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This study was conducted in the community of Yampupata, in the municipality of Copacabana, in the Manco Kapac province, La Paz, to an altitude of 3841 m.a.s.l, agricultural campaign 2003-2004. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the fenological stages (germination, growth, leafing, and harvesting), hypocotyl yield (dry and fresh), classification of the hypocotyl (diameter, length, etc.), and the economical evaluation as well. The experiment set up was installed in the lower region of the community, dedicated to agriculture, performing all the aforementioned activities together for the period of a year. The experimental design was of Random blocking test, having three types of Maca (lepidium mevenni Walp.): yellow, purple, and cream , five levels of ovine manure ( 0.0, 2.5, 7.5, and 10.0 tn/ha), distributed in the four blocks, 15 treatments, 60 experimental units, with a planting density of 3 kg/ha, and a total area of 300 m². According to the results, it is recommended to plant the cream, and the yellow ecotype of Maca, due to their positive development under the conditions of the soil, and climate of the zone. The cream ecotype under the effect of 7.5 tn/ha of ovine manure (a3b3) had a yield of 8055.06 kg/ha in 238 days (8 months) , with a rentability index of 3.75. In comparison, the purple ecotype with a 0.0 tn/ha of ovine manure (a2b1) had a yield of 4319.55 kg/ha, and a rentability index of 1.74 in eight months. The cream ecotype with 7.5 tn/ha of ovine manure, presented the best behavior under local conditions (climate, soil, and handling), the yield and rentability index were superior to the other treatments; therefore, it is recommended to implement a production plan in the sector according to the results obtained from the study.

Runoff from agricultural lands carrying microorganisms from livestock manure can contaminate the food and water supplies of both animals and humans. Planning and design of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) thus becomes more important as livestock populations become more concentrated. A computer model is proposed to predict the effects of animal waste BMPs on the bacteria concentration of runoff from agricultural lands. The model uses Monte Carlo simulation to combine the deterministic relationships resulting from previous modeling efforts with statistical knowledge concerning rainfall events and temperature variation. Model output is in the form of monthly maximum and minimum log bacteria concentrations of runoff resulting from a storm assumed to occur immediately after manure is applied to the land. The effects of implementing such BMPs as waste storage, filter strips, and incorporation of manure into the soil can be compared. Data and information collected from the Owl Run watershed in Fauquier County, Virginia is used to demonstrate the model applicability and potential. Long-term manure storage is determined to be the most appropriate practice for reducing bacteria concentrations for the study site. Incorporation of manure is as effective as long-term storage, but requires additional labor. Buffer strips significantly reduce bacteria concentrations, but not as effectively as long-term storage or incorporation. Additional efforts are needed to investigate the most influential variables and to make the temperature simulation submodel more computationally efficient. Once BMPs have been implemented on the study site, more data should be collected to test the accuracy of the model. / Master of Science

Three field studies were established in 1978 and continued through 1985 in order to determine the effects of long-term Cu applications, as either CuSO₄ or Cu-enriched swine manure, at high application rates on corn (Zea mays L.) production. The studies were conducted on Bertie fine sandy loam (Aquic Hapludult), Guernsey silt loam (Aquic Hapludalf), and Starr clay loam (Fluventic Dystrochrept)-Dyke clay (Typic Rhodudult) soils in the Coastal Plain, Ridge and Valley, and Piedmont physiographic regions of Virginia, respectively. A laboratory incubation study was also conducted using the same soils to determine the effects of soil pH on the changes in forms of soil Cu present over a 256-day period following addition of CuSO₄ or Cu-enriched swine manure. Application of 336 kg Cu ha⁻¹ , as CuSO₄ , or up to 264 kg Cu, as Cu-enriched swine manure, from 1978 through 1985 had no adverse affects on corn grain yields or on Cu concentrations in corn ear leaves or grain. Copper concentrations in ear leaf tissue were increased only slightly (≤ 2.1 mg kg⁻¹) by the eight annual Cu additions with no increase in Cu content of grain being observed. Copper concentrations in both ear leaves and grain remained within normal levels. DTPA extractable Cu was linearly related to the cumulative amount of Cu applied to the three soils (r = 0.93 to 0.98, α= 0.01). Extractable soil Cu showed no relationship with Cu levels in grain or leaf tissue. Analysis of subsoil samples indicated little downward movement of the applied Cu due to leaching. Fractionation of the Cu in the three soils indicated increases in all fractions resulting from Cu treatments. Results of the laboratory incubation study showed that the distribution of applied Cu among soi 1 fractions was dependent on soil pH, length of time following Cu additions, and to some degree on the source of applied Cu. Levels of Ex-Cu and HOAc-Cu decreased with time and increasing pH. No consistent differences in Pyro-Cu were observed due to pH or length of incubation. Concentrations of Ox-Cu parallelled the levels of Fe and Mn in the soils and generally increased with time. Soils at low pH tended to contain less Ox-Cu than soils at higher pH levels. / Ph. D.

This study was conducted to measure the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in oil sludge by co-composting the sludge with pig, cow, horse and poultry manures under laboratory conditions. Four kilograms of soil spiked with 800g of oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. Mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Bacteria capable of utilizing PAHs were isolated, purified and characterized by molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplification of the 16S rDNA gene using the specific primers (16S-P1 PCR and 16S-P2 PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced. Extent of reduction of PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane as the extraction solvent coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Temperature did not exceed 27.5OC in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced. Bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77 and 99%. The results from the control experiments may be because it was invaded by fungi. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. Interestingly, all bacteria isolated and identified in this study were present in all treatments, including the control. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

This study was conducted to measure the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in oil sludge by co-composting the sludge with pig, cow, horse and poultry manures under laboratory conditions. Four kilograms of soil spiked with 800g of oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. Mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Bacteria capable of utilizing PAHs were isolated, purified and characterized by molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplification of the 16S rDNA gene using the specific primers (16S-P1 PCR and 16S-P2 PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced. Extent of reduction of PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane as the extraction solvent coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Temperature did not exceed 27.5OC in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced. Bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77 and 99%. The results from the control experiments may be because it was invaded by fungi. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. Interestingly, all bacteria isolated and identified in this study were present in all treatments, including the control. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

Orientador: Francisco Luiz Araujo Câmara / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Banca: Edmilson José Ambrosano / Banca: Anastácia Fontanetti / Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito das plantas de cobertura crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes), milho (Zea mays), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrimum), em cultivo exclusivo e consorciado, e vegetação espontânea, no desempenho agronômico de alface (Lactuca sativa) e cenoura (Daucus carota) cultivadas em sistema orgânico. Para tanto, foram conduzidos três experimentos, sendo um referente à seleção das espécies utilizadas como adubo verde. O primeiro e segundo, determinaram as quantidades de palhada para a formação de cobertura morta, além da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas. O terceiro, o efeito do pré-cultivo de leguminosas e gramíneas no rendimento de alface e cenoura cultivadas em sistema orgânico. O delineamento utilizado nos dois primeiros experimentos foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e o terceiro experimento em esquema de parcelas divididas (alface e cenoura). Nos estudos da decomposição e liberação de nutrientes das palhadas foi utilizado o método da "litter bags". Conclui-se que o feijão-deporco em cultivo exclusivo apresentou maior produtividade de massa fresca, que os demais adubos verdes, e juntamente com o coquetel completo, maior produtividade de massa seca e acúmulo de nutrientes para a cenoura e alface. O uso de adubos verdes em pré-cultivo das oleráceas manteve a produtividade da cenoura semelhante à testemunha.Dentre as espécies utilizadas, o feijão-de-porco em cultivo exclusivo proporcionou melhor rendimento comercial da alface. Pelos resultados dos experimentos, detectou-se que a adubação verde é uma prática promissora para a produção orgânica de alface e cenoura. / Abstract: The present work objectived to study the effect of cover crops with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformes, Zea may, Pennisetum glaucum, and Mucuna aterrimum, in single and associated cultivation and spontaneous vegetation, in the agronomic performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and carrot (Daucus carota) under organic system. Three experiments were conducted, the first one referring to the selection of the species used as green manure. First and second experiments determined the amounts of straw production of phytomass, besides the decomposition and nutrient release of the straws. The third one, the effect of the legumes and grasses pre-cultivation in the lettuce and carrot yields under organic system. The experimental design was a randomized block with four repetitions in the two first tests and the third test a split-splot (lettuce and carrot). In the studies about decomposition and nutrient release of the straws it was used the method of litter bags. It was concluded that Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation shows higher productivity of fresh mass than other green manure and in complex with the complete cocktail, higher productivity of dry mass and nutrient accumulated for carrot and lettuce. The use of the green manure in pre-cultivation of the vegetables maintained the carrot productivity similar to the no-treated. Among the species of green manure Canavalia ensiformes in single cultivation promoted the best commercial yields of lettuce. By the results, it was detected that the green manure is a promising practice to the organic production of lettuce and carrot.Key words: green manures, legumes, Lactuca sativa, Daucus carota. / Doutor

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T19:55:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T19:56:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T19:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Guilherme Felisberto - 2015.pdf: 1617552 bytes, checksum: 2e18b5759b2febfc144f25537d22ab9a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There is the possibility of reduction of nitrogen fertilization in maize under no-tillage system following cover crops. In order to generate information about the subject, this work was carried out to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization in maize following cover crops in southwestern Goiás. The experiment was developed at the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, under a randomized block design with four replications in split plot. Treatments allocated on plots were ten cover crops (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus and Urochloa ruziziensis), grown before maize. Treatments allocated in the subplots were four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of N) topdressed in the V5 growth stage of the crop, totaling 40 treatments. The water deficit limited the maize crop response to nitrogen topdressing, grown in succession to cover crops. The maize grown after Urochloa ruziziensis with simulated grazing and Crambe abyssinica showed lower yield. / Há a possibilidade de redução da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho sob sistema de plantio direto em sucessão a plantas de cobertura. Visando gerar informações sobre o tema objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho em sucessão a plantas de cobertura no sudoeste goiano. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, sob o delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os tratamentos alocados nas parcelas foram dez plantas de cobertura (Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Crambe abyssinica, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Crotalaria spectabilis, Mucuna aterrima, Pennisetum glaucum, Raphanus sativus e Urochloa ruziziensis), cultivadas em antecessão à cultura do milho. Os tratamentos alocados nas subparcelas foram quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N) aplicadas no estádio de desenvolvimento V5 da cultura do milho, totalizando 40 tratamentos. O déficit hídrico limitou as respostas da cultura do milho a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, cultivada em sucessão a plantas de cobertura. O milho cultivado em sucessão a Urochloa ruziziensis com pastejo simulado e ao Crambe abyssinica apresentou menor produtividade de grãos.