Embora seja uma técnica tradicional, empregada largamente em processos industriais, a operação unitária de aeração pode ser otimizada ao se utilizar modelos matemáticos que descrevam seu comportamento hidrodinâmico. Diversas equações se prestam a esse fim, no entanto, avanços tecnológicos, tanto no campo instrumental como computacional, permitiram a obtenção de equações mais realísticas e abrangentes. Neste trabalho foram ajustadas e avaliadas equações para descrever três importantes parâmetros envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico: coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa, fração de vazios e velocidade ascensional de bolhas. Para tanto, ademais da utilização de conceitos teóricos amplamente difundidos no meio acadêmico, empregou-se um conjunto de dados já existente. Essa combinação permitiu a avaliação e aproximação das equações teóricas à realidade experimental através de coeficientes de ajuste empíricos. Foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: a) revisão bibliográfica e sugestão da correlação que melhor descreve o coeficiente volumétrico de transferência de massa; b) correlação que descreve a fração de vazios, a partir da analise da concentração de bolhas segundo distribuições gaussianas; c) correlação que descreve a velocidade ascensional de bolhas em plumas. A complexidade de cada parâmetro obtido deixou clara a importância da análise isolada, precedendo a convolução dos mesmos em um único modelo, pois embora as resposta e recomendações apresentadas não forneçam conclusões definitivas sobre todos os aspectos envolvidos na transferência de oxigênio em meio hídrico, suas considerações pontuais contribuem sobremaneira ao domínio do fenômeno global, beneficiando modelagens matemáticas futuras. / Although it is a traditional technique, widely employed in industrial processes, the unit operation of aeration can be optimized when resorting to mathematical models which describe their hydrodynamic behavior. A range of equations lends itself to this purpose, however, technological advances both in the instrumental as computational field, allowed the achievement of equations more realistic and comprehensives. In this study were adjusted and evaluated equations to describe three important parameters involved in the oxygen transfer in the hydric medium: volumetric mass transfer coefficient, void fraction and upflow bubble velocity. To this end, besides the use of theoretical concepts widely disseminated in the academic literature, it was employed a set of already existing data. This combination allowed the evaluation and approximation of theoretical equations to experimental reality by means of empirical adjustment coefficients. Were obtained the following results: a) literature review and suggestion of the best correlation which describes the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, b) correlation which describes the fraction of voids, from the analysis of the concentration of bubbles by Gaussian distributions, c) correlation which describes the upflow velocity of swarms of bubbles. The complexity of each parameter obtained made clear the importance of the isolated analysis, preceding the convolution of them in a single model because although the answers and recommendations given fail to supply definitive conclusions on all aspects involved in the transfer of oxygen in hydric medium, their specific considerations contribute to the knowledge of the global phenomenon, benefiting deeply future mathematical models.

The present work had as objective to study the hydration process of grains and its possible enhancement using the ultrasound technology. For that, it was studied the hydration kinetics of different grains (Andean lupin, Adzuki beans, sorghum grains and corn kernels) correlating the morphology with mathematical models and the mass transfer mechanisms. Moreover, the effect of the soaking water temperature and the grain initial moisture content were studied to complement the description of this process. The ultrasound application was studied for improving the hydration process, describing the possible mechanisms (direct and indirect effects) that improve the mass transfer process. Therefore, it was established the way by how water enters in the studied grains, demonstrating that the water transfer into the grains is a complex phenomenon and takes place not only due to diffusional mechanisms, but also by capillarity. In addition, suitable mathematical models were proposed and used to explain the processes, describing their parameters according to the grains morphology and the mass transfer mechanisms. Further, it was determined how ultrasound enhances the mass transfer and in which conditions the direct (inertial flow and sponge effect) and the indirect effects (micro channels formation by acoustic cavitation) take place in the process, maximizing the effect of this technology. Finally, it was demonstrated that the ultrasound technology enhanced the hydration process for corn kernels, reducing significantly the process time in approximately 35 %, without modifying the thermal, structural and rheological properties of their starch. In conclusion, the present work improved the description of the grain hydration phenomenon and proved that the ultrasound technology can be used to enhance this process without changing its main industrial component. It is highlighted that the obtained results are thus high desirable for both the industrial and academic point of view. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processo de hidratação de grãos e sua possível melhora usando a tecnologia do ultrassom. Estudou-se a cinética de hidratação de diferentes grãos (tremoço andino, feijão Adzuki, grãos de sorgo e grãos de milho) correlacionando a morfologia com modelos matemáticos e os mecanismos de transferência de massa. Também foi estudado o efeito da temperatura e o conteúdo de umidade inicial do grão para complementar a descrição deste processo. Estudou-se a aplicação do ultrassom no processo de hidratação descrevendo-se os possíveis mecanismos (efeito diretos e indiretos) que melhoram a transferência de massa. Como resultado, foi estabelecida a forma como a água entra nos grãos estudados, demostrando que a transferência de água dentro dos grãos é um fenômeno complexo e que acontece por difusão e capilaridade. Foram propostos e utilizados modelos matemáticos apropriados para explicar os processos, descrevendo os parâmetros de acordo com a morfologia dos grãos e os mecanismos de transferência de massa. Ainda, determinou-se como o ultrassom melhora a transferência de massa e em que condições do processo acontecem os efeitos diretos (fluxo inercial e efeito esponja) e efeitos indiretos (formação de micro canais pela cavitação acústica), maximizando o efeito dessa tecnologia. Finalmente, demonstrou-se que a tecnologia do ultrassom melhora o processo de hidratação de grãos de milho, diminuindo significativamente o tempo do processo em cerca de 35 % sem alterar as propriedades térmicas, reológicas e estruturais do seu amido. Como conclusão, o presente trabalho melhorou a descrição de como os grãos são hidratados, demonstrando que o ultrassom pode ser usado para melhorar o processo de hidratação de grãos sem alterar os seus principais produtos industriais. Ressalta-se que os resultados obtidos são desejáveis tanto do ponto de vista acadêmico quanto industrial.

<p>The thesis covers the following topics:</p> <p>1. aggregation and size effect on metal-polymer nanocomposite thermal interface materials</p> <p>2. diffusion limited cluster aggregation lattice simulation on thermal conductivty</p> <p>3. thermal interfacial resistance reduction between metal and dielectric materials by inserting an intermediate metal layer</p> <p>4. absence of coupled thermal interfaces in al2o3/ni/al2o3 sandwich structure</p> <p>5. ultra-efficient low-cost radiative cooling paints</p>

Le présent travail est consacré en premier lieu à l'investigation des limites de fonctionnement et de performances des machines frigorifiques à absorption et absorption-diffusion utilisant des mélanges d'alcanes comme fluides de travail et l'analyse en second lieu du processus d'absorption le long d'un absorbeur à film tombant en présence d'un gaz inerte. Dans le cas d'un refroidissement à l’eau les meilleures performances réalisées sont celles d'une machine utilisant le binaire C₃H₈/n-C₉H₂₀ avec un COP de l'ordre de 0.51 dans l'intervalle de la température de la chaleur motrice [110-125℃]. Une machine à absorption-diffusion utilisant ce même mélange en combinaison avec l’hydrogène permet de réaliser un COP de l'ordre de 0.44 pour une température de la chaleur motrice ne dépassant pas 120℃. Une étude approfondie est par suite menée sur l’absorption en présence d’un gaz inerte. Les résultats des l’étude ont montré entre autres que les deux résistances aux transferts de chaleur et de matière sont toutes les deux prédominantes en phase vapeur et ont révélé un taux d'absorption de l'ordre de 34% à travers une surface d'échange de 0.15m². Pour évaluer la réponse du système aux variations de ses principaux paramètres caractéristiques une étude paramétrique a été menée. Cette étude a permis d'appréhender le comportement complexe du processus d'absorption en présence d'un gaz inerte. / This work is aimed primarily to investigate the feasibility limits and the performance of absorption and absorption-diffusion cooling machines using light alkane mixture as working pairs and secondarily to analyze the absorption process along a falling film absorber in the presence of an inert gas. It is shown that in the case of water cooling the best performances are those of an absorption machine using the C₃H₈/n-C₉H₂₀ binary mixture with a COP of about 0.51 in the heat driving temperature range 110-125℃. A COP of about 0.44 is attained with an absorption-diffusion cooling machine using the same mixture in combination with hydrogen with a heat driving temperature of 120℃. A detailed study of the absorption process with the C₃H₈/n-C₉H₂₀ pair and hydrogen as inert gas is conducted. The study results show that the heat and the mass transfer resistances are both prevalent in the vapor phase. An absorption rate of about 34% through an exchange surface of 0.15m² is calculated. A parametric study is carried out to evaluate the system response to the changes of its main characteristic parameters. This study allows a better understanding of the complex behavior of the absorption process in the presence of an inert gas.

O reator anaeróbio de leito fixo tem demonstrado viabilidade para produzir hidrogênio a partir de águas residuárias. No entanto, a liberação do biogás não tem sido contínua devido à diminuição constante da carga orgânica volumétrica específica (COVe) causada pelo acúmulo de biomassa no leito ao longo do tempo. A redução da COVe junto com o envelhecimento da biomassa tem sugerido o estabelecimento de microorganismos consumidores dos constituintes do biogás (H2/CO2) responsáveis por cessar a produção de hidrogênio. Neste trabalho, cinco estratégias foram propostas visando a produção de hidrogênio por longo prazo operacional e com estabilidade, mediante a fixação da COVe, as quais incluíram a alteração da estruturação do leito, inverter o escoamento, realizar descartes periódicos de biomassa e variar a carga orgânica volumétrica aplicada (COV) por meio da variação do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e da concentração do substrato. Os resultados demonstraram que a manutenção da COVe em um valor adequado permite a produção contínua de hidrogênio. A ordenação do leito, utilizando polietileno de baixa densidade e espuma, e o escoamento descendente favoreceram a diminuição do acúmulo de biomassa e junto com os descartes de biomassa foi possível manter a COVe em um valor estável próximo de 5 g sacarose g-1 SSV d-1. A produção volumétrica de hidrogênio (PVH) foi contínua com valor médio de 0,6 L H2 L-1 d-1 e rendimento (YH2) próximo a 0,5 mol H2 mol-1 sc. Por outro lado, o escoamento ascendente e os descartes de biomassa em reator de leito empacotado e ordenado atingiram uma PVH média de 2,2 ± 0,2 e 3,13 ± 0,07 L H2 L-1 d-1 quando a COVe foi mantida em 2,6 e 4,4 g sacarose g-1 SSV d-1, respectivamente. Por último a variação da COV permitiu manter a COVe entre 3,8 e 6,2 g sacarose g-1 SSV d-1, atingindo um YH2 médio de 2 mol H2 mol-1 sc e um incremento da PHV de 2,4 a 8,9 L H2 L-1 d-1 durante 60 dias consecutivos. Ainda que com resultados satisfatórios referentes à manutenção por longo período operacional e estabilidade na produção de hidrogênio, a supersaturação deste gás no meio líquido, devido a limitações de transferência de massa, foi a principal causa de perdas de hidrogênio neste tipo de reator. / Fixed-bed, anaerobic reactor has been shown to be feasible for hydrogen production from wastewater. However, biogas release has not been continuous due to the continuous specific organic load (SOL) decrease, which in turn is caused by biomass accumulation in the bed, through the time. SOL reduction and biomass ageing have indicated the establishment of the microorganisms that consumes the biogas constituents (H2/CO2) as the main cause for ceasing hydrogen production. In this work, five strategies were proposed aiming at obtaining longterm, stable hydrogen production by using SOL maintenance, modifications of the bed structure, flow inversion, periodic biomass discards and diverse organic load rates (OLR), as a function of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and of the substrate concentration. Results demonstrated that by maintaining the SOL at proper values, continuous hydrogen production can be accomplished. On one hand, structuring the bed by using low-density polyethylene and foam, together with a down-flow and biomass discards were shown to diminish biomass accumulation, which led to keep a stable SOL value close to 5 g sucrose g-1 VSS d-1. Volumetric hydrogen production (VHP) was continuous with an average value of 0.6 L H2 L-1 d-1 and a yield (YH2) close to 0.5 mol H2 mol-1 sc. On the other hand, up-flow with biomass discharges, when implemented structured-bed and packed-bed reactors reached average VHP values of 2.2 ± 0.2 and 3.13 ± 0.07 L H2 L-1 d-1 as SOL was maintained between 2.6 and 4.4 g sucrose g-1 VSS d-1, respectively. Eventually, SOL was kept between 3.8 e 6.2 g sucrose g-1 VSS d-1 by varying the OLR, thus reaching an average YH2 value of 2 mol H2 mol-1 sc and a VHP increase from 2.4 to 8.9 L H2 L-1 d-1, along sixty consecutive days. As a consequence of mass-transfer limitations, oversaturation of hydrogen at the liquid medium was found as the main factor that causes hydrogen losses concerning fixed-bed reactors, even though the proposed strategies did indeed demonstrate long-term and stable hydrogen production.

La digestion anaérobie par voie sèche est un procédé de valorisation des déchets organiques qui est défini par une teneur en matière sèche supérieure à 15%. Ce procédé est particulièrement adapté aux déchets ligno-cellulosiques puisqu’il ne nécessite qu’un ajout limité en eau. Cependant, la digestion anaérobie est inhibée pour des teneurs en matière sèche élevées, due à une diminution des transferts gaz-liquide au sein du milieu qui provoquerait des accumulations locales de produits inhibiteurs comme les gaz dissous. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de comprendre le rôle des gaz dissous dans la digestion anaérobie par voie sèche à l’échelle microscopique et mésoscopique. Les principaux résultats montrent que l’hydrogène inhibe spécifiquement l’hydrolyse de la matière ligno-cellulosique à l’échelle microscopique. Cette inhibition est réversible en ajoutant du dioxyde de carbone, par consommation de l’hydrogène, avec cependant des effets rémanents inhibiteurs visibles sur la méthanogenèse et la dégradation de l’acétate. A l’échelle mésoscopique, la diminution des transferts de matière inhiberait l’hydrolyse, par l’accumulation locale d’hydrogène. De plus, un gradient de concentration d’hydrogène se met en place et serait responsable du gradient de concentration des acides gras volatils au sein du milieu. De plus, l’ajout de dioxyde de carbone à l’échelle mésoscopique avec un transfert gaz-liquide limitant augmente la concentration en acides gras volatils et baisse le pH du milieu, ce qui indique le rôle important du dioxyde de carbone dans la diminution des performances de la digestion anaérobie pour de fortes teneurs en matières sèches. / Dry anaerobic digestion is a method of organic waste treatment and conversion to bioenergy, defined by a total solid content over 15%. This process is particularly suitable for lignocellulosic residues since the quantity of water to be added for the process is rather limited. However, dry anaerobic digestion processes is inhibited for a high total solid content, due to a decrease of the gas-liquid transfer within the medium, which may cause local accumulations of inhibitory byproducts, such as dissolved gases. This thesis aims to better understand the role of dissolved gas in dry anaerobic digestion at microscopic and mesoscopic scale. It was shown that hydrogen can inhibit specifically the hydrolysis step of lignocellulosic residues at microscopic level. This inhibition was reversible after addition of carbon dioxide, with remaining inhibitory effect on the acetate degradation and methanogenesis. At mesoscopic scale, the decrease of the mass transfer inhibits the hydrolysis, by dissolved hydrogen accumulation. Moreover, a local hydrogen concentration gradient was present and seems responsible for a concentration gradient of volatile fatty acids in the medium. Moreover, adding carbon dioxide at mesoscopic scale, with a limited gas-liquid transfer, increased the volatile fatty acids concentration and decreased the pH, which showed the important role of carbon dioxide in the inhibition of anaerobic digestion under high dry matter content.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Hector Fontana.pdf: 3326725 bytes, checksum: 0537b69671db327278e7294ee7cfec00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / Monitoring water quality in the inner Continental Shelf (CS) has shown to be costly when conventional methods are employed. Orbital Remote Sensing appears as an alternative tool to monitoring important variables such as sea surface temperature (SST) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). This study aims at assessing spatial distribution of SST and SSC in the continental shelf area of the Brazilian State of Espírito Santo using, respectively, Band 2 (0.569&#956;m) and Band 6 (11.435&#956;m) data from Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor on board of satellite Landsat 5. Thus, a data bank was built out of 127 images pre-processed and registered by the TM sensor. Of these 127 images, only 4 were selected for SST and SSC analyses. During image pre-processing, geometric and reflectance corrections are made. Geometric correction is carried out based on a second image orthorectified so that there is correct georeferencing. Reflectance correction is performed using an atmospheric compensation model. Through this model, sea surface reflectance is obtained. SST is estimated based on the adjustment of Brightness Temperature (BT) derived from Band 6 with data from the Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MURSST). In case of not enough sediment field data to carry out curve adjustment, SSC calculation is performed using the empirical logarithm algorithm proposed by Tassan (1987), which uses Band 2 data. The corrected reflectance spectrum is compared to TOA reflectance spectrum. The corrected spectrum complied with the literature on natural targets analyzed: cloud, vegetation, water and water with sediments. Landsat BT adjustment with SST of MURSST showed to be significant, according to statistical F-test and to r2 = 0.87. Results of the 4 scenes for SST and SSC fields. For winter SST, a more homogeneous temperature of ~23ºC is observed, whereas the summer scene is characterized by thermal contrasts between the area closer to the coast (~21ºC) and the area further from the coast (~26ºC). Further, hotspot plumes associated to the mouths of Jucu and Doce Rivers and Espírito Santo Bay are also verified. For the SSC fields, higher-concentration plumes are observed, which are advected southeast. The highest concentrations are associated to the Doce River (over 60 mg/L). SSC values comply with the values reported in the relevant literature, i.e. close to the coastal line, in the summer scene, values of ~15mg/L were verified. On the other hand, for autumn and winter scenes, these values are about ~35mg/L. Both atmospheric correction and SSC distribution values found in this study are according to the data and studies reported in the relevant literature. Therefore, we can conclude that the method employed showed to be functional to process the data gathered in this study / O monitoramento da qualidade da água nas regiões internas à Plataforma Continental (PC) apresenta-se dispendioso quando são usados métodos convencionais. O Sensoriamento Remoto Orbital apresenta-se como uma ferramenta alternativa ao monitoramento de variáveis importantes como a Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) e a Concentração de Sedimentos em Suspensão (CSS). Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial da TSM e da CSS na região da PC capixaba usando, respectivamente, os dados da Banda 2 (0,569&#956;m) e da Banda 6 (11,435&#956;m) do sensor Thematic Mapper (TM) abordo do satélite Landsat 5. Sendo assim, é construído um banco de dados a partir de 127 imagens pré-processadas e registradas pelo sensor TM, e destas imagens, 4 foram selecionadas para a análise dos campos de TSM e CSS. No pré-processamento é realizada a correção geométrica e a correção da reflectância. A correção geométrica é realizada tomando como referência uma segunda imagem ortoretificada para que haja um correto georreferenciamento. A correção da reflectância é feita utilizando um modelo de compensação atmosférica, e através desse modelo é obtida a reflectância superficial da água do mar. A TSM é estimada a partir do ajuste da Temperatura de Brilho (TB) derivada da Banda 6 com os dados do produto Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (MURSST). Na falta de dados de campo de sedimento para realizar o ajuste de curva, o cálculo da CSS é feito utilizando o algoritmo logarítmico empírico proposto por Tassan (1987) que usa os dados da Banda 2. O espectro da reflectância corrigida é comparado com o espectro da reflectância TOA. O espectro corrigido mostrou-se condizente com o da literatura para os alvos naturais analisados: nuvem, vegetação, água e água com sedimento. O ajuste da TB do Landsat com a TSM do MURSST apresentou-se significante, segundo a Estatística teste F e com um r2 = 0,87. Os resultados das 4 cenas para os campos de TSM e CSS. Para a TSM de inverno observa-se uma distribuição de temperatura mais homogênea de ~23ºC, enquanto a cena de verão é caracterizada por contrates térmicos entre a região junto da costa (~21ºC) e a região mais afastada (~26ºC). Além disso, verificam-se plumas térmicas associadas às desembocaduras de rios, Jucu e Doce, e à Baía do Espírito Santo. Para os campos de CSS são observadas plumas de maior concentração sendo advectadas para sudoeste, sendo as maiores concentrações associadas ao Rio Doce, acima de 60 mg/L. Os valores de CSS apresentam-se em concordância com os valores reportados na literatura, de forma que, próximo à linha de costa, na cena de verão, são observados valores de~15mg/L. Já para cenas de outono e inverno os valores são entorno de ~35mg/L. Ambos os resultados, de correção atmosférica e de distribuição da CSS, apresentam-se em conformidade com os dados e trabalhos da literatura e portanto, concluiu-se que o método utilizado se mostrou funcional para o processamento dos dados deste trabalho

Pour répondre à un enjeu de santé publique, les entreprises de charcuterie ont fortement réduit la teneur en sel dans leurs produits cuits. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’apporter des éléments scientifiques qui permettent de répondre à la question suivante : jusqu’où est-il possible de diminuer la teneur en sel sans affecter la qualité du jambon cuit supérieur fabriqué sans polyphosphate ? Le travail s’est intéressé au traitement thermique et à deux phénomènes clés pour la qualité du jambon cuit : l’adhésion entre les muscles, qui permet d’assurer ensuite la tenue de tranche, et le transfert de masse qui définit le rendement à la cuisson de l’opération. L’adhésion de deux pièces de viande est liée à la formation d’un limon qui gélifie lors du traitement thermique. Notre étude confirme que la présence d’une faible teneur en sel améliore significativement l’adhésion. Par contre, dès que la concentration en sel dans la viande dépasse 0,8%, l’adhésion ne varie plus dans les conditions de malaxage imposées. Les résultats ont été interprétés par le fait que l’augmentation de la teneur en sel n’était pas suffisante pour modifier l’état de liaison entre le gel et la surface de la viande, là où se situerait la rupture. L’étude sur les transferts de masse confirme que la présence de sel entraîne une diminution des pertes de poids à la cuisson. Mais, dès que du sel est ajouté, l’effet de sa concentration sur la perte de poids est négligeable. Ainsi, dans nos conditions expérimentales, il serait possible de réduire la teneur en sel dans le jambon cuit jusqu’à 0,8% sans affecter le rendement de l’opération et l’adhésion. Un modèle a été développé afin de prédire, d’une part, les pertes de poids à la cuisson de produits faiblement salés et, d’autre part, leur sécurité microbiologique à l’issue du traitement thermique. Le modèle a permis de prédire l’effet des différents scenarii de fabrication sur le rendement et la valeur pasteurisatrice. Il pourra être utilisé pour optimiser la fabrication de produits de charcuterie cuite à faible teneur en sel. / Faced to public health issues, the charcuterie industries have begun to decrease salt content of the cooked products. This phD-work aimed at bringing scientific responses to know how far the salt content can be reduced in the cooked ham made without polyphosphate. The work was focused on the thermal treatment and on two key phenomena for the cooked ham quality: adhesion between muscles, which ensures ham sliceability and mass transfer, which determines the cooking yield. Adhesion between meat pieces is related to the tumbling exudate, which forms gel during the thermal treatment. Our study confirms that a low added salt content significantly increases adhesion, comparing to no added salt. However, as soon as the salt concentration in meat is greater than 0.8%, no impact on adhesion is observed under our tumbling conditions. The results have been interpreted by the fact that the increase of salt content is not sufficient to reinforce the bindings between the gel and the meat surface, where the rupture certainly takes place. The study of mass transfer confirms that adding salt leads to a decrease in the cooking loss. But, as soon as salt is added, the effect of its concentration is negligible. Under our experimental conditions, it would thus be possible to reduce the salt content in cooked ham to 0.8% without affecting cooking yield and adhesion. A model was built to predict the cooking loss in low salted pork meat and microbial safety after the thermal treatment. This model was used to predict the cooking yield and the pasteurizing value during different scenarios issued from the industries. Model can be used to optimize the industrial production of cooked ham which has been slightly salted.

Disponibilidade dos recursos energéticos junto com o despertar da consciência ambiental criaram um interesse por uma condição climática sensível compatível com os recursos disponíveis. Dentro desse cenário o trabalho se volta à necessidade de se criarem e manterem ambientes industriais termicamente adequados aos processos de produção para minimizar as interferências que as condições ambientais exercem sobre os custos dos processos de produtivos e sobre o consumo energético. Os sistemas de resfriamento evaporativo, por sua vez, têm sido a ferramenta de maior potencial de aplicação na criação de ambientes termicamente adequados aos processos. Este modelo revisto de conforto térmico nos coloca um passo à frente para o aumento eficiência energética na construção de projeto de climatização vinculados a temperaturas interiores que atendam conjuntamente tanto aos ocupantes como às atividades que desenvolvem no interior da área climatizada. Apesar de esse sistema apresentar vantagens operacionais, quando comparado a outros sistemas convencionais, existem certas limitações no seu desempenho. Uma das maiores dificuldades das instalações destes sistemas reside na existência de incertezas em qualquer resultado. Possibilitar um controle dos parâmetros, minimizando os erros de aplicação, evitando criar no ambiente um desconforto de tal grau que inviabilize sua aplicação, é o fundamento deste trabalho. A busca passa a ser pela garantia da aceitabilidade dos resultados do sistema projetado e seus limites de aplicabilidade. O estudo das variáveis que interferem no processo do resfriamento por micro aspersão permitiu desenvolver um processo que alterara esses parâmetros durante o funcionamento do sistema, interferindo, conforme a necessidade no seu desempenho, garantindo a completa evaporação da água micro aspergida. / Energy resources along with an environmental conscience awakening has created an interest in sensitive climate together with a more understanding regarding the use of available resources. Inside this scenario our work focus on the needs of creating and maintaining industrial environments thermally suited to these production processes that seeking to minimize interference that environmental conditions have on the costs of production processes and energy consumption. Evaporative cooling systems, in turn, has been a interesting tool to be used in the creation of thermally suitable environments to these processes. This new revised thermal comfort model puts us a step forward to increase energy efficiency in elaborating air treatment projects linked to indoor temperatures that meet both the occupants and the activities that develop inside the controlled area. Although this system has operational advantages when compared to other conventional systems, there are some limitations in their performance. A major difficulty of the installation envolving these systems is about the existence of uncertainty in any results. To allow the control of these parameters in order to minimize the errors in this kind of application and to avoid creating environmental discomfort to such a degree that prevent the implementation, it is the foundation of this work. The search is to ensure the acceptability of the results of the system designed and their limits of applicability. The study of the variables that affect the cooling process by misting allowed us to develop a process that altered these parameters during operation of the system, interfering, as required in its performance, ensuring complete evaporation of water applied by misting in the area.

Le transfert de masse et de chaleur dans les vêtements est un phénomène faisant appel àdifférents mécanismes physiques : les échanges de chaleurs sèches et les transferts de vapeur etde liquide. Ces mécanismes sont fortement influencés par les facteurs liés à la construction, laforme du vêtement par rapport à celle du corps et l’utilisation du vêtement. Ces facteurs peuventêtre optimisés en changeant la taille et la forme des différentes couches d’air emprisonnées entrela peau et les vêtements. La plupart des modèles mathématiques de vêtements font l’hypothèse que l’épaisseur d’air entrela peau et l’étoffe est uniforme, ou alors ils l’ignorent. La non-uniformité et de la non-linéaritédes transferts de chaleur et d’eau ne sont alors pas prises en compte. En effet, le processus detranspiration dépend non seulement de l’aire de contact et de l’épaisseur d’air emprisonnée entrela peau et le vêtement mais également de la région du corps. Nous proposons une méthode permettant de déterminer, avec une plus grande précision que lestechniques existantes, l’épaisseur d’air et l’aire de contact entre le corps et un vêtement à l’aided’une analyse avancée de scans 3D d’un mannequin homme nu et habillé. L’effet du tauxd’humidité sur l’aire de contact et l’épaisseur du film d’air a été étudié en fonction de la zone ducorps et ceci pour différentes tailles, structures de l’étoffe et fibres. Cette méthode contribue àévaluer de façon plus réaliste les échanges de masse et de chaleur au travers de plusieurs couchesde vêtements et ainsi de fournir des données d’entrée précises aux modèles pour la conception devêtements avec prise en compte du confort et de l’ergonomie. / The heat and mass transfer within the clothing system is a composition of a number of physicalprocesses, such as: dry heat and vapour and liquid water transfer. Factors associated with theconstruction and use of the garment, such as body posture and movement, and clothing fitinfluence these processes significantly. This is achieved mainly by changing the size and theshape of the different layers of air trapped between the skin and clothing. Most existing mathematical clothing models assume uniform air gap between the body and fabric layers or ignore it. However, this approach disregards the non-uniform and non-linear heat,vapour and liquid water transfer, which depend on presence of contact between surfaces and onthe shape of the air layers trapped within clothing and the body regions which are not equivalentin terms of sweating process. In this study, we propose a method to accurately determine the air gap thickness and the contactarea between clothing and the human body through an advanced analysis of 3D body scans of thenude and dressed body of a male manikin. This method allowed more accurate measurement ofthe air gap thickness and the contact area than other existing methods. Additionally, in two casestudies the effect of garment design and moisture gain in fabric combined with effects of bodypart, garment type and its overall and regional fit, fabric structure and fibre type were determined.Consequently, this method will contribute to a more realistic evaluation of heat and massexchange rates through clothing systems and provide more accurate input for ergonomic andcomfort design of clothing.