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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
351

Modelagem e simulação do processo de fermentação extrativa a vácuo com uma câmara de flash e separação do CO2 utilizando uma coluna de absorção / Modeling and simulation of the vacuum extractive fermentation process using a flash chamber and an absorption column for CO2 separation

Cohen Paternina, Lia Margarita 07 July 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Rubens Maciel Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:22:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CohenPaternina_LiaMargarita_M.pdf: 3628516 bytes, checksum: 16200d398e141c7876209c1a40dd5580 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O álcool etílico, também conhecido como bioetanol, apresenta características positivas para ser utilizado como combustível em larga escala, como custo relativamente baixo, ser menos poluente quando comparado com os combustíveis de origem fóssil e poder ser produzido a partir de uma matriz renovável por meio da fermentação de produtos de origem vegetal. O processo de fermentação alcoólica convencional é caracteristicamente inibitório, porque o álcool etílico produzido inibe o crescimento das células de leveduras, diminuindo o rendimento do processo. Portanto, o estudo do processo de produção de bioetanol, visando o aumento da eficiência de cada uma das etapas do processo é essencial. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo a simulação de um processo de produção de bioetanol baseado no conceito de fermentação extrativa a vácuo, na qual o etanol é retirado do meio fermentativo ao mesmo tempo em que é produzido, permitindo assim, que sua concentração no reator permaneça em níveis baixos durante o processo. Além disso, foi acoplada uma unidade de absorção para recuperação do etanol arrastado pela corrente de gases de fermentação. Este estudo foi realizado no simulador comercial ASPEN PLUS®. Para o cálculo das propriedades termodinâmicas no simulador, utilizou-se o modelo de equilíbrio termodinâmico NRTL-HOC (Non-Random Two-Liquid - Hayden-O'Connell), já que este descreveu adequadamente o comportamento da maioria dos sistemas binários presentes no processo. Através das análises de sensibilidade realizadas em estado estacionário, determinou-se as faixas de operação ótimas de cada unidade de processo (flash, coluna de absorção, entre outras.). Assim, foi determinando, que o processo de fermentação extrativa a vácuo apresentou maiores rendimentos (97,23%) frente ao processo convencional (96,59%) quando calculados com uma porcentagem de conversão de 93%. Para obter resultados mais reais na simulação do processo, foi programada uma unidade de fermentação baseada na modelagem matemática da fermentação alcoólica encontrada na literatura, a qual inclui parâmetros cinéticos estimados a partir de dados experimentais. Finalmente, esta unidade programada no modulo ASPEN CUSTOM MODELER foi exportada e acoplada à simulação do processo executada em ASPEN PLUS®. Com isso, foi possível simular um processo mais eficiente devido à diminuição da inibição celular causada pelo produto, além de recuperar o etanol arrastado pelos gases de fermentação / Abstract: The ethanol, also known as bioethanol, shows positive characteristics for being used as a large scale fuel, mainly because of the relatively low cost, low pollutant impact compared to fossil fuels and its feasibility of being produced from a renewable matrix through fermentation of vegetable origin products. The conventional fermentation process is typically inhibitory since the produced ethanol inhibits the yeast cells growth, reducing the yield of process. Therefore, improving the efficiency of bioethanol production is essential for reducing the production costs and it is necessary the study of each process step especially the fermentation one. In this context, this study aims the simulation of a bioethanol production process based on the concept of vacuum extractive fermentation in which the production and removal of ethanol occurs simultaneously, allowing low concentration levels into the during the process. In addition, it was coupled an absorption unit to recover the ethanol carried by the fermentation gases. This study was conducted in the commercial simulator ASPEN PLUS®. It was used the thermodynamic equilibrium model NRTL-HOC (Non Random Two Liquid- Hayden-O'Connell)for the estimation of thermodynamic properties in the simulator since it adequately describes the behavior of most binary systems present in the process. Through the sensitivity analysis performed in steady state, it was determined the optimum operating ranges of each process unit (flash, absorption column, among others.). Therefore, it was determined that the vacuum extractive fermentation process had higher yields (97.23%) compared to the conventional process (96.59%) when calculated with a conversion percentage of 93%. It was programmed, for obtaining the most accurate process simulation results, a fermentation unit based on a fermentation mathematical modeling found in the literature, which includes the kinetic parameters estimated from experimental data. Finally, this unit programmed into ASPEN CUSTOM MODELER module was exported and coupled to the simulation process executed in ASPEN PLUS®. As a result, it was possible to simulate a more efficient process due to the decreased in the cell inhibition caused by the product and it was recovered the ethanol dragged by the fermentation gases / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
352

Modelagem da cinética de transferência de massa no processo de extração supercrítica a partir de produtos naturais = Modeling of the mass transfer kinetics in supercritical fluid extraction of natural products / Modeling of the mass transfer kinetics in supercritical fluid extraction of natural products

Jesus, Susana Pereira de, 1984- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus_SusanaPereirade_D.pdf: 19153904 bytes, checksum: e8d3e5239f2dbe5f9d61e1e553bad266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A extração supercrítica consiste em uma operação unitária de separação na qual o solvente é um fluido no estado supercrítico, sendo que o dióxido de carbono (CO2) é o mais utilizado. Destaca-se por ser reconhecida como uma tecnologia limpa, alternativa aos métodos convencionais que em geral utilizam solventes orgânicos prejudiciais à saúde e ao meio-ambiente. O processo de extração supercrítica tem sido extensivamente estudado pela comunidade científica há mais de três décadas, o que resultou na construção de um sólido conhecimento sobre os principais fundamentos envolvidos neste processo, além da formação de uma ampla base de dados para descrever o comportamento de diferentes sistemas (CO2 + matriz sólida). É uma técnica de extração a alta pressão que começou a ser utilizada em escala comercial na década de 1980 e, desde então, o número de plantas em operação é crescente em algumas regiões como Europa, Ásia e Estados Unidos. Apesar disso, continua a ser considerada uma tecnologia emergente e inovadora, visto que os métodos convencionais ainda são predominantes em diversas aplicações industriais e, em muitos países (como é o caso do Brasil), a técnica ainda não é utilizada em escala comercial. A viabilidade técnica do processo de extração supercrítica já está consolidada e a tecnologia encontra-se disponível comercialmente. Além disso, pesquisadores da área afirmam que a técnica pode ser economicamente competitiva, dependendo da área de aplicação e do produto de interesse. Entretanto, a questão econômica ainda é considerada como o principal empecilho à disseminação desta técnica, pois os custos de investimento associados a uma planta de alta pressão são altos quando comparados à instalação de plantas que operam em baixas pressões. Diante deste cenário, considera-se importante a investigação de métodos de cálculo (modelagem e simulação) que possam ser aplicados no sentido de estimar parâmetros para design de processo e aumento de escala, os quais são requeridos em estudos de viabilidade econômica. No presente trabalho, dados disponíveis na literatura foram utilizados para estudar a modelagem matemática da transferência de massa no processo de extração supercrítica. Para tanto, dados cinéticos de matérias-primas diversas foram ajustados por meio da aplicação de diferentes modelos, tendo como foco avaliar a versatilidade e aplicabilidade dos mesmos em termos de design de processo. Os resultados demonstraram que o modelo spline e o modelo de Sovová foram eficientes na descrição quantitativa da curva de extração, além de apresentarem versatilidade para ajustar curvas com formatos diferenciados. O modelo spline apresentou os melhores ajustes e também menores erros na descrição da etapa CER (Constant Extraction Rate), a qual é a mais importante em termos de design de processo / Abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a solid-fluid separation technique in which the solvent is a fluid in the supercritical state, and the supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used one. It is recognized as a green technology and a versatile alternative to conventional extraction methods, which generally use organic solvents that are harmful to human health and environment. The SFE process has been extensively studied by scientific community for more than three decades. As a consequence, a solid knowledge about the fundamental concepts has been developed, and there is a huge amount of data to describe the behavior of different systems (CO2 + solid matrix). It is a high-pressure extraction method that has been carried out on a commercial scale since the 1980s. From that point on, a growing number of industrial plants have been operating in Europe, Asia, and USA. However, SFE can still be considered an emerging technology since the conventional methods remain the most used in various applications. Besides, this technique has yet not been applied on a commercial scale in several countries, such as Brazil. The technical feasibility of SFE process is consolidated and the industrial-scale technology is commercially available. Researchers in this field claim that costs of SFE may be commercially competitive, depending on application area and target products. Nonetheless, the economic aspects are still considered an obstacle in SFE technology dissemination. This happens especially because a high pressure process requires higher investment costs than a conventional low pressure plant. In this scenario, it is important to investigate calculation methods (modeling and simulation) that may be applied to estimate parameters for process design and scale-up, which are key points in studies of economic viability. In this work, the mathematical modeling of SFE mass transfer was investigated by using experimental data from literature. Then, different models were applied to fit the kinetic data of SFE from various raw materials. The main purpose was to evaluate the models by considering their versatility and applicability in terms of process design. The results showed that spline and Sovová¿s models have been very effective in describing the quantitative behavior of the extraction curves. Moreover, these models presented versatility in fitting different curve shapes. The spline model provided the best fits as well as the lowest residual errors in the CER (Constant Extraction Rate) period, which is the most important region for process design purposes / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos
353

Modelagens alternativas para a meningite no Maranhão / Alternatives modelings for meningitis in Maranhão

Paiva Júnior, Francisco Pessoa de, 1986- 05 April 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Rodney Carlos Bassanezi / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaivaJunior_FranciscoPessoade_M.pdf: 1984605 bytes, checksum: cff9b391d2d2e4dc68ca2d19ce4e20a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A modelagem matemática epidemiológica constitui uma ferramenta importante para o estudo do comportamento de doenças, entre outras coisas, ela é capaz de analisar a forma de propagação e apontar meios eficazes para a prevenção e erradicação dessas doenças. Tal modelagem é feita através do estudo de sistemas de equações diferenciais que descrevem a interação entre a população e a doença. Com base nisso este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar modelos matemáticos alternativos para o estudo do número de casos de Meningite ocorridos no Estado do Maranhão nos anos de 2001 a 2012. Este trabalho se divide em duas partes, na primeira delas será feito uma análise qualitativa dos modelos epidemiológicos matemáticos SI (Suscetível-Infectado), SIS (Suscetível-Infectado-Suscetível) e SIR (Suscetível-Infectado-Recuperado). Os modelos estudados foram analisados conforme a presença ou não de dinâmica vital, e ainda conforme os pontos de equilíbrio e o seu número de reprodutividade basal R0. Na segunda parte, os dados foram utilizados para formulação de 5 modelos alternativos para a doença, estes modelos diferenciam-se entre si, principalmente, por não haver uma constância no número de casos confirmados ano a ano; por isso, em alguns deles foram necessários utilizar equações que determinem uma certa periodicidade.Tais modelos propostos tem por objetivo fazer uma análise sobre a real situação da doença no estado e predizer o seu comportamento futuro, afim de que os resultados aqui encontrados sirvam de base para estudos posteriores / Abstract: The mathematical epidemiological modeling is an important tool for the study of behavior of behavior. Among other things, through this modeling we can analyze the form of disease spread and point effective means for its prevention and eradication. Such modeling is done through the study of systems of differential equations that describe the interaction between population and diseases. Based on that, this research aims to determine alternative mathematical models to study the number of cases of meningitis occurred in the state of Maranhão ¿ Brazil from 2001 to 2012. This work is divided into two parts. The first one will be a qualitative analysis of mathematical epidemiological models SI (Susceptible-Infected), SIS (Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible) and SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered). The models were analyzed according to the presence or absence of vital dynamics, and as the points of balance and the number of basal reproducibility R0. In the second part, the data contained in were used for 05 (five) alternative models formulation. They differ from each other mainly because there is no consistency in the number of confirmed cases from year to year, so in some of them it was necessary to use equations to determine a certain periodicity. These proposed models aims to perform an analysis of the actual situation of the disease in the state and predict their future behavior, so that the present results can provide basis for further studies / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada e Computacional / Mestre em Matemática Aplicada e Computacional
354

Modelagem matemática de baterias redox de vanádio / Mathematical modeling of vanadium redox batteries

Milton de Oliveira Assunção Junior 30 July 2015 (has links)
A modelagem matemática por meio de equações diferenciais é uma importante ferramenta para prever o comportamento de baterias redox de vanádio, pois ela pode contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento do produto e melhor entendimento dos princípios da sua operação. Os estudos de modelagem podem ser aliados à análise assintótica no intuito de promover reduções ou simplificações que tornem os modelos menos complexos, isso é feito a partir da observação da importância que cada termo exerce sobre as equações. Tais simplificações são úteis neste contexto, visto que os modelos geralmente abordam uma célula apenas - a menor unidade operacional da bateria - enquanto aplicações reais exigem o uso de dezenas ou centenas delas implicando em uma maximização do uso de recursos computacionais. Neste trabalho, foram investigadas múltiplas formas de reduções assintóticas que empregadas na construção dos modelos puderam acelerar o tempo de processamento em até 2,46 vezes ou reduzir os requisitos de memória principal em até 11,39%. As simulações computacionais foram executadas pelo software COMSOL Multiphysics v. 4.4, e também por scripts desenvolvidos em ambiente de programação MATLAB. A validação dos resultados foi feita comparando-os a dados experimentais presentes na literatura. Tal abordagem permitiu também validar as rotinas implementadas para a simulação dos modelos comparando suas soluções com aquelas providas pelo COMSOL. / Mathematical modelling using differential equations is an important tool to predict the behavior of vanadium redox batteries, since it may contribute to improve the device performance and lead to a better understanding of the principles of its operation. Modelling can be complemented by asymptotic analysis as a mean to promote reductions or simplifications that make models less complex. Such simplifications are useful in this context, whereas these models usually addresses one cell only the smallest operating unit while real applications demand tens or hundreds cells implying on larger computational requirements. In this research, several options for asymptotic reductions were investigated and, applied to different models, were able to speed up the processing time in 2.46× or reduce the memory requirements up to 11.39%. The computational simulations were executed by COMSOL Multiphysics v.4.4, also by in-house code developed in MATLAB. The validation of results was done by comparing it to experimental results available in literature. Additionally, correlating the results provided by COMSOL with the ones arising from the implemented sub-routines allowed to validate the developed algorithm.
355

Mathematical modeling of ripple- and oscillation-mark formation in the casting of steel / Modelagem matemática da formação de marcas ondulantes e oscilantes em lingotamento de aço

Marcos Zambrano Fernandez 07 August 2018 (has links)
Ripple marks and oscillation marks are undesirable defects which occur on the surface of solidified steel produced industrially in the ingot and the continuous casting processes, respectively; these defects are characterized by more or less evenly spaced indentations on the metal surface. Although the mechanisms for their formation are thought to be qualitatively understood, there is still considerable scope for improvement as regards quantitative mathematical modeling. In this thesis, models for the two processes are developed. For the case of ripple marks, transient twodimensional (2D) momentum and heat transfer in ingot casting is considered, and a criterion is derived, in terms of the process parameters, that can help to inform how to avoid such marks. For the case of oscillation marks in continuous casting, a novel numerical formulation for a transient 2D model is developed with the aim of tracking the spatial location of the first point of molten steel to solidify, since this determines the profile of the final oscillation mark. In both cases, the models are nondimensionalized, and the sizes of the dimensionless parameters that appear are used to derive asymptotically reduced models, with a view to not only clarifying the qualitative behavior, but also as a means to reducing the computational expense; both finite-difference and finite-element methods are used to solve the resulting model equations. One of the conclusions is that, although experimentalists and metallurgists have, in the past, treated the two cases as being linked, the present modeling approach shows quite clearly, and perhaps for the first time, how they quantitatively differ. / Marcas de ondulação e marcas de oscilação são defeitos indesejáveis que ocorrem na superfície do lingote de aço solidificado produzido industrialmente; esses defeitos são caracterizados por recortes mais ou menos uniformemente espaçados na superfície do metal. Embora se acredite que os mecanismos para sua formação sejam entendidos qualitativamente, ainda há considerável espaço para melhorias no que diz respeito à modelagem matemática quantitativa. Nesta tese, os modelos para os dois processos são desenvolvidos. Para o caso de marcas de ondulação, considera-se a transferência bidimensional e transitória (2D) de calor e de momento no lingotamento, e um critério é derivado, em termos dos parâmetros do processo, que pode ajudar a informar como evitar tais marcas. Para o caso de marcas de oscilação em lingotamento contínuo, uma nova formulação numérica para um modelo 2D transiente é desenvolvida com o objetivo de rastrear a localização espacial do primeiro ponto de aço fundido para solidificar, pois isso determina o perfil da marca final de oscilação. Em ambos os casos, os modelos são adimensionalizados, e os tamanhos dos parâmetros adimensionais que aparecem são usados para derivar modelos assintoticamente reduzidos, visando não apenas esclarecer o comportamento qualitativo, mas também como meio de reduzir o gasto computacional; ambos os métodos de diferenças finitas e elementos finitos são usados para resolver as equações do modelos resultantes. Uma das conclusões é que, embora os experimentalistas e metalúrgicos tenham, no passado, tratado os dois casos como estando ligados, a presente abordagem de modelagem mostra claramente, e talvez pela primeira vez, como eles diferem quantitativamente.
356

Mathematical Modeling of Novel Cancer Immunotherapies

January 2020 (has links)
abstract: Immunotherapy has received great attention recently, as it has become a powerful tool in fighting certain types of cancer. Immunotherapeutic drugs strengthen the immune system's natural ability to identify and eradicate cancer cells. This work focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitor and oncolytic virus therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors act as blocking mechanisms against the binding partner proteins, enabling T-cell activation and stimulation of the immune response. Oncolytic virus therapy utilizes genetically engineered viruses that kill cancer cells upon lysing. To elucidate the interactions between a growing tumor and the employed drugs, mathematical modeling has proven instrumental. This dissertation introduces and analyzes three different ordinary differential equation models to investigate tumor immunotherapy dynamics. The first model considers a monotherapy employing the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1. The dynamics both with and without anti-PD-1 are studied, and mathematical analysis is performed in the case when no anti-PD-1 is administrated. Simulations are carried out to explore the effects of continuous treatment versus intermittent treatment. The outcome of the simulations does not demonstrate elimination of the tumor, suggesting the need for a combination type of treatment. An extension of the aforementioned model is deployed to investigate the pairing of an immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-L1 with an immunostimulant NHS-muIL12. Additionally, a generic drug-free model is developed to explore the dynamics of both exponential and logistic tumor growth functions. Experimental data are used for model fitting and parameter estimation in the monotherapy cases. The model is utilized to predict the outcome of combination therapy, and reveals a synergistic effect: Compared to the monotherapy case, only one-third of the dosage can successfully control the tumor in the combination case. Finally, the treatment impact of oncolytic virus therapy in a previously developed and fit model is explored. To determine if one can trust the predictive abilities of the model, a practical identifiability analysis is performed. Particularly, the profile likelihood curves demonstrate practical unidentifiability, when all parameters are simultaneously fit. This observation poses concerns about the predictive abilities of the model. Further investigation showed that if half of the model parameters can be measured through biological experimentation, practical identifiability is achieved. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2020
357

Optimal Skill Levels for Seru Versus Assembly Line with Augmented Reality Training Considerations

Knisley, Jenna N. 10 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
358

Reducing waste with an optimized trimming model in production planning

Hallbäck, Sofia, Paulsson, Ellen January 2020 (has links)
In which ways can the process of trimming dispersion coated board products be optimized so as to reduce material waste and increase production efficiency? This is the question that this master thesis report seeks to answer. In paper production, alot of waste is generated when cutting production reels into customer reels. Some material waste are necessary in order to ensure good quality, however a large amount of the wastecould be reduced if the cutting process was to be optimized. During this project, carried out at a forest company, a mathematical optimization model was developed in order to reduce waste and save costs. This model is based on a cutting stock problem using column generation approach. It provides as its output cutting patterns and an optimal allocation of rolls for production purposes, which implies minimizing the number production rolls needed.The visualization of the results could also be used to achieve optimal stock levels, and easier keep track on how to use the material available in stock. Findings show that there are potential savings to be done. Simulations suggest an implementation of this model could result in material savings of around 7 %. This could also translateto environmental savings in CO2, where every decrease of one tonne material equals to adecrease in CO2emissions of 500 kg
359

On the use of traffic flows for improved transportation systems : Mathematical modeling and applications

Fredriksson, Henrik January 2021 (has links)
This thesis concerns the mathematical modeling of transportation systems for improved decision support and analysis of transportation-related problems. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop and evaluate models and methods that exploit link flows. Link flows are straightforward to obtain by measurements or estimation methods and are commonly used to describe the traffic state. The models and methods used in this thesis apply mathematical optimization techniques, computer simulations, and probabilistic methods to gain insights into the transportation network under study and provide benefits for both traffic managers and road users.  First, we present an optimization model for allocating charging stations in a transportation network to serve owners of electric vehicles. The model utilizes a probabilistic route selection process to detect locations through which vehicles may pass. It also considers the limited driving range of electric vehicles. The iterative solution procedure finds the minimal number of minimal charging stations and their locations, which provides a lower bound of charging stations to cover each of the considered routes. Second, we present a case study, in which we argue that stationary and mobile measurement devices possess complementary characteristics. In that study, we investigate how speed cameras and probe vehicles can be used in conjunction with each other for the collection of detailed traffic data. The results show that the share of successfully observed and identified vehicles can be significantly improved by using both stationary and mobile measurement devices. Third, we present a simulation model with the intent of finding the most probable underlying routes based on hourly link flows. The model utilizes Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest paths and uses a straightforward statistical test procedure to find the most significant routes in the network based on replicated movements of trucks. Finally, we investigate the possibility to study how the traffic flow in one location reflects the flows in the surrounding area. The statistical basis of the proposed model is built upon measured link flows to study the dispersion of aggregate traffic flows in nodes. By considering the alternative ways vehicles can travel between locations, the model is able to determine the expected link flow that originates from a node in a nearby region. The results of the thesis show that the link flows, which are basic descriptors of the road segments in a transportation network, can be used to study a broad range of problems in transportation.
360

Segmentace a modelování cévního stromu ve snímcích sítnice / Blood vessel segmentation and modeling in fundus images

Václavík, Jan January 2013 (has links)
Studies of the vascular tree in the retina have applications not only in the medical field but also biometrics. The mathematical description of the retinal vasculature could help facilitate and improve the diagnosis of certain diseases, their automatic localization or to accelerate the identification and verification of individuals. The aim is to design and develop an algorithm that will automatically approximate major retinal vessels by parabolic, linear and kvartic functions. The main part of this thesis is therefore devoted to this issue, including vascular segmentation using Gabor filters, morphological erosion, thresholding, skeletonization and the resulting optimization of the approximation model. The quality of the produced algorithm is discussed in the summary.

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