The legend of Governor Grey is a major feature of nineteenth century New Zealand historiography. This thesis seeks to understand Grey as a real person. Acknowledging the past as a strange and foreign place, it argues that Grey (and previous interpretations of him) can only be understood in context. The intellectual milieu of liberal Anglicanism and Victorian structures of imperial authority are crucial to understanding Grey�s policies of racial amalgamation. Focusing on Grey�s first governorship of New Zealand, 1845 - 1853, this thesis begins by exploring the imperial networks within which he operated. The members of Grey�s web gathered and shared information to further a range of different agendas - scientific, humanitarian, and political. Grey�s main focus was native civilisation. His ideas about race were informed by liberal Anglican theology, scientific investigation and personal experience. Grey believed in the unity and improvability of all mankind. His mission as governor was to elevate natives to a state of true equality with Europeans so that all could progress together still further up the scale of civilisation. This model formed the basis of Grey�s 1840 plan for civilising native peoples, in which he proposed a range of measures to promote racial amalgamation in Australia. Between 1845 and 1853 Grey implemented those measures in New Zealand. He used military force and British law to establish peace and enforce Crown authority. He used economic policies to encourage Maori integration in the colonial economy. He built schools and hospitals and enacted legislation to encourage the best features of British culture and limit the effects of its worst. He also augmented his power and encouraged amalgamation through personal relationships, official reports and the structures of colonial authority. Grey was driven by complex, sometimes contradictory motives including personal gain, economic imperatives and political pressures. His policies have had ongoing, often devastating effects, on Maori and on race relations in New Zealand. This thesis brings to light the ideas and attitudes which formed them. Grey understood himself as a Christian governor ordained to civilise Maori and join them with British settlers in accordance with God�s divine plan for improving humankind.

Church initiated and operated Maori secondary boarding schools have existed in Aotearoa in various forms since the arrival of the missionaries in the early 19th century. Since their inception, they have contributed significantly to the development of Maori society, particularly in the production of dynamic Maori leaders who have had a compelling influence on their communities, wider Maori society and in some instances on the nation state. This thesis will examine the Society of Mary�s establishment of Hato Paora College, Feilding, as an example of a Maori Catholic secondary boarding school. The first part contains four general chapters that provide relevant background information to the establishment of Hato Paora. The first identifies key aspects of a Maori Catholic world view and Maori Catholicism. Chapter two traces the arrival, and subsequent development, of the Catholic Church in New Zealand as a mission to Maori. The next chapter looks more specifically at the history of the Society of Mary in New Zealand and the development of the Diocese of Wellington, particularly their Maori missions, under their authority. Finally, Chapter four chronicles the situation of Maori within the New Zealand education system since its inception. Part two of this thesis contains eight chapters that present a detailed case study of Hato Paora. The exploration of the type of educational environment provided by Hato Paora College begins in Chapter six with the examination of its foundation. Chapters seven and eight look at the philosophies and administration of each of the six rectors. The two succeeding chapters describe the defining characteristics of the school, its Maori character and its Catholic character. Chapter eleven evaluates how this school has influenced the boys who attended, using interviews with a representative sampling of old boys. Chapter twelve concerns the relationships that the College early established with the Maori communities that it belongs to. In the final chapter, a model will be presented as a plan for the future of the school. This philosophical model attempts to provide a guide for Hato Paora, using Kaupapa Maori theory as the basic framework, while still retaining the ideals and philosophies of the College�s Marist founders.

In 1840 Captain William Hobson established the colony of New Zealand under an umbrella of humanitarianism and with an agenda for the protection of Maori rights. This thesis examines this project through the work of Dr Edward Shortland (1812-1893). Although Shortland�s reports and publications have been frequently cited, there has been no detailed historical analysis of his work. Shortland arrived in New Zealand in 1841 as the private secretary of Governor Hobson. In 1842 he was appointed Protector of Aborigines for the Eastern Districts. One of his tasks was to study Maori language and customs in order to mediate between Maori and government. He was one of the earliest European experts on Maori traditions, customary practices, religious attitudes and relationships with land. After his return to England in 1846, he lobbied the British government on behalf of Maori and published two books on New Zealand, in which he addressed prospective colonists and disputed some of the propaganda of colonising companies. Shortland came back to New Zealand in the 1860s, 1870s and 1880s, during which periods he worked as Civil Commissioner in the Hauraki area, as Native Secretary, and as adviser to the government on Native affairs. Shortland was part of a network of concerned Christian humanitarians who were intent on bringing government and law and order to New Zealand in a manner that facilitated peaceful European settlement, without serious injury to the Maori population. Humanitarians were not opposed to colonisation or settlement and in this respect may be seen as part of the imperial enterprise. In the framework of political and philosophical thought in the nineteenth century, humanitarians expected no more than to mitigate the effects of colonisation. This study explores these issues in the context of Shortland�s interaction with and ethnography about Maori over a period of forty years. I begin by placing the concept of aboriginal protection in context. The core of this thesis is an examination of Shortland�s work as Protector of Aborigines. He had three tasks: to mediate in disputes between Europeans and Maori; to accustom Maori to English law; and to protect Maori land rights against claims from settlers. The first of these tasks proved the most straightforward. Shortland�s attempts to fulfil the second task highlighted the complex relationship between religion and law and the role of Christianity. The land question proved the most complicated, as a result of the tension between government attempts to protect Maori land rights, the pressure from settlers for land, and European lack of understanding of Maori customs. Maori desire to sell land to attract settlers further complicated relationships. Shortland�s contribution to our understanding of these issues and of Maori traditions of land tenure is considerable. While the course of colonisation may have been inevitable, I suggest that Shortland and likeminded contemporaries laid the foundation for later recognition of Maori rights, as exemplified today by the work of the Waitangi Tribunal.

This project was carried out under a broad theme of Maori health and investigates the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout within two Maori case-control cohorts. In addition, it reports on the developmental stages of a whanau project focussing on the compilation of our whakapapa and collation of information relating to type 2 diabetes within the Parata whanau, which I whakapapa to. My conducting this research in light of me being Maori is also considered: much of the prevailing literature on Maori and science describes science as the handmaid of colonisation, and singles out genetic research as being "neo-colonial". I reject those that would label me a "sell-out" and show how my research is shaped by, and consistent with, the history of my immediate tipuna, and my iwi more generally, since European contact. RA is an autoimmune disease of the joints and affects approximately 1% of the general population. There is currently very little data available on its prevalence in New Zealand although it is thought that it is similar to those of the rest of the world. Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in Caucasian males and recent data suggests a worldwide increase in prevalence in many populations. Gout is characterised by the deposition of monosodium urate or uric acid crystals in the joints, which produces an inflammatory response. In New Zealand, the prevalence of gout is estimated to be 3% in Caucasians and twice this in Maori. Both RA and gout are complex arthritic diseases and are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is likely that numerous genetic susceptibility loci are responsible for the genetic components of these diseases. This project tests various genetic regions for susceptibility to or protection against both RA and gout in two separate Maori case cohorts and a common control cohort. To do this, the confounding factor of population stratification, resulting from population admixture, was overcome via developing a method specific for these Maori cohorts. This tool utilised genotype data from a set of unlinked genome-wide markers and the structure and STRAT software packages, allowing valid case-control studies to be carried out in the presence of population stratification. These data showed that four sub-populations exist in the Maori RA case-control cohort and three in the Maori gout case-control cohort. A number of studies have confirmed the HLA region as the major genetic determinant of autoimmunity and recently, PTPN22 and CTLA-4 variants have been shown to be common to the onset of a number of autoimmune phenotypes. The IDDM6 region on chromosome 18 has also been implicated in type 1 diabetes, RA and autoimmune thyroiditis and contains a number of candidate genes for a role in RA, many of which were investigated in this thesis. Polymorphisms within the PTPN22, CTLA-4, BCL2, SMAD4, DCC, TNFRSF11A, PADI4, CCR5 and CCL3L1 genes were tested for association with RA in the Maori cohort (98 cases and 109 controls) with some significant association results obtained. The HLA-DRB1*02 and HLA-DRB1*08 loci were associated with the protection against and susceptibility for RA, respectively (P = 0.004 and 0.017). The deviation of CCL3L1 copy-number from the cohort mean (two copies) was also associated with the RA development. Copy-number <2 indicated association with protection against RA (P = 0.012) and copy-number >2 indicated association with susceptibility to RA (P = 0.002). However, it must be stressed that these results were obtained without accounting for the presence of population stratification. The organic anion transporter (OAT) and the urate transporter 1 (URAT1) genes, involved in the regulation of blood urate levels, are members of the solute carrier transporter (SLC) family and provide good candidates for a role in gout. A number of polymorphisms within the OAT, URAT1 and the SLC5A8 genes were tested for association with gout in the Maori cohort (72 cases and 109 controls) with some success. The SLC5A8 rs1709189 SNP was significantly associated with gout in this cohort (P = 0.004). Polymorphisms within two alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes were also tested for association due to their role in alcohol metabolism and the association between alcohol consumption and gout. The ADH2 rs1229984 SNP was also significantly associated with gout in this cohort (P = 0.012). These significant results were obtained after population stratification was taken into account. The data presented in this thesis confirm the presence of population stratification in the two Maori case-control cohorts and demonstrate some association of the HLA-DRB1 region and CCL3L1 with RA and the SLC5A8 and ADH2 genes with gout. An extensive whakapapa of our whanau has also been compiled and associated type 2 diabetes information collected. However, this is by no means a completed task and work will continue on this project under the guidance of the Parata whanau.

Set on a farm on the Kaipara Harbour of Northland, New Zealand, this novel traces the lives of a family over a six year period near the end of the twentieth century. Themes include: Scottish and Croatian-Dalmatian immigration, Māori spiritual and cultural values, the weaving and assimilation of diverse cultures into a vibrant new culture, the economics of farming on marginal lands, father-son relationships, sibling rivalry, marijuana cultivation and the disparities between urban and rural lifestyles and expectations. The plotline follows the frustrations and subsequent actions of the eldest son as he seeks a future, which he realises is dependent on his acquiring the family farm. His impulsive behaviour leads to the climax of the story and puts himself and other members of the family in jeopardy and risks the family losing the farm altogether.

This study investigates the nature of the relationship that the state in New Zealand, the Crown, has established with Māori as a tribally-based people. Despite the efforts of recent New Zealand Governments to address the history of Crown injustice to Māori, the relationship of the Crown with Iwi Māori continues to be fraught with contradictions and tension. It is the argument of the thesis that the tension exists because the Crown has imposed a social, political, and economic order that is inherently contradictory to the social, political, and economic order of the Māori tribal world. Overriding an order where relationships are negotiated and alliances built between autonomous groups, the Crown constituted itself as a government with single, undivided sovereignty, used its unilateral power to introduce policy and legislation that facilitated the dispossession of whānau and hapū of their resources and their authority in the land, and enshrined its own authority and capitalist social relations instead. The thesis is built round a critical reading of five Waitangi Tribunal reports, namely the Muriwhenua Fishing Report, Mangonui Sewerage Report, The Te Roroa Report, Muriwhenua Land Report, and Te Whanau o Waipareira Report.

This paper considers the Aboriginal population in Canada (composed of First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples) and explores the hypothesis that the degree to which traditional knowledge concepts, specifically in the area of mental health, is impacted by the extent to which a given population has achieved self-government. Additionally, from a public policy standpoint, this study – using a single case comparison methodology – examines the gap between intentions outlined in policy formulation stage guidance documents, indicating that the Canadian federal government intends to incorporate traditional knowledge to a greater degree, and evidence present at the policy implementation and budgeting stage, where it is clear that the application of the guidance does not always result in the stated outcome. By looking at similarities and differences between the case populations, this study will highlight some successes in the field of mental health policy, assess the challenges that policymakers face in the area of Aboriginal health, and offer suggestions to arrive at a place in the future where fundamental mental health disparities have been reduced for Aboriginal people in Canada.

Abstract The original intention for the Partnership Community Worker (PCW) project in 2006 was for it to be an extension of the Pegasus Health General Practice and furthermore to be a bridge between the community and primary healthcare. It was believed that a close working relationship between the Practice Nurse and the PCW would help the target population of Māori, Pacifica and low income people to address and overcome their perceived barriers to healthcare which included: finance, transport, anxiety, cultural issues, communication, or lack of knowledge. Seven years later although the PCW project has been deemed a success in the Canterbury District Health Board annual reports (2013-14) and community and government agencies, including the Christchurch Resettlement Service (2012), many of the Pegasus Health General Practices have not utilised the project to its full extent, hence the need for this research. I was interested in finding out in the first instance if the model had changed and, if so why, and in the second instance if the promotional material currently distributed by Pegasus Health Primary Health Organisation reflected the daily practice of the PCW. A combination of methods were used including: surveys to the Pegasus Health General Practices, interviews with PCWs, interviews with managers of both the PCW host organisations and referring agencies to the PCW project. All the questions asked of all the participants in this research were focussed on their own perception of the role of the PCW. Results showed that the model has changed and although the publications were not reflecting the original intention of the project they did reflect the daily practice of the PCWs who are now struggling to meet much wider community expectations and needs. Key Results: Partnership Community Worker (PCW) interviews: Seventeen PCWs of the 19 employed were interviewed face to face. A number expressed interest in more culturally specific training and some are pursuing qualifications in social work; for many pay parity is an issue. In addition, many felt overwhelmed by the expectations around clients with mental health issues and housing issues now, post-earthquakes. Medical Practice surveys: Surveys were sent to eighty-two Pegasus Health medical practices and of these twenty five were completed. Results showed the full capacity of the PCW role was not clearly understood by all with many believing it was mostly a transport service. Those who did understand the full complexity of the role were very satisfied with the outcomes. PCW Host Community Manager Interviews: Of the ten out of twelve managers interviewed, some wished for more communication with Pegasus Health management because they felt aspects of both the PCW role and their own role as managers had become blurred over time. Referring organisations: Fifteen of the fifty referring community or government organisations participated. The overall satisfaction of the service was high and some acknowledged the continuing need for PCWs to be placed in communities where they were well known and trusted. Moreover results also showed that both the Canterbury earthquakes 2010-2011 and the amalgamation of Partnership Health PHO and Pegasus Health Charitable Limited in 2013 have contributed to the change of the model. Further future research may also be needed to examine the long term effects on the people of Canterbury involved in community work during the 2011-2014 years.

No description available.

Stead argues that Hulme, with only one Maori great-grandparent, is not Maori enough to win a literary prize for Maori writing. The paper examines various means for dealing with the vexed question of how to judge whether someone of mixed ancestry can identify with the part of that ancestry that is a minority without risking appropriation of that culture. Hulme and the controversies surrounding her identity and her novel provide a useful focus.