This study surveys pronominal reference marking in active and inverse languages. Active and inverse languages have in common that they distinguish two sets of reference marking, which are referred to as Actor and Undergoer. The choice of one series of marking over another is shown to be semantically and pragmatically determined.

Intervention into the public space / hoax -  Forged tourist signs in the  fields (obora = game preserve/park) Holedná(Brno Jundrov - Bystrc). Against standard practices, the trail is marked off any existing paths, through fences, signs are extremely frequent Work bordering with political art. The trail was handed over to  Mayor Onderka at the occassion of his birthday.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 95-99.

Typescript, etc. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Este trabalho visa localizar os pontos de proibição de ultrapassagem em uma rodovia, buscando conhecer e avaliar de forma prática e precisa os locais das marcações das faixas de sinalização horizontal, analisando-se um método moderno baseado nas informações dos satélites artificiais do Sistema de Posicionamento Global - GPS, e os métodos clássicos de levantamentos topográficos utilizados. Apresenta-se uma revisão dos principais conceitos relacionados ao perfil longitudinal, à distância de visibilidade nas curvas verticais e aos métodos utilizados para levantamento. Os resultados gráficos permitiram uma avaliação dos perfis e das marcações, obtendo-se um resultado satisfatório na avaliação do método moderno. / This work has the objective to locate the points of no passing lanes on a road, trying to know and evaluate in a practical and accurate way the places of horizontal signalization, analyzing a modern method based in collected information from the artificial satellites of the Global Positioning System - GPS, and classic methods of surveying. A review of the main concepts related to the longitudinal profile, of the sight distance in vertical turns, and to the methods used to surveying the graphic results permitted the evolution of profiles and marking, obtaining a satisfactory result in the evolution of the modern method.

Este trabalho visa localizar os pontos de proibição de ultrapassagem em uma rodovia, buscando conhecer e avaliar de forma prática e precisa os locais das marcações das faixas de sinalização horizontal, analisando-se um método moderno baseado nas informações dos satélites artificiais do Sistema de Posicionamento Global - GPS, e os métodos clássicos de levantamentos topográficos utilizados. Apresenta-se uma revisão dos principais conceitos relacionados ao perfil longitudinal, à distância de visibilidade nas curvas verticais e aos métodos utilizados para levantamento. Os resultados gráficos permitiram uma avaliação dos perfis e das marcações, obtendo-se um resultado satisfatório na avaliação do método moderno. / This work has the objective to locate the points of no passing lanes on a road, trying to know and evaluate in a practical and accurate way the places of horizontal signalization, analyzing a modern method based in collected information from the artificial satellites of the Global Positioning System - GPS, and classic methods of surveying. A review of the main concepts related to the longitudinal profile, of the sight distance in vertical turns, and to the methods used to surveying the graphic results permitted the evolution of profiles and marking, obtaining a satisfactory result in the evolution of the modern method.

A defining feature of capture-recapture is missing data due to imperfect detection of individuals. The standard approach used to deal with the missing data is to integrate (or sum) over all the possible unknown values. The missing data is completely removed and the resulting likelihood is in terms of the observed data. The problem with this approach is that often biologically unnatural parameters are chosen to make the integration (summation) tractable. A related consequence is that latent variables of interest, such as the population size and the number of births are only available as derived quantities. As they are not explicitly in the model they are not available to be used in the model as covariates to describe population dynamics. Therefore, models including density dependence are unable to be examined using standard methods. Instead of explicitly integrating out missing data, we choose to include it using data augmentation. Instead of being removed, the missing data is now present in the likelihood as if it were actually observed. This means that we are able to specify models in terms of the data we would like to have observed, instead of the data we actually did observe. Having the complete data allows us to separate the processes of demographic interest from the sampling process. The separation means that we can focus on specifying the model for the demographic processes without worrying about the sampling model. Therefore, we no longer need to choose parameters in order to simplify the removal of missing data, but we are free to naturally write the model in terms of parameters that are of demographic interest. A consequence of this is that we are able write complex models in terms of a series of simpler conditional likelihood components. We show an example of this where we fit a CJS model that has an individual-specific time-varying covariate as well as live re-sightings and dead recoveries. Data augmentation is naturally hierarchical, with parameters that are specified as random effects treated as any other latent variable and included into the likelihood. These hierarchical random effects models make it possible to explore stochastic relationships both (i) between parameters in the model, and (ii) between parameters and any covariates that are available. Including all of the missing data means that latent variables of interest, including the population size and the number of births, can now be included and used in the model. We present an example where we use the population size (i) to allow us to parameterize birth in terms of the per-capita birth rates, and (ii) as a covariate for both the per-capita birth rate and the survival probabilities in a density dependent relationship.

We argue that the standard focus theories reach their limits when confronted with the focus systems of the Chadic languages. The backbone of the standard focus theories consists of two assumptions, both called into question by the languages under consideration. Firstly, it is standardly assumed that focus is generally marked by stress. The Chadic languages, however, exhibit a variety of different devices for focus marking. Secondly, it is assumed that focus is always marked. In Tangale, at least, focus is not marked consistently on all types of constituents. The paper offers two possible solutions to this dilemma.

The paper presents an in-depth study of focus marking in Gùrùntùm, a West Chadic language spoken in Bauchi Province of Northern Nigeria. Focus in Gùrùntùm is marked morphologically by means of a focus marker a, which typically precedes the focus constituent. Even though the morphological focus-marking system of Gùrùntùm allows for a lot of fine-grained distinctions in information structure (IS) in principle, the language is not entirely free of focus ambiguities that arise as the result of conflicting IS- and syntactic requirements that govern the placement of focus markers. We show that morphological focus marking with a applies across different types of focus, such as newinformation, contrastive, selective and corrective focus, and that a does not have a second function as a perfectivity marker, as is assumed in the literature. In contrast, we show at the end of the paper that a can also function as a foregrounding device at the level of discourse structure.

The incentive to investigate the origin of meat products and their related consumer atti-tudes have shown to be a serious and debated topic especially after receiving a lot of focus in media. The specific origin discussed in this thesis lies within the suggestion of introducing an EU origin marking or what also can be referred to as “Made in EU” labelling. During the investigation of whether this creates a negative or positive attitude many factors are needed to be considered. The nationalistic feelings that still exist within the member states is one of the major obstacles but also information and consumer awareness concerning what EU stand for. The focus is on Swedish consumers’ perspective and the effects of implementing “Made in EU” are considered solely on the Swedish market. The theoretical framework is constructed around the central concept of country of origin (COO) that can be noted as of key relevance when investigating consumer behaviour. An analysis model is also introduced to give a deeper understanding of the connections between findings and the theoretical concepts. The fundamental methodology that was cho-sen in order to investigate these attitudes was found to be through the use of focus groups. These were carried out in combination with a secondary data analysis for the clarification of knowledge concerning the topic. What results shown from this study and the connected conclusions can be summarised in a few lines. First, Swedish consumers had generally a negative attitude towards introducing this label. The reason was that the consumers on one hand could not associate the origin as EU at the same time as Swedish consumers prefer to buy Swedish meat which is related to the Swedish model. Secondly, the factors brought forward that were influencing the COO shows what the attitude consist of, for instance stereotypes and perception. Thirdly, this research has managed to bring together new findings, previous COO studies with theoretical concepts and thereby created knowledge about Swedish ethnocentrism and cultural and economical aspects the Swedish consumers use when evaluating meat. Finally, the research method and theoretical concepts can be applied to other areas such as different products or countries.