Modernas provedoras de serviços de TI estão sob constante pressão para aumentar sua competitividade. Meios de reduzir os custos e aumentar o desempenho (i.e., produtividade e qualidade) dos serviços oferecidos são temas centrais na indústria de TI. Contudo, apesar de todos os esforços feitos até hoje, modelar e otimizar processos de TI que envolvem operadores humanos continua sendo uma tarefa complexa. O humano pode ser influenciado por inúmeros fatores e executar o processo de uma forma diferente a cada vez, portanto, introduzindo uma significativa variabilidade no resultado final do processo. Apesar de todas as pesquisas feitas até hoje terem introduzido melhorias significativas no gerenciamento de serviços, ainda restam muitos desafios (e.g., mudanças rápidas, limites orçamentários, falta de conhecimento, complexidade dos sistemas, atuais e futuros requisitos dos usuários e finalmente aumento nas expectativas dos usuários) que não foram completamente resolvidos pelos esforços atuais. Dentre todas as tecnologias disponíveis atualmente, uma em especial, conhecida como Web 2.0, ainda não foi investigada pela indústria e pela acadêmia no contexto da gerência de serviços de TI. Dentre todas as tecnologias e aplicações que definem aWeb 2.0, uma é de especial interesse nesta tese: os mashups. Mashups sao aplicacoes Web criadas a partir da composicao de recursos disponiveis online (e.g., mapas interativos, Web services, paginas HTML). Facilidade de uso, extensibilidade e desenvolvimento específico de contexto são exemplos de características apresentadas pelos mashups que os candidatam como uma solução viável para aprimorar o gerenciamento de serviços de TI. Desta forma, o objetivo desta tese é investigar a aplicabilidade de mashups como uma solução efetiva para melhorar o desempenho (i.e., em termos de produtividade e confiabilidade) de atividades de gerência de serviços de TI que envolvem operadores humanos. Em particular, esta tese tem como objetivo definir soluções de gerenciamento necessárias para melhorar e avaliar o desempenho de processos de TI. Especificamente, esta tese foca nos passos do processo que podem ser medidos através de observação ou intrumentação e que podem ser aprimorados através de projeto e automação. As soluções de gerenciamento introduzidas são investigadas através de um estudo de caso real, relacionado ao processo de Cumprimento de Requisição. O foco deste estudo de caso é nos operadores humanos com a responsabilidade de receber as requisições dos clientes e encaminhá-las paras administradores de sistema responsáveis por resolver as requisições. Neste contexto, os mashups são investigados como uma solução efetiva para lidar com ineficiências e erros introduzidos pelos operadores humanos enquanto executam suas atividades diárias relacionadas à gerência de serviços de TI. Foi realizada uma extensa investigação das tarefas realizadas por um grupo de especialistas em um centro global de suporte e entrega de serviços de TI. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade da tecnologia de mashups como solução para aprimorar a gerência de serviços de TI. / Modern IT service provider organizations are under a continuous pressure to increase their competitiveness. Ways to reduce costs while improving performance – in terms of productivity and quality – of services are a key focus area for companies in the IT industry. However, despite all the solutions that have been proposed, modelling and optimizing human-centered processes remains a burdensome task. The human operator may be influenced by multiple factors and execute the process in a different way each time, thus introducing a significant variability in the final process outcome. Although the research proposed so far have introduced improvements on service management, there are several challenges (e.g., rapid change, budgetary constraints, skill shortages, system complexity, current and future user requirements, and growing user expectations) that are not completely covered by the current efforts. Among the new technologies available today, a set of novel ones, referred to as Web 2.0, has not yet been investigated by both industry and academia in the ITSM context. In the myriad of technologies and applications that define the Web 2.0, one is of special interest in this thesis: the mashups. Mashups are Web applications created through the composition of preexisting Web resources (e.g., interactive maps, Web services, traditional HTML pages, or even Flash presentations). Easiness of use, extensibility, and context specific development are examples of characteristics presented by mashups that candidate them to be a viable technology for improving IT Service Management. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of mashups as an effective approach to improve performance (i.e., in terms of productivity and reliability) of human-centered ITSM activities. In particular, this thesis aims to define management solutions required to deliver and demonstrate improvements in performance of humancentered ITSM processes. Specifically, the focus is on individual steps in the process that can be assessed through instrumentation or observation, and can be improved through design and automation. The analysis of exogenous events are not addressed, such as answering telephone calls or other interruptions. The introduced management solutions are examined through a real case study, related to the Request Fulfillment process. The focus of this case study is on dispatch, an activity centered on human operators called dispatchers, with knowledge of standard fulfillment procedures. In this context, mashups are analyzed as an effective approach to cope with inefficiencies and errors introduced by human operators while performing their daily activities in the context of ITSM. An extensive analysis of tasks performed by a group of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) in a global IT Service Support and Delivery organization was performed. The results demonstrate the viability of the mashups technology as a means for improving IT Service Management.

As the popularity of mashups attests, individual songs and their increasingly irrelevant prepackaged albums no longer seem to constitute a finished product to many who listen to them. Instead individual songs often serve as raw ingredients for use in another recipe – the playlist, the mix, the mashup – which those who buy the songs make and exchange. The strict division between producers and consumers, which the music industry exploited very productively throughout the twentieth century, seems to be breaking down, and I conclude that the mashup models a different, more fluid relationship between musical consumption and production. In this dissertation, I examine mashups from a music theoretical point of view. I argue that the mashup represents an important musical genre with distinguishing characteristics and its own historical development. Chapter 1 defines the mashup and devises a typology that classifies the genre based on two characteristics: number of songs combined and the mode of their combination (vertical or horizontal). This typology leads to the division of the mashup into four distinct subtypes. Chapter 2 discusses significant legal challenges raised by the mashup, especially with respect to copyright. Mashups – at least in recorded form – began as an underground, largely non-commercial phenomenon, due to the cost and difficulty of obtaining permission to use another artist’s recording. I also examine various pertinent musical lawsuits and discuss their influence on the way mashup artists make and distribute their works. Chapter 3 probes the historical factors that led to the development of mashups, including sampling in hip hop music (both recorded and live), collage techniques in art music, and looping and mixing by club DJs. Chapter 4 investigates the aesthetics of the mashup. Critics in the popular press and on the internet judge mashups without specifying the musical characteristics that make a particular mashup successful. This chapter seeks to locate the aesthetic principles that govern mashup production. Using commentary by mashup artists as well as transcription and analysis of several mashups, I divide these aesthetic principles into two categories: construction and meaning. I then develop a list of characteristics that mashup artists aim for when creating their tracks. / text

Η έννοια του «Web2.0.» χρησιμοποιήθηκε για πρώτη φορά σε ένα συνέδριο για την ανταλλαγή ιδεών μεταξύ του εκδοτικού οίκου O’ Reilly και του Medialive International. Μέσα από αυτή τη σύσκεψη έγινε φανερό ότι το Web είναι πιο σημαντικό από ποτέ, με εντυπωσιακές νέες εφαρμογές και ιστότοπους, που κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους ολοένα και συχνότερα. Μισό χρόνο μετά, ο όρος Web2.0. έχει ξεκάθαρα λάβει χώρα, με περισσότερες από 9,5 εκατομμύρια αναφορές στη μηχανή αναζήτησης Google. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το νέο Web αλλάζει επειδή αλλάζει η νοοτροπία των δημιουργών των ιστότοπων, των προγραμματιστών αλλά και των απλών χρηστών. Το Web2.0. είναι περισσότερο δημοκρατικό. Ο ρόλος των ισχυρών, παραδοσιακών δημιουργών και «εκδοτών» περιεχομένου αποδυναμώνεται. Η αλληλεπίδραση των χρηστών με το περιεχόμενο και άλλους χρήστες εντείνεται. Η νέα χρήση των ήδη υπαρχουσών τεχνολογιών και εργαλείων δίνει καινούριες διαστάσεις και προστιθέμενη αξία στο περιεχόμενο. Οι λέξεις «υλικό» και «λογισμικό» περνάνε σε δεύτερη μοίρα ενώ μια νέα, καθολική πλατφόρμα είναι αυτή που αναδεικνύεται. Ο νέος Παγκόσμιος Ιστός που ακούει στο όνομα Web2.0. ενθαρρύνει τη συμμετοχή των χρηστών και την παραγωγή ενός πλουσιότερου, πιο σύγχρονου και δυναμικότερου περιεχομένου. Προσφέρει σε όλους τους χρήστες του το ρόλο του δημιουργού και του εκδότη αφού ταυτόχρονα με τους web developers, και οι απλοί χρήστες είναι σε θέση να δημιουργούν χρησιμοποιώντας τη θέληση και τη φαντασία τους. Παράλληλα με τη διαμόρφωση του περιεχομένου, διαφόρων μορφών, όπως κείμενο, ήχος, εικόνα, βίντεο, στους χρήστες επαφίεται και η κατηγοριοποίηση, η αξιολόγηση και η κατάταξη του περιεχομένου, όπως για παράδειγμα ποια είδηση θεωρείται από αυτούς ως η περισσότερο σημαντική. Το Web2.0 αναφέρεται σε ένα σύνολο νέων δικτυακών υπηρεσιών, οι οποίες επιτρέπουν στους χρήστες να συνεργάζονται και να ανταλλάζουν δεδομένα online, με πιο αποδοτικό τρόπο σε σχέση με αυτόν που προσφέρανε οι παλιότερες υπηρεσίες. Η ειδοποιός διαφορά είναι ότι οι νέες υπηρεσίες παρέχουν στο χρήστη μια εμπειρία που πλησιάζει περισσότερο σε αυτή που έχει όταν εργάζεται στον προσωπικό του υπολογιστή. Με άλλα λόγια, οι εφαρμογές του Web2.0. μοιάζουν με τις εφαρμογές desktop. Επιπλέον, οι νέοι δικτυακοί τόποι είναι κατά κανόνα «δυναμικοί» και περισσότερο αλληλεπιδραστικοί, διαφέροντας από το «στατικό» Web1.0. Το Web2.0. είναι συμβατό με οποιοδήποτε λειτουργικό σύστημα κι αν χρησιμοποιεί ο εκάστοτε χρήστης. Μια εφαρμογή πλοήγησης του Διαδικτύου (web browser) (οποιαδήποτε κι αν είναι αυτή) αρκεί για να συμμετέχει ένα χρήστης στο νέο, πιο ζωντανό και εκπληκτικό Διαδίκτυο. Επιπρόσθετα, το Web2.0. είναι εκτός από πλούσιο και «ελαφρύ». Πολλές από τις εφαρμογές του έχουν σχεδιαστεί για να «τρέχουν» γρήγορα, χωρίς να «βαραίνουν» τους πόρους του συστήματος. Τέλος, το λογισμικό και το υλικό δεν απασχολούν πλέον τους προγραμματιστές στον ίδιο βαθμό με το παρελθόν, αφού το περιεχόμενο, η διαμόρφωση και η αξιοποίησή του είναι τα θέματα στα οποία επικεντρώνεται κυρίως το ενδιαφέρον. Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διπλωματική εργασία μελετά τις αρχές που το Web2.0. πρεσβεύει, τα πρότυπα σχεδιασμού που ακολουθούνται, τις τεχνικές και τεχνολογίες που χρησιμοποιούνται, τις ικανότητες που πρέπει να έχουν οι εταιρείες κατασκευής λογισμικού και εφαρμογών προκειμένου να θεωρούνται ότι ακολουθούν τα πρότυπα του Web2.0. Επιπλέον, παρουσιάζονται οι βασικότερες Web2.0. εφαρμογές, οι οποίες είτε πρόκειται για καινοτόμα στοιχεία, είτε αποτελούν νέες εκδόσεις των ήδη Web1.0. υπαρχουσών εφαρμογών, με τις οποίες και συγκρίνονται. Τελικά, παρουσιάζονται μια σειρά από ιστοτόπους, ελληνικούς και ξένους, στους οποίους γίνεται φανερή η επίδραση και παρουσία του Web2.0., ενώ παράλληλα προτείνεται η χρήση συγκεκριμένωνWeb2.0. στοιχείων και τεχνολογιών ανάλογα με την κατηγορία και το είδος του ιστοτόπου. Ωστόσο, υπάρχει και ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό που αντιμετωπίζει το Web2.0. με επιφυλακτικότητα. Ενώ κάποιοι το θεωρούν μια καινοτομία, κάποιοι άλλοι το θεωρούν μια χωρίς νόημα λέξη, που αποσκοπεί στην επικράτηση στην αγορά και την αύξηση των κερδών, των εφαρμογών και υπηρεσιών που φέρονται ως αντιπρόσωποι του όρου. Η παρούσα εργασία έχει ως σκοπό να παρουσιάσει αντικειμενικά και αμερόληπτα τη νέα γενιά του Διαδικτύου και αφήνει στον αναγνώστη να βγάλει τα δικά του συμπεράσματα για το τι τελικά είναι το Web2.0. και ποια είναι η αξία του. / The concept of “Web2.0” began with a conference brainstorming session between O’ Reilly and MediaLive International. In the year and a half since, the term “Web2.0” had clearly taken hold, with more than 9.5 million citations in Google. In the new generation of Web, users are treated as co-developers. They obtain the role of author and publisher and use their willingness and imagination to add value and create the content of the web. Leverage customer-self service and algorithmic data management are used in order to reach out to the entire web, to the edges and not just the centre. As a result, the new projects can be seen to have a natural architecture of participation. In some cases, the service automatically gets better the more people use it. Moreover, Web2.0 era software is delivered as a service, not as a product. That leads to an end of the software release cycle. Furthermore, the Web2.0 mindset is good at re-use. When commodity components are abundant, developers can create value simply by assembling them in novel or effective ways. The purpose of this master thesis is to analyse the principles that Web2.0. advocate, the techniques and technologies that are used, the core competencies of Web2.0. companies, the design patterns, the new applications and projects. Its target is to recommend which of the Web2.0’ components should be used in each case, depending on the needs, the requirements and the kind of the website or application. However, there’s still a huge amount of disagreement about just what Web2.0 means, with some people decrying it as a meaningless marketing buzzword, and others accepting it as the new conventional wisdom. This thesis presents Web2.0 impartially, letting readers to decide what is Web2.0 and its value.

World Wide Web (WWW) has become the greatest repository of information that man has ever assembled and it is continuously growing. WWW transformed itself into a generative environment that fosters innovation through the advance of technologies and a shift in people's perception of the Weband how they use it. The new WWW or Future Internet is that of an Internet of Services and Internet of Things.Naturally, a series of questions arise from this context: how do you filter things to create more value than you currently get? how do you aggregate things in an intelligent and easy way instead of doing it in your head? The world cannot be described unambiguously, so how can you allow users to deal with the world in their own way, based on their understanding? Levine in his book "Cluetrain manifesto" was arguing that markets are conversations so how can users be involved in the conversation? how can users be empowered with easy consumption of the services, information, things that they found around?However design and deployment of such software capable of direct interaction and empowerment of the end-user is still an issue. We have on one side users that have ideas, but do not have technical background and lack programming skills to do the development by themselves. On the other side, we have large amounts of data, resources and services that could be aggregated both in terms of data, but most important in terms of behavior to innovate and create new things.Our goal in this thesis is to address this lack of tools that are capable of direct interaction andempowerment of end-users, in a unified manner. Thus our main contribution in this thesis is the development of a holistic approach for web based systems that are user-centric and that integrate data, services and behavior available on the Web 2.0.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Stasko, John T.; Committee Member: Edwards, Keith; Committee Member: Greenberg, Saul; Committee Member: Grinter, Beki; Committee Member: Guzdial, Mark. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Randolph Aparecido de Souza.pdf: 2953752 bytes, checksum: 949dcc91b6de02061dbf28192a5d8e57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-24 / This research discusses the mashup practice, particularly the one of web applications, while own aesthetics, that translates a contemporary sensibility, reflex of the remix culture of which emerges. Copy, cut or paste are now intrinsic actions to the daily of the cyberspace, where the recombination of information is evidenced as usual practice. In this context, how to identify and relate the mashup aesthetics? Such scenery incites the further study concerning mashups, in search to trace a descending and contemporary overview by means of investigation and identification of its origin, structure and practical in the digital medium. To debate these issues was accomplished a historical redemption, in order to present the concepts and artistic movements precursors relative to its essence. The mashup comprehension advances in scope of the remix sphere. The issues referring to collaboration, interaction and authorship, as well as the conceptualization of the practical, based on the malleability of the binary code and the transposition between a medium to another one; will be sustained from the studies of Lev Manovich and Eduardo Navas. Thus, the analysis of the structure and functioning of mashups applications in the digital medium, demarcated by means of the considerations from Duane Merrill, consists in better assimilation to these reflections, since specifies the technological characteristics that define them. In intention to reorganize the several mashups models found in the net, it makes mapping inspired on Merrill s classification, however, propose own categories; supported in case studies made through the analysis of web sites that use the technique. With effect, it verifies that the mashup process former, based on combination of one or more sources for formation of something new, is the same adopted in different periods, in other words, is not entirely innovative; varies only the form of employment applied, in the relationship of the predecessors concepts to the technology and emerging medias. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of the proposed classification for mashups mapping in the revelation of organic categories, that allow thus to illustrate the fluid movements of associations and inter-relationships characteristic of its organization, in an accurate portrait of the universe of unlimited possibilities of imbrication in which they inhabit / Esta pesquisa discute a prática mashup, particularmente a de aplicativos web, enquanto estética própria, que traduz uma sensibilidade contemporânea, reflexo da cultura remix da qual emerge. Copiar, cortar ou colar agora são ações intrínsecas ao cotidiano do ciberespaço, em que a recombinação da informação evidencia-se como prática usual. Nesse contexto, como identificar e relacionar a estética do mashup? Tal cenário incita a um estudo mais aprofundado acerca dos mashups, em busca de traçar um panorama descendente e contemporâneo mediante investigação e identificação de sua origem, estrutura e prática no meio digital. Para debater estas questões foi realizado um resgate histórico, a fim de apresentar os conceitos e movimentos artísticos precursores relativos à sua essência. A compreensão de mashup avança no âmbito da esfera remix. As questões referentes à colaboração, interação e autoria, assim como a conceitualização da prática, fundamentada na maleabilidade do código binário e da transposição entre um meio a outro; sustentam-se a partir dos estudos de Lev Manovich e Eduardo Navas. Desse modo, a análise da estrutura e funcionamento dos mashups de aplicativos no meio digital, demarcada por meio das considerações de Duane Merril, consiste em melhor assimilação a estas reflexões, visto que especifica as características tecnológicas que os definem. No intuito de reorganizar os vários modelos de mashups encontrados na rede, efetua-se mapeamento inspirado na classificação de Merril, entretanto, propõem-se categorias próprias; amparadas em estudos de casos efetuados através da análise de web sites que se utilizam da técnica. Com efeito, constata-se que o processo formador do mashup, baseado na combinação de uma ou mais fontes para formação de algo novo, é o mesmo adotado nos diferentes períodos, ou seja, não é totalmente inovador; varia-se apenas a forma de emprego aplicada, no relacionamento dos conceitos antecessores à tecnologia e mídias emergentes. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância da classificação proposta para o mapeamento dos mashups na revelação de categorias orgânicas , que permitem assim ilustrar os movimentos fluidos de associações e inter-relações característicos de sua organização, num retrato acurado do universo de possibilidades ilimitadas de imbricamentos em que habitam

Aujourd'hui, les ordinateurs et l'Internet sont partout dans le monde : dans chaque maison, domaine et plateforme. Dans ce contexte, le standard XML s'est établi comme un moyen insigne pour la représentation et l'échange efficaces des données. Les communications et les échanges d'informations entre utilisateurs, applications et systèmes d'information hétérogènes sont désormais réalisés moyennant XML afin de garantir l'interopérabilité des données. Le codage simple et robuste de XML, à base de données textuelles semi-structurées, a fait que ce standard a rapidement envahi les communications medias. Ces communications sont devenues inter-domaines, partant de l'informatique et s'intégrant dans les domaines médical, commercial, et social, etc. Par conséquent, et au vu du niveau croissant des données XML flottantes entre des utilisateurs non-experts (employés, scientifiques, etc.), que ce soit sur les messageries instantanées, réseaux sociaux, stockage de données ou autres, il devient incontournable de permettre aux utilisateurs non-experts de manipuler et contrôler leurs données (e.g., des parents qui souhaitent appliquer du contrôle parental sur les messageries instantanées de leur maison, un journaliste qui désire regrouper et filtrer des informations provenant de différents flux RSS, etc.). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'étude des manipulations des données XML par des utilisateurs non-experts. Quatre principales catégories ont été identifiées dans la littérature : i) les langages visuels orientés XML, ii) les Mashups, iii) les techniques de manipulation des données XML, et iv) les DFVPL (langages de programmation visuel à base de Dataflow), couvrant différentes pistes. Cependant, aucune d'entre elles ne fournit une solution complète. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous avons formellement défini un Framework de manipulation XML, intitulé XA2C (XML-oriented mAnipulAtion Compositions). XA2C représente un environnement de programmation visuel (e.g., Visual-Studio) pour un DFVPL orienté XML, intitulé XCDL (XML-oriented Composition Definition Language) qui constitue la contribution majeure de cette thèse. XCDL, basé sur les réseaux de Pétri colorés, permet aux non-experts de définir, d'arranger et de composer des opérations de manipulation orientées XML. Ces opérations peuvent être des simples sélections/projections de données, ainsi que des opérations plus complexes de modifications de données (insertion, suppression, tatouage, etc.). Le langage proposé traite les données XML à base de documents ou de fragments. En plus de la définition formelle (syntaxique et sémantique) du langage XCDL, XA2C introduit une architecture complète à base d'un compilateur et un environnement d'exécution dédiés. Afin de tester et d'évaluer notre approche théorique, nous avons développé un prototype, intitulé X-Man, avec un Framework d'évaluation pour les langages et outils visuels de programmation orientés XML. Une série d'études de cas et d'expérimentations a été réalisée afin d'évaluer la qualité d'usage de notre langage, et de le comparer aux solutions existantes. Les résultats obtenus soulignent la supériorité de note approche, notamment en termes de qualité d'interaction, de visualisation, et d'utilisation. Plusieurs pistes sont en cours d'exploration, telles que l'intégration des opérations plus complexes (opérateurs de contrôle, boucles, etc.), les compositions automatiques, et l'extension du langage pour gérer la spécificité des formats dérivés du standard XML (flux RSS, RDF, SMIL, etc.)

The Internet has been lauded as an open and free platform from which one is able to engage with, and share large amounts of information (Stallman, 1997). As one witnesses the shift from analogue media to digitalism, so too is it possible to note a change in cultural practices of media consumers. Users of the media can now be viewed as “prosumers”, producing as well as consuming media products (Marshall, 2004). Digital media users have been given the ability to engineer their own unique media experiences, especially within the realms of the Internet. However, this process has seemingly led to mass copyright infringement as Internet users appropriate various movies, music, television programmes, photographs and animations in order to create such an experience. The art of digital mashing in particular, has been deemed an explicit exploitation of intellectual property rights as it re-cuts, re-mixes and re-broadcasts popular media in a number of alternative ways. YouTube especially has been at the forefront of the copyright furore surrounding digital mash-ups because it allows online users the facility to post and share these video clips freely with other online users. While YouTube claims that they do not promote the illegal use of copyrighted material, they simultaneously acknowledge that they do not actively patrol that which is posted on their website. As such, copyright infringement appears seemingly rife as users share their own versions of popular media through the art of digital mashing. This dissertation however, explores the concept that the creation of mash-ups is not undermining intellectual property rights, but instead produces a new avenue from which culture can emerge. It highlights how Internet users are utilising the culture which surrounds them in an attempt to navigate the new social structures of the online, subsequently arguing that mash-ups are an important element of defining a new postmodern culture, and that the traditional copyright laws of analogue need to be modified in order to secure the development of new and emerging societal structures. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Aujourd’hui, les ordinateurs et l’Internet sont partout dans le monde : dans chaque maison, domaine et plateforme. Dans ce contexte, le standard XML s’est établi comme un moyen insigne pour la représentation et l’échange efficaces des données. Les communications et les échanges d’informations entre utilisateurs, applications et systèmes d’information hétérogènes sont désormais réalisés moyennant XML afin de garantir l’interopérabilité des données. Le codage simple et robuste de XML, à base de données textuelles semi-structurées, a fait que ce standard a rapidement envahi les communications medias. Ces communications sont devenues inter-domaines, partant de l’informatique et s’intégrant dans les domaines médical, commercial, et social, etc. Par conséquent, et au vu du niveau croissant des données XML flottantes entre des utilisateurs non-experts (employés, scientifiques, etc.), que ce soit sur les messageries instantanées, réseaux sociaux, stockage de données ou autres, il devient incontournable de permettre aux utilisateurs non-experts de manipuler et contrôler leurs données (e.g., des parents qui souhaitent appliquer du contrôle parental sur les messageries instantanées de leur maison, un journaliste qui désire regrouper et filtrer des informations provenant de différents flux RSS, etc.). L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'étude des manipulations des données XML par des utilisateurs non-experts. Quatre principales catégories ont été identifiées dans la littérature : i) les langages visuels orientés XML, ii) les Mashups, iii) les techniques de manipulation des données XML, et iv) les DFVPL (langages de programmation visuel à base de Dataflow), couvrant différentes pistes. Cependant, aucune d’entre elles ne fournit une solution complète. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous avons formellement défini un Framework de manipulation XML, intitulé XA2C (XML-oriented mAnipulAtion Compositions). XA2C représente un environnement de programmation visuel (e.g., Visual-Studio) pour un DFVPL orienté XML, intitulé XCDL (XML-oriented Composition Definition Language) qui constitue la contribution majeure de cette thèse. XCDL, basé sur les réseaux de Pétri colorés, permet aux non-experts de définir, d’arranger et de composer des opérations de manipulation orientées XML. Ces opérations peuvent être des simples sélections/projections de données, ainsi que des opérations plus complexes de modifications de données (insertion, suppression, tatouage, etc.). Le langage proposé traite les données XML à base de documents ou de fragments. En plus de la définition formelle (syntaxique et sémantique) du langage XCDL, XA2C introduit une architecture complète à base d’un compilateur et un environnement d'exécution dédiés. Afin de tester et d’évaluer notre approche théorique, nous avons développé un prototype, intitulé X-Man, avec un Framework d’évaluation pour les langages et outils visuels de programmation orientés XML. Une série d'études de cas et d’expérimentations a été réalisée afin d'évaluer la qualité d'usage de notre langage, et de le comparer aux solutions existantes. Les résultats obtenus soulignent la supériorité de note approche, notamment en termes de qualité d’interaction, de visualisation, et d’utilisation. Plusieurs pistes sont en cours d’exploration, telles que l'intégration des opérations plus complexes (opérateurs de contrôle, boucles, etc.), les compositions automatiques, et l’extension du langage pour gérer la spécificité des formats dérivés du standard XML (flux RSS, RDF, SMIL, etc.) / Computers and the Internet are everywhere nowadays, in every home, domain and field. Communications between users, applications and heterogeneous information systems are mainly done via XML structured data. XML, based on simple textual data and not requiring any specific platform or environment, has invaded and governed the communication Medias. In the 21stcentury, these communications are now inter-domain and have stepped outside the scope of computer science into other areas (i.e., medical, commerce, social, etc.). As a consequence, and due to the increasing amount of XML data floating between non-expert users (programmers, scientists, etc.), whether on instant messaging, social networks, data storage and others, it is becoming crucial and imperative to allow non-experts to be able to manipulate and control their data (e.g.,parents who want to apply parental control over instant messaging tools in their house, a journalist who wants to gather information from different RSS feeds and filter them out, etc.). The main objective of this work is the study of XML manipulations by non-expert users. Four main related categories have been identified in the literature: XML-oriented visual languages, Mashups, XML manipulation by security and adaptation techniques, and Dataflow visual programming languages. However, none of them provides a full-fledged solution for appropriate XML data manipulation. In our research, we formally defined an XML manipulation framework, entitled XA2C (XML Alteration/Adaptation Composition Framework). XA2C represents a visual studio for an XML-oriented DFVPL (Dataflow Visual Programming Language), called XCDL (XML-oriented Composition Definition Language) which constitutes the major contribution of this study. XCDL is based on Colored Petri Nets allowing non-expert users to compose manipulation operations. The XML manipulations range from simple data selection/projection to data modification (insertion, removal, obfuscation, etc.). The language is oriented to deal with XML data (XML documents and fragments), providing users with means to compose XML oriented operations. Complementary to the language syntax and semantics, XA2C formally defines also the compiler and runtime environment of XCDL. In addition to the theoretical contribution, we developed a prototype, called X-Man, and formally defined an evaluation framework for XML-oriented visual languages and tools that was used in a set of case studies and experiments to evaluate the quality of use of our language and compare it to existing approaches. The obtained assessments and results were positive and show that our approach outperforms existing ones. Several future tracks are being studied such as integration of more complex operations (control operators, loops, etc.), automated compositions, and language derivation to define specific languages oriented towards different XML-based standards (e.g., RSS, RDF, SMIL, etc.)