A valuable part of the history and prehistory of New Zealand in the form of drawings, paintings and engravings, is present in many of the limestone areas of New Zealand. Although undated, the drawings give an indiction of the way of life and the culture of the artists. There are three kinds of rock art in New Zealand: drawings or paintings and engravings in rock shelters and engravings on portable rocks. The most common variety of rock art is the drawings. Concentrated recording has revealed sites throughtout New Zealand, but most commonly in North Otago and South Canterbury. The drawings and paintings from these areas will be delt with in this thesis, with only brief mention of engravings and portable art forms. Drawing is defined as the use of a pigment such as charcoal and haematite applied dry to a surface. The drawings are not only executed in monochrome, but often incorporate red, black, and white.

In comparing the semantic structures of Maori and English, differences were found between the two languages in the way in which binary complements partition the universe of discourse. Furthermore, these structural principles which differed for Maori and English turned out to be contingent upon the separate development of the two languages and transferable from one language to the other by the native speakers of each language. As a consequence, it is possible to explain how Maori and Pakeha interpretations of society can differ considerably even when English is the only medium of communication used. Two examples were taken to demonstrate that this hypothesis can lead to alternative interpretations of both traditional and contemporary social situations. Firstly, Maori semantic structures can provide an alternative and parsimonious account of the canoe traditions and secondly, it raises interesting possibilities for a reconsideration of the educational processes which are important to Maori people both within their own social context and within the state education system.

An interdisciplinary approach to the study of change and retention in Maori material culture during the protohistoric is recommended. The principal disciplines involved are history, ethnology, ethnography and archaeology. Each exploits a different research resource and together in synthesis they can offer a more comprehensive understanding of culture change. This study concentrates on the material culture subsystem of Maori culture; yet it can only be effectively studied if the relationship between this subsystem and others is unravelled. Hence the need for an interdisciplinary methodology. �Classic� Maori material culture is briefly outlined in Chapter One. Historical aspects of the protohistoric period are discussed in Chapter Two. Chapter Three outlines the various potential sources of interdisciplinary input in a study of contact period Maori material culture change and assesses contributions made to this study by other researchers. Chapter Four summarizes the major themes of retention and adaptation in relation to particular aspects of post-contact Maori material culture change in the protohistoric period are outlined in Chapter Five. This study has taken a generalized approach to a problem which has a number of different regional manifestations. A framework is provided within which detailed regional assessments can be made. Such studies will be the most effective way of testing whether the hypotheses derived from this research are adequate to explain the changes, retentions and adaptations in Maori material culture during the protohistoric period.

Research has consistently shown that there are anumber of negative stereotypes held by Pakeha towards Maori. However, some of these studies have been flawed by low participant identification rates of Maori. Furthermore, none of these studies have examined the role of accent and appearance on evaluations when both pieces of information are presented together. The present study sought to address these limitations and to verify the current stereotypes associated with Maori. A videotape of eight speakers reading an identical short story was shown to one hundred and sixty-four high school students. Participants were assigned to one of two conditions. In the auditory presentation participants heard but did not see the speakers. In the visual presentation participants heard and saw the speakers. Of the eight speakers, half looked Pakeha and half looked Maori. Furthermore half spoke with a Maori English accent and half spoke with a Pakeha English accent. Results showed that use of Maori English speakers led to higher Maori identification rates by participants in the auditory presentation. Furthermore, for status variables and Maori in particular, accent appeared to amplify the evaluative effects of appearance. It was also found that the longstanding negative stereotypes of Maori still exist. Finally, though not the focus of the present study, it was found that overall younger and older high school students had similar evaluations of Maori and Pakeha. The implications of these results, particularly to the educational, employment and law enforcement sectors of society are discussed.

This thesis attempts to outline changes in traditional societies, with particular reference to the Maori of Northland, that are related to the introduction of a metal technology. The possibility of recognising such changes from archaeological data is explored. Chapter One comprises a discussion of the comparative efficiency and effectiveness of metal and non-metal tools. Data from archaeological experiments and ethnographic accounts are used for this purpose. To illustrate the differences between a non-metal and a metal technology and the changes that accrue from the introduction of the latter, ethnographic and ethnohistorical accounts of the impact of metals on other societies are put forward in Chapter Two. Chapters Three and Four present a review of the prehistoric economy, technology and settlement patterns in Northland, so that the extent and nature of changes that occurred during the protohistoric period may be assessed. In Chapter Five, the conditions under which the Maori obtained metal tools are outlined in order to elicit the changing Maori attitudes toward, and evaluation of, particular metal items. Chapters Six and Seven review the changes that occurred in Northland during the protohistoric period, principally between 1803 and 1840. Prior to 1803, the quanity of metal in Maori hands was insufficient to effect changes in their way of life, and there is little evidence to suggest that they altered their traditional activities because of a desire to obtain metal goods. After 1840, many Maori had had [sic] such prolonged contact with Europeans that it would be difficult to attribute any changes in Maori society solely to the introduction of a metal technology. Chapter Eight discusses the archaeological implications of the impact of introduced metals and offers propositions that may be evaluated in the light of new archaeological data.

Summary: In the past population geographers have tended to concentrate excessively on the task of mapping, discussing, and explaining the geographical distribution and pattern of change associated with demographical distribution and pattern of change associated with demographic problems and situations found in the developed world, namely Europe and the Americas. (Zelinsky: 1961). During the past decade, however, increasing attention has been given to the dynamics of population structure. This is particularly evident in the case of geographical mobility, and a considerable body of knowledge has already been accumulated on the spatial distribution of mortality. Human fertility, too, has become a major focal point for research. Part of this interest has been stimulated by the world-wide problem of excessive and unevenly distributed population growth. This has been coupled with the realization that fertility is the paramount influence on population growth rates, both in situations of sharply declining mortality, as in the economically advanced nations, and already low death rates, as in much of the rest of the world. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that, in a closed population, it is only when substantial changes in fertility occur that major shifts in age-structure become evident. Theory relating to population dynamics, especially fertility, has developed largely from studies of Western populations. According to Zelinsky there are as few as two identifiable demographic paradigms in current use. These are the so-called Laws of Migration (Ravenstein: 1883) and the Theory of Demographic Transition. This concept appears to have been introduced by Thompson (1929) and has since been restated in numerous forms. Perhaps the most elaborate is that presented by Cowgill: 1962-63)...

During a 12-months period from 1 April 1966 to 31 March 1967 all infants born of Maori and Polynesian Pacific islander parentage domiciled within the Auckland Health District were included in a longitudinal infant health survey, and those that came under the supervision of the public health nurses in the district were followed up wherever practicable for a period of 12 months. The survey was primarily concerned with the social, biological, and operational (personal health services) factors likely to affect the health status and growth progress of infants of these migrant families undergoing the social processes of urbanisation--Part 1 - Introduction.

Summary: Few people know that there are two kinds of Maori music. The kind with which most people are familiar - known as Action Song - dates from perhaps the first or second decade of this century. In its present form it is little more than a Maorified form of Western popular music. The other kind of Maori music has a long tradition dating back to the beginnings of the Maori people. Even today it remains associated with the old values and institutions of Maoridom. It exhibits, in consequence, great tenacity of style. It is with the older form of music that this thesis is concerned. Since, so far as the writer is aware, there is no generally accepted name which incorporates the whole of the older song tradition, it will be called here Maori chant. This term is used as inclusive of waiata, patere, pao, and all the other forms discussed. It is used in preference to the term Maori song which could also include Action Song.

Summary: Since 1949, when K.B. Cumberland wrote the first geographical treatise on pre-20th century Maori settlement and livelihood in New Zealand, twenty-five major geographical studies on various aspects of the topic have been published. Of these, nine have been concerned with the nature of settlement, population distribution, and economy, as they varied from one area to another within New Zealand at given points in time. A further five studies, concerned with the historical geography of New Zealand in general, contain very brief accounts concerning the distribution of Maori population and the nature of the Maori economy in the 19th century. Four studies, relying on early European observations, have focused on the character of Maori settlement in particular regions: North West Nelson, Westland, Taupo County, and Tauranga County. Another study has analysed the nature of Maori land sales and the effect these had on the 19th century Maori population of one area in the North Island. One study has considered in detail the affect the so called �moa hunter� settlement had on the forests of the east coast of the South Island. And finally, five studies have focused on the nature and changes in Maori agriculture in the North Island from the late 18th to the 19th century-- Chapter 1.

Summary: The thesis is advanced that there are clinical states which are interpreted by Maoris as Makutu or Bewitchment. These are not rare, although not commonly recognised by Medical Practitioners. The thesis is advanced, from a historical survey and clinical experience, that although the clinical manifestions of the syndrome of Makutu have altered over the last one hundred years, the essential nature has not changed, and that it is at all times the explanation of natural phenomena in supernatural terms. This thesis attempts to contrast and discuss the nature of Makutu, past and present and to describe the clinical manifestations as they exist in the present day in the North Island of New Zealand and to show there are public and social aspects of Makutu not usually appreciated. Some of the factors which have led to the perpetuation of Makutu are discussed. Except where otherwise specified, Makutu is used as a general term for Witchcraft and sorcery. Makutu also has a specific meaning for a certain type of Witchcraft.