Segregation is a common problem for many European states where mass housing areas, constructed between 1960 and 1980, now have fallen into decay and stigmatisation and face alienation from the rest of the city. The paper was aimed to investigate how city authorities could cope with downsides of segregation and, more specifically, unify segregated districts with the remainder of the city. This taken as a general idea, it was scrutinised on the examples of three cities, sharing similar characteristics, e.g. population and industrial past. The counter-segregation policies implemented (or planned to be implemented) in Gellerup (Arhus, Denmark), Rosengard (Malmo, Sweden) and Herzogenried (Mannheim, Germany) were studied and eventually compared. The presented findings were based on the analysis of official documents and empirical data gathered via interviews and are restricted by certain limitations which occurred due to the lack of time and resources.

In literature on residential areas, the settlement pattern is analyzed starting from their first apperance. In the pre-industrial city was no specialization of land use, the urban layout was relatively irregular, the street markets, shops, workshops and homes being mixed together. However, after industrialization for cities there was a need for housing supply and these were mostly supplied by blocks around working areas. All of these settlements were not healthy and efficient. So with regulations and policies for better settlements more healty and secure places were planned for workers with the idea of modernism. Also modernism brought the pure geometry for building design. The colour and facade of the buildings were determined related to functions or structural rationalist ideas. This standart and simple blocks were critised by some. Like, Sitte&rsquo / s (1889) eulogied historic spaces for their random and artistic city aesthetic. The sprawl of housing areas increased the need for accesibility and social integration to each other and main center. On the other hand, the residential quarters in their inner dynmics, the public realm, circulation, self character etc. must be defined for good working settlement and its environment. This resulted in traditional neighborhood properties for better residential settlements that new urbanist way of thought encouraged more ecology and pedestrian-oriented settlements. In D&uuml / zce after earthquake in 1999, important scale of housing necessity appeared and this need was supplied with mass housing projects in short time. In fact, 20% of the urban settlement is provided by these mass housing projects and the projects will go on. In fact, 40 % of the settlement is expected to be provided with mass housing projects. Master thesis attempts to clarify the design problems in mass housing areas in D&uuml / zce. The problems related to mass housing environment will be discussed, with reference to design concept, to explain whether or not these mass housing areas provide neighborhood standarts.

Work shows a possible strategy to deal with the mass housing estates in the Czech Republic. That static and monotonous settlement can be flexible structure. Strategy shows one approach to transforming the settlement structure. It is a return to traditional town morphology and thereby achieve urban character and utilization of housing benefits that this structure offers. The settlement becomes readable by adding city-forming element such as streets, squares and city blocks.

World population growth and global warming are accentuating the long recognized problem of housing for the masses; millions are homeless, live in inadequate shelter, or as in the US Manufactured Housing market that is the focus of this thesis, live in nondurable poor quality ?manufactured? houses that are detrimental to health, at best, or during extreme weather events, suffer catastrophic damages often resulting in death to occupants. In this thesis, we have reviewed the role of the architect in the US Manufactured Housing industry; additionally, we identified the major problems that plaque the US Manufactured Housing Industry. Further, we have reviewed how architects and Industrial Designers use technology in their respective fields. Our findings and analysis suggest that an Industrial Design approach, applied in architecture for mass housing, offers a means of improving the architect?s role in manufactured housing for the masses.

To wield direct influence on the everyday lives of citizens, new political elites have often professed a profound interest in shaping the politics of dwelling. In the 1920s, Vienna’s Social Democrats built 400 communal housing blocks equipped with public gardens, theaters, libraries, kindergartens, and sports facilities, hoping that these facilities would serve as loci for “growing into socialism”. In the 1950s, housing construction in Berlin became a site of the Cold War. East Berlin’s social realist “workers palaces” on Stalinallee were meant to serve as an ideal flourishing ground for the “new socialist men and women”. In contrast, West Berlin's modernist Hansa-Viertel was designed to showcase an ideal dwelling culture and an urban environment that would cultivate individuality. This dissertation examines three historically situated and ideologically distinct responses to the housing question: social democracy in Red Vienna, state socialism in East Berlin, and liberal capitalism in West Berlin. It illuminates how political promises of a radical new beginning were translated into spatial arrangements—the private scale of the apartment and the urban scale of the city—as well as how citizens appropriated the social, political, and economic norms inherent to the new spaces they inhabited. More specifically, the following analyses demonstrate the fact that inherited social, technological, and economic practices have often subverted political visions of a radically different future. This was the case with pedagogy in Red Vienna’s municipal housing, instrumental reason in the form of Taylorism and Fordism in East and West Berlin’s mass housing, and gender relations in Red Vienna’s and East Berlin’s politics of dwelling. At the same time, this dissertation examines counter-spaces that emerged from the dialectics between political promises and actual socio-spatial realities, counter-spaces that both reflect critically on past hegemonic “politics of dwelling” and that foreshadow alternative political imaginations that are still relevant today. Of particular interest are counter-hegemonic practices of dwelling that embody possibilities of emancipation—of experiencing oneself as subject instead of object of social transformation, justice—of emphasizing considerations of equality and recognition, and radical democracy—of questioning power relations and of forming alliances among disadvantaged groups to transform everyday life.

To wield direct influence on the everyday lives of citizens, new political elites have often professed a profound interest in shaping the politics of dwelling. In the 1920s, Vienna’s Social Democrats built 400 communal housing blocks equipped with public gardens, theaters, libraries, kindergartens, and sports facilities, hoping that these facilities would serve as loci for “growing into socialism”. In the 1950s, housing construction in Berlin became a site of the Cold War. East Berlin’s social realist “workers palaces” on Stalinallee were meant to serve as an ideal flourishing ground for the “new socialist men and women”. In contrast, West Berlin's modernist Hansa-Viertel was designed to showcase an ideal dwelling culture and an urban environment that would cultivate individuality. This dissertation examines three historically situated and ideologically distinct responses to the housing question: social democracy in Red Vienna, state socialism in East Berlin, and liberal capitalism in West Berlin. It illuminates how political promises of a radical new beginning were translated into spatial arrangements—the private scale of the apartment and the urban scale of the city—as well as how citizens appropriated the social, political, and economic norms inherent to the new spaces they inhabited. More specifically, the following analyses demonstrate the fact that inherited social, technological, and economic practices have often subverted political visions of a radically different future. This was the case with pedagogy in Red Vienna’s municipal housing, instrumental reason in the form of Taylorism and Fordism in East and West Berlin’s mass housing, and gender relations in Red Vienna’s and East Berlin’s politics of dwelling. At the same time, this dissertation examines counter-spaces that emerged from the dialectics between political promises and actual socio-spatial realities, counter-spaces that both reflect critically on past hegemonic “politics of dwelling” and that foreshadow alternative political imaginations that are still relevant today. Of particular interest are counter-hegemonic practices of dwelling that embody possibilities of emancipation—of experiencing oneself as subject instead of object of social transformation, justice—of emphasizing considerations of equality and recognition, and radical democracy—of questioning power relations and of forming alliances among disadvantaged groups to transform everyday life.

Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre wurden nach dem Leitbild der „gegliederten und aufgelockerten Stadt“ errichtet, liegen aus heutiger Sicht innenstadtnah und bieten kompakten, meist preisgünstigen Wohnraum. Zeilenbauten werden große Entwicklungspotenziale zugeschrieben, jedoch können eine „doppelte Alterung“ von Bewohnerschaft und Gebäudebeständen, die Konzentration sozial benachteiligter Haushalte sowie Verkäufe von Wohnungsbeständen an internationale Wohnungsanbieter zu Umbrüchen und ggf. zu Abwärtsspiralen führen. Was trägt dazu bei, ob es zu einer Modernisierung oder zu einer Abwertung kommt? Welche Möglichkeiten gibt es, diesen großen Wohnungsbestand der Nachkriegszeit weiterzuentwickeln? Da kleinräumige quantitative Studien zu baulichen und demographischen Veränderungen bislang fehlen, wurde am Beispiel der Stadt Hannover eine gebäudetypspezifische Analyse für Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre durchgeführt. Eine Clusteranalyse zeigte eine demographische Ausdifferenzierung der Bewohnerschaft und eine umfangreiche Primärdatenerhebung die unterschiedlichen Erneuerungszustände der Zeilenbauten. Mittels einer Kontingenzanalyse wurde der Einfluss der Eigentümerschaft und der stadträumlichen Lage auf den baulichen Zustand und auf die demographischen Veränderungen überprüft. Fünf qualitative Fallstudien sowie Experteninterviews mit Wohnungsunternehmen untersetzen die quantitativen Ergebnisse. Abschließend wurden Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Weiterentwicklung von Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre herausgearbeitet.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Ziel der Arbeit 1.2 Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre 1.3 Problemstellung 1.4 Stand der Forschung 1.5 Forschungsinteresse 1.6 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 2.1 Theorien zur Veränderung von Wohnungsbeständen 2.2 Bauliche Erneuerungen von Zeilenbauten 2.3 Demographische Veränderungen der Bewohnerschaft 2.4 Bedeutung der Eigentümerschaft 2.5 Bedeutung der Lage 2.6 Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Veränderungen von Zeilenbauten 2.7 Arbeitshypothesen und Forschungsfragen 3 Methodologie 3.1 Fallauswahl und methodisches Vorgehen 3.2 Quantitative Analyse von Veränderungen und Einflussfaktoren 3.3 Vertiefende Fallstudien 3.4 Zusammenfassung 4 Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre in Hannover 4.1 Heutige Entwicklung Hannovers 4.2 Wohnungs- und Städtebau in den 1950/60er Jahren 4.3 Bauliche Erneuerungen von Zeilenbauten 4.4 Demographische Veränderungen der Bewohnerschaft 4.5 Eigentümerschaft von Zeilenbauten 4.6 Zusammenführung 5 Vertiefende Fallstudien 5.1 Mittelfeld – Nord 5.2 Hainholz – Bömelburgviertel 5.3 Vahrenwald – Nord 5.4 Misburg – Kurt-Schumacher-Ring 5.5 Leinhausen – Bundesbahnsiedlung 5.6 Ausblick 6 Querschnittsanalyse und Zusammenführung 6.1 Bedeutung der Eigentümerschaft 6.2 Bedeutung der Lage 6.3 Zusammenführung der quantitativen und qualitativen Ergebnisse 6.4 Handlungsbedarf und Einflussmöglichkeiten 7 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 7.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse aus der Stadt Hannover 7.2 Wissenschaftlicher Beitrag und weiterer Forschungsbedarf 7.3 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / Zeilenbau apartment buildings of the 1950/60s were built as a social housing standard type after World War II. The stock offers small flats, good accessibility and comparably low rents. Over time, large 1950/60s districts with Zeilenbau have become problematic neighborhoods. For this PhD thesis, a sequential quantitative qualitative case study has been undertaken in the city of Hannover. Main investigations concerned demographic development of inhabitants, building renewal, as well as the influencing factors of ownership and urban context.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Ziel der Arbeit 1.2 Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre 1.3 Problemstellung 1.4 Stand der Forschung 1.5 Forschungsinteresse 1.6 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Theoretischer Hintergrund 2.1 Theorien zur Veränderung von Wohnungsbeständen 2.2 Bauliche Erneuerungen von Zeilenbauten 2.3 Demographische Veränderungen der Bewohnerschaft 2.4 Bedeutung der Eigentümerschaft 2.5 Bedeutung der Lage 2.6 Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Veränderungen von Zeilenbauten 2.7 Arbeitshypothesen und Forschungsfragen 3 Methodologie 3.1 Fallauswahl und methodisches Vorgehen 3.2 Quantitative Analyse von Veränderungen und Einflussfaktoren 3.3 Vertiefende Fallstudien 3.4 Zusammenfassung 4 Zeilenbauten der 1950/60er Jahre in Hannover 4.1 Heutige Entwicklung Hannovers 4.2 Wohnungs- und Städtebau in den 1950/60er Jahren 4.3 Bauliche Erneuerungen von Zeilenbauten 4.4 Demographische Veränderungen der Bewohnerschaft 4.5 Eigentümerschaft von Zeilenbauten 4.6 Zusammenführung 5 Vertiefende Fallstudien 5.1 Mittelfeld – Nord 5.2 Hainholz – Bömelburgviertel 5.3 Vahrenwald – Nord 5.4 Misburg – Kurt-Schumacher-Ring 5.5 Leinhausen – Bundesbahnsiedlung 5.6 Ausblick 6 Querschnittsanalyse und Zusammenführung 6.1 Bedeutung der Eigentümerschaft 6.2 Bedeutung der Lage 6.3 Zusammenführung der quantitativen und qualitativen Ergebnisse 6.4 Handlungsbedarf und Einflussmöglichkeiten 7 Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen 7.1 Diskussion der Ergebnisse aus der Stadt Hannover 7.2 Wissenschaftlicher Beitrag und weiterer Forschungsbedarf 7.3 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

China has adopted Sustainable Development as a national strategy for all industries. In civil construction sector, sustainability is regarded as the development of Green Building in China. Since 2000, China has introduced a series of policies and laws to promote Green Building. Green Building was defined as buildings that are “energy-efficient, land-efficient, water-efficient, and material-efficient” and emit “minimal pollution” in during its entire life cycle, and meets a specified standard for indoor environment at the same time. However, energy efficiency is the central issue of current Green Building development in China, while issues of resources and pollution are neglected, which is partly due to China’s energy structure. Social and economic aspects are also always ignored. The main aim of this thesis is to map pathways towards more comprehensive frameworks for how residential areas in China could be constructed in a more sustainable way in hot –summer and cold-winter area. Case study was the main method used to examine the specifications of Green Residential Building in China. This paper offers a general overview of the current green trend in China and presents a specific analysis on three cases to search for the proper approach for China’s unique situation by three specific cases representing three types of Green Building: Modern Vernacular Architecture, Eco-office and Mass-housing, according to their features in scale, location and function. This paper then presents a specific integrated sustainability analysis of the Landsea Housing Project in Nanjing, a hot-summer/cold-winter zone. Hammarby Sjöstad, a cutting edge project in Stockholm, is also discussed as a reference area from which experiences can be drawn for China. The aim was to improve the framework for construction of residential buildings in China in a more sustainable way, from energy efficiency to integrated sustainability. The paper also discusses the relationship between the economic growth and energy consumption in the fast-growing situation, presents several scenarios depicting energy and comfort and makes suggestions for China. The roles of government, developers and residents are also addressed. The paper argues that an adaptive and holistic approach, which must be expanded from both spatial scale and temporal span, should be established for the Green Residential Building development in China, as an effective way to meet the sustainability goal. / QC 20101013