magnesium exchanged zeolite on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance. Intake of dry matter (DM), milk yield, milk fat concentration, and feed efficiency were not affected. Milk protein concentration tended (P = 0.15) to be higher for the zeolite total mixed ration (TMR). Ruminal pH tended to increase (P = 0.11) by feeding the sodium bicarbonate or the zeolite. A second lactation experiment determined the influence of quebracho condensed tannin extract (CTE) on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance. Supplementing CTE decreased intakes of DM and nutrients regardless of forage level thereby increasing feed efficiency. Milk yield and components were not affected. Milk urea N (MUN) and total VFA concentration decreased by supplementing CTE. Cows fed CTE had decreased ruminal ammonia-N and MUN concentrations, indicating that less ruminal N was lost as ammonia. A third lactation trial assessed whole safflower seeds (SS) on ruminal fermentation, lactational performance, and milk fatty acids. Feeding the Nutrasaff SS TMR (NSST) decreased intake of neutral detergent fiber. Digestibilities of nutrients, milk yield and components, ruminal pH, ruminal VFA, and ammonia-N were similar. Ruminal C16:0 fatty acid (FA) concentration increased with the cottonseed TMR (CST), while C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 n-6 tended (P = 0.10 and P = 0.09, respectively) to increase with SS supplementation. Supplementing SS decreased milk C16:0 concentration, whereas it increased C18:1 cis-9 and C18:1 trans-9. Milk C18:1 trans-11 FA and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid increased and tended (P = 0.07) to increase with feeding the NSST. Feeding zeolite would cost-effectively replace sodium bicarbonate as a ruminal buffer, whereas CTE may change the route of N excretion, having less excretion into urine, but more into feces. Whole SS can be an effective fat supplement to lactating dairy cows without negative impacts on lactational performance and milk FA. These studies demonstrate that the three rumen modifiers can positively manipulate ruminal fermentation.

O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar genótipos de frangos de corte através do desempenho zootécnico utilizando-se o conceito de medidas repetidas e avaliar os mesmos genótipos a partir de suas características de carcaça. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro genótipos, dois sexos e seis idades para avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e as características de carcaça foram avaliadas aos 42 dias. As variáveis de desempenho zootécnico foram: consumo médio de alimento (CONS), peso médio vivo (PMV), conversão alimentar (CA), ganho médio diário de peso (GMDP), viabilidade (VIAB) e fator europeu de eficiência produtiva (FEEP) e de características de carcaça foram: rendimento de carcaça (CARPV), rendimento de peito (PTPV) e de pernas (PRPV) em relação ao peso vivo e rendimento de peito (PTCAR) e de pernas (PRCAR) em relação ao peso de carcaça. O delineamento experimental para o desempenho zootécnico foi em blocos incompletos desbalanceados, em um esquema fatorial 4x2x6, considerando-se o box com 40 aves a unidade experimental e a análise foi realizada nos procedimentos GLM e MIXED, sendo neste último testadas cinco estruturas de variância e covariância, escolhendo-se a que apresentou menor valor para o Critério de Informação de Akaike; para as características de carcaça foi em blocos incompletos desbalanceados, em um esquema fatorial 4x2, considerando-se a ave a unidade experimental e a análise foi realizada no procedimento GLM. As médias foram estimadas através do "least square means" e comparadas pelo teste de Tukey-Kramer. Para CONS, PMV, CA, GMDP e VIAB foi escolhida a estrutura auto regressiva de primeira ordem heterogênea e para FEEP a estrutura simetria composta heterogênea. Os resultados observados detectaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nos valores de PMV e GMDP nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo, idade x sexo e idade x genótipo x sexo. Para CONS foram detectados efeitos significativos (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo e idade x sexo para ambos procedimentos, porém foi detectado efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação idade x genótipo x sexo apenas no proc MIXED. Para CA verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e na interação idade x genótipo; para VIAB as diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas nas comparações entre genótipos, idades e interação idade x sexo. O FEEP apresentou diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo e idade x sexo. Para as características de carcaça, os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre genótipos, sexos e interação genótipo x sexo para CARPV, PTPV; para PTCAR apenas foi verificada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre sexos. Os genótipos de frangos de corte foram melhor avaliados utilizando-se o conceito de medidas repetidas através do proc MIXED, sendo este mais apropriado e indicado para a análise dos dados de desempenho zootécnico; dentre os genótipos estudados, o D apresentou melhor desempenho zootécnico. O genótipo B apresentou os melhores resultados de características de carcaça. / This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of genotypes on performance of broilers using the concept of repeated measures and to evaluate the effects of genotypes on carcass characteristics of broilers. The treatments consisted of four genotypes, two sexes and six ages to evaluate the performance and the carcass characteristics were only evaluated at 42 days of age. The variables of performance were: average feed intake (AFI), average alive weight (AAW), feed:gain ratio (FGR), average daily weight gain (ADWG), viability (VIAB) and European factor of productive efficiency (EFPE). The variables of carcass characteristics were: carcass yield (CY), breast yield (BAW) and legs yield (LAW) in relation to average alive weight and breast yield (BCY) and legs yield (LCY) in relation to carcass weight. The experimental design for performance analysis was desbalanced incomplete blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x2x6, considering each box with 40 broilers as an experimental unit. This analysis was accomplished in the GLM and MIXED procedures, being in this last tested five variance and covariance structures, choosing the one that presented smaller value for the Akaike´s Information Criterion. For carcass characteristics the experimental design was desbalanced incomplete blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x2, considering each broiler as an experimental unit and the analysis was accomplished in the GLM procedure. The averages were estimated by the least square means and compared by the test of Tukey-Kramer. For AFI, AAW, FGR, ADWG and VIAB was chosen the structure first-order autoregressive heterogeneous and for EFPE was chosen the structure compound symmetry heterogeneous. The observed results detected significant differences (P<0,05) in the values of AAW and ADWG in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype, age x sex and age x genotype x sex. For AFI were detected significant effects (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype and age x sex for both procedures. Additionally, it was detected significant effect (P<0,05) in the interaction age x genotype x sex in MIXED proc. For FGR significant differences were verified (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype and age x sex, being this last one just verified in the MIXED proc. For VIAB significant differences (P<0,05) were observed in the comparisons among genotypes, ages and in the interaction age x sex. EFPE presented significant differences (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotypes and age x sex. For the carcass characteristics the results showed significant differences (P<0,05) among genotypes and sexes for CY, BAW and LAW; the interaction genotype x sex was only significant (P<0,05) for CY and BAW. The broiler chicken genotypes were better evaluated using of the concept of repeated measures by MIXED proc, being it more appropriated and indicated for the analysis of the performance’s data; between the genotypes studied, D presented the best performance. The genotype B presented the best results on carcass characteristics.

O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar genótipos de frangos de corte através do desempenho zootécnico utilizando-se o conceito de medidas repetidas e avaliar os mesmos genótipos a partir de suas características de carcaça. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro genótipos, dois sexos e seis idades para avaliar o desempenho zootécnico e as características de carcaça foram avaliadas aos 42 dias. As variáveis de desempenho zootécnico foram: consumo médio de alimento (CONS), peso médio vivo (PMV), conversão alimentar (CA), ganho médio diário de peso (GMDP), viabilidade (VIAB) e fator europeu de eficiência produtiva (FEEP) e de características de carcaça foram: rendimento de carcaça (CARPV), rendimento de peito (PTPV) e de pernas (PRPV) em relação ao peso vivo e rendimento de peito (PTCAR) e de pernas (PRCAR) em relação ao peso de carcaça. O delineamento experimental para o desempenho zootécnico foi em blocos incompletos desbalanceados, em um esquema fatorial 4x2x6, considerando-se o box com 40 aves a unidade experimental e a análise foi realizada nos procedimentos GLM e MIXED, sendo neste último testadas cinco estruturas de variância e covariância, escolhendo-se a que apresentou menor valor para o Critério de Informação de Akaike; para as características de carcaça foi em blocos incompletos desbalanceados, em um esquema fatorial 4x2, considerando-se a ave a unidade experimental e a análise foi realizada no procedimento GLM. As médias foram estimadas através do “least square means” e comparadas pelo teste de Tukey-Kramer. Para CONS, PMV, CA, GMDP e VIAB foi escolhida a estrutura auto regressiva de primeira ordem heterogênea e para FEEP a estrutura simetria composta heterogênea. Os resultados observados detectaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nos valores de PMV e GMDP nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo, idade x sexo e idade x genótipo x sexo. Para CONS foram detectados efeitos significativos (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo e idade x sexo para ambos procedimentos, porém foi detectado efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação idade x genótipo x sexo apenas no proc MIXED. Para CA verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e na interação idade x genótipo; para VIAB as diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas nas comparações entre genótipos, idades e interação idade x sexo. O FEEP apresentou diferenças significativas (P<0,05) nas comparações entre genótipos, sexos, idades e nas interações idade x genótipo e idade x sexo. Para as características de carcaça, os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre genótipos, sexos e interação genótipo x sexo para CARPV, PTPV; para PTCAR apenas foi verificada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre sexos. Os genótipos de frangos de corte foram melhor avaliados utilizando-se o conceito de medidas repetidas através do proc MIXED, sendo este mais apropriado e indicado para a análise dos dados de desempenho zootécnico; dentre os genótipos estudados, o D apresentou melhor desempenho zootécnico. O genótipo B apresentou os melhores resultados de características de carcaça. / This trial aimed to evaluate the effect of genotypes on performance of broilers using the concept of repeated measures and to evaluate the effects of genotypes on carcass characteristics of broilers. The treatments consisted of four genotypes, two sexes and six ages to evaluate the performance and the carcass characteristics were only evaluated at 42 days of age. The variables of performance were: average feed intake (AFI), average alive weight (AAW), feed:gain ratio (FGR), average daily weight gain (ADWG), viability (VIAB) and European factor of productive efficiency (EFPE). The variables of carcass characteristics were: carcass yield (CY), breast yield (BAW) and legs yield (LAW) in relation to average alive weight and breast yield (BCY) and legs yield (LCY) in relation to carcass weight. The experimental design for performance analysis was desbalanced incomplete blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x2x6, considering each box with 40 broilers as an experimental unit. This analysis was accomplished in the GLM and MIXED procedures, being in this last tested five variance and covariance structures, choosing the one that presented smaller value for the Akaike´s Information Criterion. For carcass characteristics the experimental design was desbalanced incomplete blocks, in a factorial scheme 4x2, considering each broiler as an experimental unit and the analysis was accomplished in the GLM procedure. The averages were estimated by the least square means and compared by the test of Tukey-Kramer. For AFI, AAW, FGR, ADWG and VIAB was chosen the structure first-order autoregressive heterogeneous and for EFPE was chosen the structure compound symmetry heterogeneous. The observed results detected significant differences (P<0,05) in the values of AAW and ADWG in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype, age x sex and age x genotype x sex. For AFI were detected significant effects (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype and age x sex for both procedures. Additionally, it was detected significant effect (P<0,05) in the interaction age x genotype x sex in MIXED proc. For FGR significant differences were verified (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotype and age x sex, being this last one just verified in the MIXED proc. For VIAB significant differences (P<0,05) were observed in the comparisons among genotypes, ages and in the interaction age x sex. EFPE presented significant differences (P<0,05) in the comparisons among genotypes, sexes, ages and in the interactions age x genotypes and age x sex. For the carcass characteristics the results showed significant differences (P<0,05) among genotypes and sexes for CY, BAW and LAW; the interaction genotype x sex was only significant (P<0,05) for CY and BAW. The broiler chicken genotypes were better evaluated using of the concept of repeated measures by MIXED proc, being it more appropriated and indicated for the analysis of the performance’s data; between the genotypes studied, D presented the best performance. The genotype B presented the best results on carcass characteristics.

攝影問世以來，所帶來的影響與文化一直都是人們研究的對象，數位時代後，攝影的樣貌更是大幅改變。隨著智慧型手機的普及，以及各式後製app的興起，分享後製過照片至社群平台成為人們日常生活的常態；在廣受年輕人歡迎的Instagram上，也可看見許多精心後製、特別設計過的相片。本研究探討當今高中女生如何使用app處理手機相片，並發佈於Instagram上展現個人與集體的美感與風格，並進一步了解攝影於她們的意義。 本研究將以符擔性理論（Affordance Theory）作為切入點，透過深入訪談法與實物分析法，了解高中女生後製照片的實踐想法與過程，並持續追蹤、觀察高中女生Instagram上照片風格的呈現及變化。透過兩種研究方法，以更深入理解高中女生對待相片的心態。 研究發現，智慧型手機與Instagram等科技提供了多種符擔性，高中女生與科技互動，並依不同的需求感知到不同的符擔性，並據此做出不同的行為特性；同時，她們也因應自己所需，翻轉科技符擔性的限制，呈現了更多樣的實踐與互動可能。而在現實與虛擬社群中，她們的創意相片也共享了基本的設計原則，創造出屬於她們自己的藝術世界，並重新召喚了靈光再現。 / Since the time of its emergence, the effects that photography has had on culture has been studied by countless people. When it comes to the face of photography, the digitalization era changed it dramatically. The ubiquitousness of smartphones and rise of phone-editing applications has also made sharing apped photos to become part of our daily routines. On the photo-sharing app known as Instagram, the most popular site among teenagers, many well-crafted and expressive images can be found. This study aimed at exploring how Taiwanese high school girls use apps to manipulate their photos, and share these photos on Instagram, in order to demonstrate their personally creative and collective aesthetics. 　 This research was based on the Affordance Theory and contained two methods: in-depth interviews and methods of practical analysis in order to gain a deeper understanding of high school girls’ attitudes toward photography. 　 The study displayed that smartphones and Instagram provide a variety of affordances. Through interactaction with technology, high school girls perceive different affordances based on their own demands. They also interpret the limits of affordances, and thus do more or less designing practice on their photos, depending on their needs. The creativity of high school girls’ images share basic design principles which enable them to create their own art world and a specific aura with their photos.