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Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Mary T. Copple / The formation of English past tense by EFL (or ESL) learners has been the object of much second language acquisition research. This study investigates the production and marking of English past tense verbs by 55 adult Afghan EFL learners who use Pashto or Dari as their first language. The participants were first required to produce the past tense while responding to a questionnaire about their daily activities, and then completed a correction task in which sentences with verb errors appeared. The collected data was analyzed based on verb regularity (Pinker & Ullman 2002, Jaeger et al. 1996, Hoeffner 2000, Housen 2000) and the sequential inflection of events or non-events based on inherent lexical aspect (Vendler 1967, Salaberry 2000, Bardovi-Harlig & Reynolds1995, Tickoo 2001, 2005). Results show that the participants were more accurate in marking and producing regular verbs than irregular verbs for the past tense in both experimental tasks. When examining the role of regularity of the verb in the sequential marking of lexical aspect, it was discovered that past tense production of irregular verbs was influenced by the lexical aspectual verb type as non-events exhibited lower accuracy rates for past tense inflection.

This thesis explores the phenomenon of variable use of case marking in spoken formal Arabic in search of extra-syntactic meanings. The thesis rejects the views that case marking is constrained primarily by speakers' ability in Standard Arabic, or that case marking is implicated solely in code-switching. Instead, the study takes a holistic approaches and attempts to determine whether the use and non-use of case marking operates as a meaningful linguistic system. This thesis consists of two chapters: in the first, a subset of the data is analyzed quantitatively, while the second treats the data qualitatively. The data for the study was taken from publicly broadcast Arabic language television programs. The primary finding is that the choice between use and non-use of case marking operates as a linguistic system, and that case marking is used primarily to mark highly salient nouns in the discourse. This thesis also finds that this system extends to pragmatics, including register variation and maintainance, as well as politeness strategies. Finally, the study discusses the role that case marking plays in the construction of a speaker's linguistic style. These findings support the theory that syntactically optional elements of speech are often conditioned and meaningful beyond the level of syntax. / text

Although most strepsirrhines do not exhibit apparent physical signs of sexually selected traits, researchers have suggested that olfactory communication is sexually selected. The goal of this thesis is to (1) review sexual selection theory with an emphasis on sensory communication, and (2) test whether olfactory communication is sexually selected in strepsirrhines. I examined the relationships between primate mating systems and several measures of olfactory communication in 22 species: scent marking rates, the number of scent marking methods, and the volume of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. I also evaluated qualitative data on olfactory communication in three lemur species to determine whether they meet the criteria of a sexually selected trait. Polygynandrous and monogamous species did not significantly differ from each other in scent marking rates, scent glands, or volume of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. Three species of strepsirrhine met all criteria of having sexually selected olfactory traits, suggesting that polygynandrous lemurs are subject to sexual selection on several levels of olfactory communication. / text

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<h1>Abstract</h1><p>Author: Kristina Tercero.</p><p>Title: “Same condition for both men and women?”- Leaders from a gender perspective.</p><p>Supervisor: Tina Mattsson.</p><p> </p><p>The purpose of this essay was with a gender perspective examine how women and men  in leader positions in a organization who dominated by women experience their position at work and their leadership by clarify how the leaders in the geriatric care look at their function and position. Central questions were:</p><p>How do men and women who work as leaders in the geriatric care experience their opportunity to practice their leadership?</p><p>How does men and women experience to work as leaders in an organization who is dominated by women?</p><p>How does the leader experience their gender in relation to their position at work?</p><p>The essay has a qualitative design and semi structured interviews were maid with six leaders in the geriatric care, three women and three men. To analyse the work material</p><p>Hirdmans gender system theory and Westberg - Wohlgemuth theory about sex marking were used.</p><p>The main results indicate that gender does matter for the leaders in their work and in their leadership. The geriatric care is seen as a work for women which the men notice in their work as leaders. Men experienced that they more than woman were expected to make decisions and to do reprimands. Women's experiences were that it was hard to get acceptance in decision making. Women were on the other hand expected to be comprehended and to be able to listening more to the stuff.  The different expectations men and women felt can be understood in relation to chieftainship being connected to masculinity and therefore the chieftainship will be sex marked which Westberg – Wohlgemuth prove.</p><p> </p>

Pacific lampreys (Lampetra tridentata) have declined in abundance in the Columbia River Basin. Although, the reasons for the decline are unclear, we suggest that development of hydroelectric dams and habitat alterations in tributaries as the main causes. The available knowledge of life history of Pacific lampreys and status from dam counts (trend data) in the Columbia River Basin and the Umpqua River along the Oregon Coast shows that populations have been declining over the last 30 years. Even though Pacific lampreys have been shown to have ecological importance both as predator and prey, the declines in their populations have been largely ignored by fisheries agencies and the public. Recently, the National Marine Fisheries Service initiated studies on using radio-telemetry of Pacific lampreys in order to study the impact of hydroelectric dams on migration behavior. To address one of the fundamental assumptions of radio-telemetry, namely, that tagged fish are "normal," one must be able to measure whether or not an animal is stressed. We identified clinical indicators of stress in adult Pacific lampreys. Plasma glucose became elevated soon after acute stress and remained elevated for one week. Plasma lactate also became elevated by 30 minutes; however, it decreased to resting levels by one hour after stessor. Muscle lactate was shown to have an inverse relationship with glucose. Muscle lactate levels decreased by 4 hours and remained depressed for two days. Plasma chloride ions decreased by one hour, then returned to resting levels by 8 hours; by 24 hours, levels were again decreased with recovery occurring by 48 hours. The steroid cortisol was not found in the plasma of Pacific lampreys. The swimming performance and physiological effects of surgical implantation of three different sized dummy radio transmitters in Pacific lampreys were assessed. Intraperitoneal implantations of 3.4 g transmitters had no significant effect on circulating levels of glucose (an indicator of stress) 4 months after surgery, while 10 gram transmitters showed a significant increase in plasma glucose. Lampreys implanted with 7.4 g transmitters recovered from surgery by day 4 based on levels of plasma glucose. Lampreys implanted intraperitoneally with 7.4 g dummy transmitters showed no significant differences in circulating glucose 30, 60, 90, and 180 days after surgery in comparison to sham-implant controls. Ventilation rate decreased significantly by 30 minutes after surgery and was stable by 60 minutes; suggesting initial recovery from surgery is rapid. Swimming performance was impaired immediately after surgery; however, swimming was not compromised at 1 and 7 days after surgery. Tagged fish showed a significant difference in oxygen consumption when tested immediately after surgery; however, oxygen consumption was at control levels at 1 and 7 days after surgery. / Graduation date: 2001

The purpose of this study was to determine if a teacher's knowledge of a sixth grade student's prior academic performance affects the teacher's grading of the student's work on math papers. This study attempted to isolate the singular characteristic of a teacher's prior knowledge of a student's academic performance as a possible source for grading discrepancies.Four math papers were developed following the guidelines from the Indiana Statewide Test of Educational Progress (ISTEP) in mathematics for sixth grade. Four selected report cards representing high academic performance and four representing low academic performance were attached to the four student papers along with the appropriate answer keys. One-third of the instruments had high academic performance attachments, one-third had low academic performance attachments, and one-third had no academic performance attachments. The instruments were randomly assigned to experienced teachers for grading.The analysis of the data indicated that the mean number grades for high academic performance papers when compared to the control group differed significantly at the .05 level of confidence. The mean of the letter and number grade scores assigned to low academic performance papers compared to the control group did not differ significantly.Based on the findings of this study, conclusions were drawn. Among the conclusions reported were:1. Teachers' grades on the same math papers were remarkably varied.2. Number grades assigned to the same math papers differed significantly for high academic performance.3. The range for letter and number grades for each paper was extremely broad over all independent variables.4. The scoring discrepancies for letter and number grades created a question regarding grading validity.

Abstract Author: Kristina Tercero. Title: “Same condition for both men and women?”- Leaders from a gender perspective. Supervisor: Tina Mattsson.   The purpose of this essay was with a gender perspective examine how women and men  in leader positions in a organization who dominated by women experience their position at work and their leadership by clarify how the leaders in the geriatric care look at their function and position. Central questions were: How do men and women who work as leaders in the geriatric care experience their opportunity to practice their leadership? How does men and women experience to work as leaders in an organization who is dominated by women? How does the leader experience their gender in relation to their position at work? The essay has a qualitative design and semi structured interviews were maid with six leaders in the geriatric care, three women and three men. To analyse the work material Hirdmans gender system theory and Westberg - Wohlgemuth theory about sex marking were used. The main results indicate that gender does matter for the leaders in their work and in their leadership. The geriatric care is seen as a work for women which the men notice in their work as leaders. Men experienced that they more than woman were expected to make decisions and to do reprimands. Women's experiences were that it was hard to get acceptance in decision making. Women were on the other hand expected to be comprehended and to be able to listening more to the stuff.  The different expectations men and women felt can be understood in relation to chieftainship being connected to masculinity and therefore the chieftainship will be sex marked which Westberg – Wohlgemuth prove.