Cette étude porte sur la modélisation dynamique d'un pilote d'extraction liquide-liquide avec des contacteurs membranaires à fibres creuses. L'objectif de ce travail est donc le développement d'un outil de modélisation afin d'optimiser des contacteurs membranaires à fibres creuses pour l'extraction liquide-liquide dans deux applications différentes : l'extraction d'arômes et de cuivre des solutions aqueuses. Un modèle axial-radial et à fibre unique basé sur une analyse des résistances en série ont été décrits. Il a aussi été développé un modèle en régime transitoire capable de prédire la concentration en soluté dans les réservoirs d'alimentation en fonction du temps. Ces deux modèles ont été couplés afin de former un modèle dynamique intégré pour l'extraction liquide-liquide avec une unité membranaire. Une étude expérimentale a permis de déterminer le mécanisme d'extraction avec plusieurs systèmes et solvants et ainsi valider le modèle dynamique intégré. Le modèle a permis ensuite la détermination de l'influence de divers paramètres comme la configuration, la structure des membranes, l'hydrodynamique et les conditions de transport ou opératoires sur l'efficacité de la vitesse d'extraction. / The current study deals with the dynamic modelling of hollow fiber membrane contactor extraction plant. The objective of the study is to develop a simulation tool in order to optimize the membrane contactors for liquid-liquid extraction in two different applications: aroma and copper extraction from aqueous solutions. Axial-radial stage and single-fiber model of hollow fiber membrane contactor have been proposed based on resistance-in-series model. A separate dynamic model across reservoir has been developed based on macroscopic unsteady state mass transfer balance. Both models are, then, coupled to consolidate into an integrated dynamic model of the membrane-based solvent extraction plant. Experiments have been carried out to verify the reaction mechanism of various solvent extraction systems and to validate the integrated dynamic model. Model has been used to determine the influence of different module configurations, membrane structural para meters, hydrodynamic, transport and operating conditions upon the extraction efficiency and speed of extraction.

Malgré l'ampleur que prend la technologie sous atmosphère modifiée pour le conditionnement des fruits et légumes frais, l'adéquation des matériaux d'emballage avec les besoins des produits est insuffisante. D'une part parce que la conception de ces emballages repose encore sur des approches empiriques de type essai-erreur, et d'autre part parce que la plupart des matériaux disponibles sur le marché présentent des propriétés de transfert aux gaz trop restreintes compte tenu de la gamme de propriétés nécessaire pour couvrir les besoins de ces produits. En vue d'apporter des solutions à ces deux verrous, les travaux de thèse ont porté sur :-la mise en place et la validation d'une approche basée sur l'ingénierie reverse visant à identifier les propriétés de transfert requises ou cibles pour un végétal donné ;-l'étude des procédés de structuration à différentes échelles pour moduler les propriétés de transferts de papiers enduits de protéines de blé, issus de ressources renouvelables.Une démarche d'ingénierie reverse organisée en 5 étapes dont l'identification des besoins des produits et la prédiction des propriétés de transferts requises a été proposée et validée à travers la conception d'un papier enduit actif pour l'emballage sous atmosphère modifiée adapté à la conservation de fraises. Les différents procédés de structuration étudiés ont permis de produire des matériaux couvrant des gammes de permsélectivité allant de 5 à 18 et de perméance à l'oxygène allant de 0,02x10-10 à 2x10-10 mol.Pa-1.m-2.s-2, ce qui répond parfaitement aux besoins d'une sélection représentative de produits frais respirant. Que ce soit des papiers enduits par des procédés conventionnels (couche épaisse) ou des procédés innovants (nano-structuration couche par couche en présence de feuillets d'argile, montmorillonites), il est possible de moduler les propriétés de transferts aux gaz des papiers enduits soit en jouant sur le raffinage des papiers supports, le nombre de paires de couche (gluten/montmorillonite), ou encore en soumettant les matériaux ainsi obtenus à un balayage gazeux de CO2. Cette nouvelle approche et l'efficacité des matériaux protéiques à couvrir les besoins des fruits et légumes ouvrent la voie à la conception de nouveaux emballages mieux adaptés aux produits respirant. / Despite the growing importance of the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology for fresh fruits and vegetable preservation, the adequacy of the packaging materials with the produce needs remains a problem. On one hand because the packaging development approaches are still based on empirical trial and error methods, and on the other hand, because of the non-adequate gas transfer properties (too restricted to cover the large game of gas transfer properties required) of the vast majority of conventional synthetic plastics currently used for fresh food packaging. In order to overcome these hindrances, the thesis work was split on two parts:-the establishment and the validation of a new approach based on reverse engineering aiming to identify the optimal (targeted) properties for optimal preservation of a selected produce;-the study of the various structuration processes at different scales to modulated the gas transfer properties of bio-sourced wheat gluten coated papers.The new reverse engineering approach for MAP conception consisted in 5 steps including the definition of the produce needs and the prediction of the optimal gas transfer properties of the packaging, and was validated through the conception of an active optimal packaging for strawberry preservation. The different structuration processes studied allowed production of a gluten based materials able to cover ranges of permselectivity and oxygen permeations going from 5 to 18 and 0.02x10-10 à 2x10-10 mol.Pa-1.m-2.s-2, which perfectly matched the needs of a representative selection of fresh produce. Be it for conventional coating techniques (thick layer) or innovative processes (layer-by-layer nano-structuring of gluten/montmorillionites layers), it was possible to modulate the transfer properties of coated papers by changing the refining degree of the support paper, the number of layer pairs (gluten/montmorillionites) deposited, or even by submitting such materials to a CO2 treatment.This new approach and the efficiency of the protein-based materials for covering the fresh fruits and vegetable needs open the way for conception of new optimal packaging for respiring produces.

Les matériaux hygroscopiques, et tout particulièrement le bois et ses dérivés possèdent des propriétés complexes rendant difficile la modélisation des transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse dans les parois incluant ces matériaux. De ce fait, très peu d'outils numériques sont aujourd'hui capables de prédire correctement la performance hygrothermique de l'habitat bois. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser expérimentalement les transferts chaleur-masse dans les parois des constructions bois afin de valider un outil numérique destiné à simuler le comportement hygrothermique des parois comportant des matériaux hygroscopiques. Dans un premier temps, les notions théoriques et les études antérieures sur les transferts couplés chaleur - masse sont présentés. Ensuite, nous donnons un descriptif détaillé du dispositif expérimental conçu pour caractériser les transferts couplés chaleur-masse dans les parois. Les expériences de caractérisation des performances hygrothermiques des parois fournies par les industriels partenaires du projet TRANSBATIBOIS dans lequel s'inscrit cette thèse sont également abordées. Nous détaillons par la suite les expériences réalisées ainsi que la phase de confrontation des résultats expérimentaux avec les résultats prédits par le code numérique BuildingPore et l'outil commercial WUFI. La troisième partie de ce travail est consacrée aux expérimentations à l'échelle de l'enveloppe. Nous y présentons une analyse de la performance hygrothermique et des consommations énergétiques des constructions bois à travers le suivi de modules-test exposés au climat extérieur. La dernière partie du travail est consacrée aux dispositifs de suivi de bâtiments. / Coupled heat and moisture transfer through hygroscopic materials, particularly wood and wood-based products are difficult to model. This is partly due to some specific and complex properties of these materials that are often not included in numerical models. Currently, only a few numerical models are able to predict accurately the hygrothermal performance of wooden building envelope. The aim of this work is to assess the heat and moisture transfer in wooden building envelope through experiments and validate the prediction capacity of a numerical model developed to simulate hygrothermal behavior of envelope including wooden materials. After giving a theoretical reminder of the coupled heat and moisture transfer through building envelope and reporting the results of previous studies in this field, we will give details of the experimental investigation on heat and moisture transfer through timber walls. Firstly, the experimental apparatus used for the wall tests is presented. Then, we will analysis the hygrothermal performance of wooden walls provided by the partners of the TRANSBATIBOIS project in which this work was achieved. Experimental works achieved for Buildingpore model validation and results of the comparisons between experimental assessment and numerical predictions with Buildingpore and WUFI are also reported. The third part of this study deals with the experimental assessment of wooden building envelopes exposed to climatic conditions. An analysis of the hygrothermal performance and the energy consumption of wooden test-cells is performed and reported in this part. The latest part concerns experimental works on buildings.

Le transport par voie maritime s’est développé très rapidement durant la dernière décennie. Il constitue la solution idéale pour déplacer à faibles coûts d’importantes quantités de marchandises sur de longues distances. L’accroissement de ces échanges entraine inévitablement une augmentation de la fréquentation des routes maritimes, de la densité du trafic et donc du risque d’accident et de naufrage.Les quantités impliquées lors d’un accident étant importantes, un rejet sous-marin de produit chimique issu d’une épave peut provoquer de graves conséquences environnementales et humaines. Or, les mécanismes physico-chimiques apparaissant lors du transfert du produit à la surface sont encore mal compris. Ces mécanismes dépendent de nombreux paramètres dont les propriétés physico-chimiques intrinsèques au produit et celles propres à l’environnement de l’accident.Ce travail de recherche, réalisé en collaboration entre l’Ecole des Mines d’Alès et le Cedre, s’inscrit dans l’amélioration de la compréhension du comportement d’un rejet de produit chimique liquide, flottant et soluble issu d’une épave. Cette étude expérimentale a été réalisée selon 3 points :- La phénoménologie du rejet à la brèche dont l’objectif est de quantifier le débit et les modes de rejet,- Le comportement hydrodynamique du produit libéré et son évolution lors de la remontée dans la colonne d’eau,- Le transfert de matière du produit lors de sa solubilisation dans la colonne d’eau.Pour chaque point, les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux prédits par les corrélations disponibles dans la littérature afin de proposer une modélisation globale des conséquences adaptée à la gestion des pollutions marines. / Maritime transport quickly increases during the last decade. It is the cheapest way to transport large quantities of goods over long distances. The growth of this trade necessarily leads to an increase in the traffic density and therefore the risk of accident and sinking increases as well.The large amount of chemicals involved in an accident may threaten the environment and human health in case of shipwreck with underwater chemical release. Unfortunately the physicochemical mechanisms occurring during the transfer of a chemical to the sea surface are still poorly understood. Those mechanisms depend on various parameters such as the physicochemical properties of the chemicals and the specific properties of the accident surroundings. This research was conducted in collaboration with the Ecole des Mines d'Alès and Cedre in a global approach to understand the behaviour of liquid, floating and soluble chemicals released after a shipwreck. This experimental study has been carried out according to 3 main points:- The phenomenology of a release at the breach. The objectives are to quantify the flow rate and the release pattern,- The hydrodynamic behaviour of the released chemicals and their fate in the water column,- The mass transfer of the chemical during its solubilization in the water column.For each point, the results are compared to those predicted by correlations in the literature in order to propose a global model of consequences that is adapted to the marine pollution management.

La digestion anaérobie est un processus de transformation de la matière organique en biogaz riche en méthane. Les déchets solides sont le plus souvent traités par une technologie par voie sèche qui est caractérisée par des teneurs en matières sèches supérieures à 20%. Du fait de la faible teneur en eau, la digestion sèche présente de nombreuses inconnus scientifiques, tant au niveau microbiologique et physico-chimique. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre l'influence des parametres opératoires spécifiques à la digestion anaérobie par voie sèche sur les performances et le comportement des communautés microbiennes de ce processus. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'augmentation de la teneur en matières sèches au-delà de 30% et la diminution de la surface spécifique d'échange ont un effet négatif sur le processus de digestion anaérobie. En effet lorsque la teneur en matière sèche est supérieure à 30%, le transfert des gaz dissous du milieu réactionnel vers le ciel gazeux peut limiter la méthanisation. L'analyse des populations microbiennes montre la présence de bio-indicateurs bactériens liés au non fonctionnement de la digestion anaérobie. Ces bio-indicateurs sont des clostridium et sont présents quel que soit l'inoculum utilisé. L'étude des populations méthanogènes montre une sensibilité de ces microorganismes à leur environnement : des shifts de populations méthanogènes ont été observés en fonction de la concentration en matières sèches. Ce travail a permis d'accroître les connaissances dans le domaine de la digestion anaérobie sèche, ces connaissances pouvant contribuer à améliorer les performances des procédés. / Anaerobic digestion is the transformation of organic matter into biogas rich in methane. Solid waste is treated by dry anaerobic digestion process with a total solid content higher than 20%. The high solids content make the process difficult to control. The aim of this work is to study the influence of operating parameters specific to dry anaerobic digestion on performances and behavior of microbial communities. The results show that increasing the solids content higher than 30% and decreasing the specific surface area of change have a negative effect on the anaerobic digestion process. Indeed, when the solids content exceeds 30%, the transfer of dissolved gas from the reaction mixture to the headspace can limit anaerobic digestion. The analysis of microbial populations demonstrates the presence of bacterial bio-indicators related to no-functioning anaerobic digestion. These bio-indicators correspond to the clostridium genus and are present regardless of the inoculum source. The study of methanogenic Archaea shows a sensitivity of these microorganisms. Shifts in the methanogenic populations related to the concentration of total solids were observed. This work has improved the fundamental knowledge of dry anaerobic digestion which can help improve the performance of this process.

Master of Science / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Steven J. Eckels / Membrane dehumidification and evaporative cooling applications have the potential to significantly improve the energy efficiency of air conditioning equipment. The use of wire mesh media in such membrane applications is feasible but has not been studied extensively. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate the heat and mass transfer performance of several different wire mesh media in membrane based dehumidification and evaporative cooling. There were six wire mesh membranes tested in an experimental facility. The wire mesh membranes vary with respect to percent open area, wire diameter, pore size and material. Two non-permeable, solid membranes were also tested in the facility and compared with the wire mesh membranes. The test section of the experimental facility consists of a narrow air duct and a plate apparatus. The membrane samples were fashioned into rectangular plates and installed into the test section. The plate membranes separate liquid water and air flow streams. The inlet air temperature and humidity are altered to produce condensation or evaporation at the membrane surface. The average convective heat and mass transfer coefficient of the air boundary layer is measured for each of the experimental plates. Membrane based dehumidification and evaporative cooling were accomplished using the wire mesh media. However, the wire mesh membranes did not exhibit any significant differences in their performance. The mesh plates were compared with the solid plate membranes and it was discovered that the solid plates exhibited significantly higher heat transfer coefficients during condensation conditions. This result most likely is due to the formation of large water droplets on the solid plates during condensation. The experimental data is then compared to analytical predictions of the heat and mass transfer coefficients developed from several heat transfer correlations and by invoking the heat and mass transfer analogy. The experimental data is also compared directly with the heat and mass transfer analogy. It was found that the data did not compare well with the heat and mass transfer analogy. This result is attributed to the fact that the membrane surface limits the amount of direct exposure to the gas-liquid interface.

Sintering is an important processing step for obtaining the necessary mechanical stability and rigidity of ceramic bulk materials. Both mass and heat transfer are essential in the sintering process. The importance of radiation heat transfer is significantly enhanced at high temperatures according to the well-known Stefan-Boltzmann’s law. In this thesis, we modified the pressure-less spark plasma sintering set-up to generate intense thermal radiation, aiming at rapid consolidation of ceramic bulk materials. This approach was named as “Sintering by Intense Thermal Radiation (SITR)” as only thermal radiation contributed. Firstly, the heat and mass transfer mechanisms during the SITR process were studied by choosing zirconia ceramics as references. The results revealed that the multiple scattering and absorption of radiation by the materials contributed to the heat diffusion. The observed enhanced densification and grain growth can be explained by a multiple ordered coalescence of zirconia nanocrystals using high heating rates. Secondly, the temperature distribution during the SITR process was investigated by both numerical simulation and experimental verifications. It showed that the radiator geometry, sample geometry and radiating area were influencing factors. Besides, the change of material and geometry of the radiators resulted in an asymmetric temperature distribution that favored the formation of SiC foams. The foams had gradient structures with different open porosity levels and pore sizes and size distributions. Finally, ceramic bulk materials were successfully fabricated by the SITR method within minutes. These materials included dense and strong ZrO2 ceramics, Si3N4 foams decorated with one-dimensional nanostructures, and nasal cavity-like SiC-Si3N4 foams with hierarchical heterogeneities. Sufficient densification or formed strong necks were used for tailoring these unique microstructures. The SITR approach is well applicable for fast manufacture of ceramic bulk materials because it is clean and requires low energy consumption and properties can be controlled and tuned by selective heating, heating speed or temperature distribution. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

<p>Cilj doktorske disertacije je pobolj&scaron;anje hidrodinamičkih i<br />masenoprenosnih karakteristika airlift reaktora sa<br />spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom umetanjem samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera u uzlaznu cev. Uticaj ugradnje samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera na osnovne hidrodinamičke i masenoprenosne<br />osobine ispitivan je pri radu sa različitim tečnostima i<br />distributorima gasa. Rezultati su tumačeni poređenjem<br />vrednosti za sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, za brzinu<br />tečnosti u silaznoj cevi, i za zapreminski koeficijent<br />prenosa mase, dobijenih za dve konfiguracije reaktora (sa<br />i bez impelera).<br />Rezultati disertacije ukazuju da ugradnja samo-rotirajućih<br />impelera dovodi do znatnog razbijanja mehurova i<br />smanjenja srednjeg prečnika mehurova gasa, naročito u<br />viskoznim rastvorima karboksimetilceluloze. Prividna<br />brzina gasa, vrsta tečne faze i tip distributora gasa u<br />velikoj meri utiču na efikasnost samo-rotirajućih impelera.<br />Dobijene vrednosti sadržaja gasa u uzlaznoj cevi su do<br />47% veće u konfiguraciji sa impelerima u odnosu na<br />konfiguraciju bez impelera. Iako samo-rotirajući impeleri<br />predstavljaju dodatni otpor proticanju tečnosti, njihovom<br />ugradnjom je u svim ispitivanim sistemima postignuto<br />relativno malo smanjenje brzine tečnosti (oko 10%).<br />Zahvaljujući impelerima, zapreminski koeficijent prenosa<br />mase uvećan je do 82% pri manjim protocima gasa. Pri<br />većim protocima, koji odgovaraju uslovima rada koji se<br />sreću u većini fermentacionih procesa, postignute su oko<br />20-30% veće vrednosti zapreminskog koeficijenta prenosa<br />mase.<br />Pored empirijskih modela, u ovom radu uspe&scaron;no su<br />razvijeni i modeli ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža kojim se<br />predviđaju sadržaj gasa u uzlaznoj cevi, brzina tečnosti i<br />zapreminski koeficijent prenosa mase za obe konfiguracije<br />airlift reaktora sa spolja&scaron;njom recirkulacijom.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was intensification of<br />hydrodynamic and mass transfer properties of<br />external-loop airlift reactor by means of self-agitated<br />impellers mounted in the riser section. The influence<br />of impellers&rsquo; insertion on the main hydrodynamic<br />and mass transfer characteristics was investigated for<br />various liquid phases and sparger types. The values<br />of riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity and<br />volumetric mass transfer coefficient obtained in<br />configurations with and without impellers were<br />compared.<br />Results showed that the installment of self-agitated<br />impellers led to a significant bubble breakage and<br />decrease of bubble size, especially in viscous<br />carboxymethylcellulose solutions. The efficiency of<br />self-agitated impellers was immensely influenced by<br />superficial gas velocity, liquid phase, and distributor<br />type. Obtained riser gas holdup values were up to<br />47% higher in the configuration with impellers, in<br />comparison to the configuration wthout impellers.<br />Despite the fact that self-agitated impellers<br />represented an obstacle to liquid flow, relatively low<br />reduction of downcomer liquid velocity was attained<br />(about 10%). Furthermore, the insertion of impellers<br />induced up to 82% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient at lower superficial gas velocities.<br />At higher superficial gas velocities, i.e. conditions<br />mainly operated in various fermentation processes,<br />about 20-30% higher values of volumetric mass<br />transfer coefficient were achieved with impellers.<br />In addition to empirical correlations, artificial neural<br />network models were sucessfully developed to<br />predict riser gas holdup, downcomer liquid velocity<br />and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in both<br />external-loop airlift configurations.</p>

<div>In order to better understand and quantify the effect of instabilities in systems utilizing flow boiling heat transfer, the present study explores dynamic results for pressure drop, mass velocity, thermodynamic equilibrium quality, and heated wall temperature to ascertain and analyze the dominant modes in which they oscillate. Flow boiling experiments are conducted for a range of mass velocities with both subcooled and saturated inlet conditions in vertical upflow, vertical downflow, and horizontal flow orientations. High frequency pressure measurements are used to investigate the influence of individual flow loop components (flow boiling module, pump, pre-heater, condenser, etc.) on dynamic behavior of the fluid, with fast Fourier transforms of the same used to provide critical frequency domain information. Conclusions from this analysis are used to isolate instabilities present within the system due to physical interplay between thermodynamic and hydrodynamic effects. Parametric analysis is undertaken to better understand the conditions under which these instabilities form and their impact on system performance. Several prior stability maps are presented, with new stability maps provided to better address contextual trends discovered in the present study.</div><div>Further, this study utilizes experimental results for vertical upflow boiling of FC-72 in a rectangular channel with finite inlet quality to investigate Density Wave Oscillations (DWOs) and assess their potential impact on design of two-phase systems for future space missions. High-speed flow visualization image sequences are presented and used to directly relate the cyclical passage of High and Low Density Fronts (HDFs and LDFs) to dominant low-frequency oscillations present in transient pressure signals commonly attributed to DWOs. A methodology is presented to determine frequency and amplitude of DWO induced pressure oscillations, which are then plotted for a wide range of relevant operating conditions. Mass velocity (flow inertia) is seen to be the dominant parameter influencing frequency and amplitude of DWOs. Amplitude of pressure oscillations is at most 7% of the time-averaged pressure level for current operating conditions, meaning there is little risk to space missions. Reconstruction of experimental pressure signals using a waveform defined by frequency and amplitude of DWO induced pressure fluctuations is seen to have only moderate agreement with the original signal due to the oversimplifications of treating DWO induced fluctuations as perfectly sinusoidal in nature, assuming they occur at a constant frequency value, and neglecting other transient flow features. This approach is nonetheless determined to have potential value for use as a boundary condition to introduce DWOs in two-phase flow simulations should a model be capable of accurately predicting frequency and amplitude of oscillation.</div><div>Additionally, this study presents a new mechanistic model for Density Wave Oscillations (DWOs) in vertical upflow boiling using conclusions drawn from analysis of flow visualization images and transient experimental results as a basis from which to begin modeling. Counter to many prior studies attributing DWOs to feedback effects between flow rate, pressure drop, and flow enthalpy causing oscillations in position of the bulk boiling boundary, the present instability mode stems primarily from body force acting on liquid and vapor phases in a separated flow regime leading to liquid accumulation in the near-inlet region of the test section, which eventually departs and moves along the channel, acting to re-wet liquid film along the channel walls and re-establish annular, co-current flow. This process was modeled by dividing the test section into three distinct control volumes and solving transient conservation equations for each, yielding predictions of frequencies at which this process occurs as well as amplitude of associated pressure oscillations. Values for these parameters were validated against an experimental database of 236 FC-72 points and show the model provides good predictive accuracy and capably captures the influence of parametric changes to operating conditions.</div><div>Also, this study shows analysis of pressure signals in condensing systems reveal the presence of relevant oscillatory phenomena during flow condensation as well, which may impact performance in applications concerned with precise system control. Towards this end, the present study presents results for oscillatory behavior observed in pressure measurements during flow condensation of FC-72 in a smooth circular tube in vertical upflow, vertical downflow, and horizontal flow orientations. Dynamic behavior observed within the test section is determined to be independent of other components within the flow loop, allowing it to be isolated and interpreted as resulting from physical aspects of two-phase flow with condensation. The presence of a peak oscillatory mode (one of significantly larger amplitude than any others present) is seen for 72% of</div><div>vertical upflow test cases, 61% of vertical downflow, and 54% of horizontal flow. Relative intensities of this peak oscillatory mode are evaluated through calculation of Q Factor for the corresponding frequency response peak. Frequency and amplitude of peak oscillatory modes are also evaluated. Overall, vertical upflow is seen to exhibit the most significant oscillatory behavior, although in its maximum case amplitude is only seen to be 7.9% of time-averaged module inlet pressure, indicating there is little safety risk posed by oscillations under current operating conditions. Flow visualization image sequences for each orientation are also presented and used to draw parallels between physical characteristics of condensate film behavior under different operating conditions and trends in oscillatory behavior detected in pressure signals</div><div>Further, the present work outlines a new methodology utilizing temperature and pressure measurements to identify condensation flow regimes. For vertical upflow condensation, amplitude of dynamic temperature and pressure oscillations are shown to clearly indicate transition from counter-current flow regimes (i.e., falling film, oscillating film, flooding) to annular, co-current flow (climbing film flow regime). In horizontal flow condensation, standard deviation between multiple thermocouple measurements distributed around the tube circumference was calculated at all axial (stream-wise) measurement locations. High values of standard deviation are present for stratified flow (stratified flow, wavy-stratified, plug flow), while axisymmetric flow regimes (i.e., slug flow, annular flow) yield significantly lower values. Successful development of this technique represents a valuable contribution to literature as it allows condensation flow regime to be identified without the often-costly restriction of designing a test section to allow optical access. Identified flow regimes in both vertical upflow and horizontal flow orientations are compared to regime maps commonly found in the literature in pursuit of optimum performing maps.</div><div>Finally, the present study aims to better analyze the influence of body force on flow condensation heat transfer by conducting tests at multiple orientations in Earth’s gravity. Dielectric FC-72 is condensed in a smooth stainless-steel tube with 7.12 mm diameter and 574.55 mm condensing length by counterflow of cooling water across the outer surface of the tube. Test conditions span FC-72 mass velocities of 50.3 – 360.3 kg/m2s, test section inlet pressures of 127.0 – 132.1 kPa, and test section inlet thermodynamic equilibrium qualities of 0.13 – 1.15. A subset of data gathered corresponding to axisymmetric, annular condensation heat transfer is identified and a detailed methodology for data reduction to calculate heat transfer coefficient presented. Uncertainty analysis is also presented and indicates channel average heat transfer coefficients are calculated within ±3.6% to ±26.7% (depending on operating conditions). Analysis of parametric trends for condensation heat transfer reveals the dominant influence of mass velocity (flow inertia), secondary influence of vapor mass fraction (thermodynamic equilibrium quality), and strong dependence on orientation (body force) at low mass velocities. At higher mass velocities results for all orientations investigated begin to converge, indicating body force independent annular condensation heat transfer is achieved. Separated Flow Model predictions of vertical downflow condensation heat transfer provide reasonable agreement with experimental results, evidence by a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 31.2%. Evaluation of condensation heat transfer correlations for horizontal flow reveal most correlations struggle for cases with high liquid content. Specific correlations are identified for superior accuracy in predicting the measured data.</div>

La libération des composés d'arôme détermine la qualité aromatique des produits alimentaires, et contribue ainsi aux choix et préférences des consommateurs. Dans ce contexte, la compréhension et la modélisation de la cinétique de libération est un défi scientifique et un enjeu de santé afin de pouvoir formuler des produits en intégrant des critères nutritionnels et sensoriels. Ce travail de thèse a permis d'étudier et de modéliser les mécanismes en bouche responsables de la dynamique de libération des stimuli olfactifs lors de consommation d'un aliment liquide ou solide chez l'homme.<br />• Dans un premier temps, un modèle mécanistique décrivant la libération des composés d'arôme au cours de la consommation d'un aliment liquide ou semi-liquide a été développé. Ces produits ont un temps de résidence en bouche très court et ne nécessitent pas de manipulation intra-orale complexe. Le modèle a été construit sur la base de bilans de matière prenant en compte des mécanismes de transfert entre certains sous-compartiments du système, ainsi que les conditions spécifiques aux différentes étapes de la consommation. Une comparaison du modèle avec des données de libération in vivo lors de la consommation de fluides newtnoniens aromatisés avec du diacétyle et de l'hexanoate d'éthyle a été effectuée. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre le rôle du résidu post-pharyngé et de la viscosité sur la libération des composés d'arôme : • l'épaisseur du bol tapissant les muqueuses a pu être estimée à environ 15µm; • contrairement à l'hypothèse initiale, il a été mis en évidence que les propriétés pertinentes à prendre en considération pour la libération des composés d'arôme à partir d'un fluide newtonien sont celles d'un mélange de produit hautement dilué par la salive. • Dans un second temps, le modèle a été adapté à des produits nécessitant une mastication. Pour en rendre compte, de nouveaux mécanismes ont été intégrés: phénomènes de transfert de matière et de dissolution du produit dans la salive, génération d'une surface d'échange produit/fraction liquide du bol et l'ouverture vélopharyngienne lors de la mastication du produit. Le modèle a ensuite été confronté avec les données de libération du propanoate d'éthyle in vivo lors de la consommation de matrices fromagères modèles. Le modèle a pu être ajusté de façon satisfaisante à l'ensemble des données expérimentales et les deux paramètres inconnus de notre modèle (la vitesse d'incorporation moyenne de salive dans le bol au cours de la consommation et la fréquence d'ouverture du vélopharynx) ont pu être estimés. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre le rôle de la mastication sur la libération des composés d'arôme lors de la consommation d'aliments solides. De plus, l'étude de la libération de la 2-nonanone a permis de mettre en évidence un phénomène d'adsorption sur les muqueuses pour cette molécule. • Enfin, il ressort de la comparaison des deux modèles que les paramèters clés gouvernant la libération des composés d'arôme ne sont pas les mêmes selon la catégorie de produit (liquide ou solide) considérée: • lors de la consommation d'aliments liquides ou semi-liquides, le coefficient de transfert de matière dans le bol, la fréquence respiratoire de l'individu et l'épaisseur du résidu post-pharyngé sont les trois facteurs clés gouvernant la libération des composés d'arôme; • en revanche, lors de la consommation de produits solides mastiqués, ce sont la vitesse d'incorporation moyenne de salive dans le bol, la fréquence d'ouverture du vélopharynx et la durée de mastication qui sont les trois paramètres ayant un effet majeur sur les cinétiques de libération. La démarche de modélisation nous a permis de mieux comprendre les parts relatives du produit, de l'individu, et de l'interaction produit-individu sur la libération des composés d'arôme au cours de la consommation d'un aliment. / Delivery of aroma compounds to olfactory receptors determines the aromatic quality of food products and contributes to consumer choices and preferences. Therefore, understanding and modelling the release kinetic is a scientific challenge and a health issue in order to formulate products of both high nutritional and sensory quality. This thesis studied in-mouth mechanisms responsible of the dynamics of olfactory stimuli release during food consumption. • First, a mechanistic model describing the aroma compounds release during consumption of a liquid or semi-liquid food has been developed. These products have a very short in-mouth residence time and do not require complex intra-oral manipulation. The model takes into account mass balances, transfer mechanisms occurring between some sub-compartments of the system, and the specific conditions at the different stages of consumption. A comparison of the model predictions with in vivo release data during the consumption of Newtnonien fluids flavored with diacetyl and ethyl hexanoate was performed. This study highlighted the role of post-pharyngeal residue and viscosity on the aroma compounds release: • the thickness of bolus covering the mucous membranes has been estimated at about 15μm; • it was found that the relevant properties to be considered for the release of aroma compounds from a Newtonian fluid are those of a mixture highly diluted by saliva. • Second, the model previously developed was adapted for products requiring chewing. It takes into account the phenomena of mass transfer and dissolution of the product in the saliva during chewing. The generation of a product/liquid contact surface as well as the velopharyngial opening that occurs during the mastication of the product were also integrated into the model. The model was then confronted with in vivo release data for ethyl propanoate during consumption of four cheese matrices. All simulations have been satisfactorily fitted to experimental data and the two unknown parameters of our model (the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus and the frequency of velopharyngial opening) could be estimated. This study has enabled us to understand the role of mastication on the release of aroma compounds during consumption of solid food: • the opening of velopharynx during intra-oral manipulation of the product produces a continuous supply of aroma compounds in the nose; • the residence time of solid product in the mouth are much longer than for the consumption of liquid and semi-liquid foods, allowing the secretion of significant volumes of saliva. In addition, the study of the release of 2-nonanone highlighted an adsorption phenomenon on the mucous membranes for this molecule. • Finally, sensitivity analysis of the two release models indicates that: • when eating a liquid or semi-liquid food, the mass transfer coefficient in the bolus, the breath rate and the thickness of post-pharyngeal residue are the three key factors governing the release of aroma compounds; • however, when eating a solid food product, it is the average rate of saliva incorporation into the bolus during consumption, the frequency and duration of velopharyngeal opening, and the mastication time which are the three parameters that have major effects on the kinetics of release. The modeling approach allowed us to better understand the relative effects of the product, the individual, and individual-product interaction on the release of aroma compounds during food consumption. The results of this work indicated that the most important parameters depend on the category of product (liquid or solid) under consideration.