Dispersal propensity can vary considerably between individuals in a population. Understanding which individuals disperse- and under what circumstances these individuals disperse is valuable for conservation. Factors influencing juvenile movement and natal dispersal were studied in individually marked house sparrows, Passer domesticus, in an archipelago off the coast of Helgeland, northern Norway. Sex, clutch size, body size and body mass did not significantly explain variation in movement. Movement rate was however negatively related to hatch date on one of the islands. Moreover, there was a decrease in movement rate with increasing patch isolation and hostility of the matrix habitat. This study suggests that habitat configuration is an important factor determining movement of juvenile house sparrows, and that the environment experienced early in life may be related to movement propensity. I strongly recommend incorporating landscape features in further analyses of movement and dispersal rate.

Hydropeaking corresponds to the management of hydropower resources where electricity is produced in accordance with prices and demand. Although fully justified economically, hydropeaking may have adverse consequences for the aquatic ecosystem. Due to frequent and rapid fluctuations in water discharge hydropeaking could generate negative effects on the ecosystem downstream the outlet of the hydropower station. Frequent fluctuations in water discharge, altered temperature regime, substrate composition and vegetation cover can result in reduced macroinvertebrate density and variety downstream the outlet of hydropower stations. Furthermore, macroinvertebrates inhabiting the shallow zone could be exposed to stranding as a consequence of frequent dewatering of the river-margin.In order to provide environmental guidelines for the hydropower industry, it is essential to understand how changes brought upon hydropeaked rivers affect the aquatic ecosystem.We studied the effect of hydropeaking on the total macroinvertebrate density and on the density, diversity and species richness of the orders Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera in two hydropeaked rivers, the Bævra River and the Lundesokna River, in central Norway. Findings from the given study demonstrated negative effects on the macroinvertebrates, likely caused by hydropeaking. The results showed a lowered total density and a lowered density, diversity and species richness of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera in the locations exposed to frequent dewatering. In the permanently water covered location, however, there was less indication of a hydropeaking effect. These findings suggest that hydropeaking prevent establishment of normal benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the exposed shallow location, while the macroinvertebrate fauna in the permanently water covered location are less affected.

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Diploma thesis Design of software asset management tasks is focused on area of software asset management in business sector. In a time of still accelerating development of information and communication technologies is Software asset management (SAM) important component of ICT business management. Financial risks of failure to comply licensing terms or rules of licensing often exceed the value of owned software. However, the essence of SAM is not only in eliminating the financial risks, but also in enhancing ICT security or gaining competitive advantage while respecting the SAM principles. Main goal of this thesis is to analyze software asset management and design tasks to reference model of ICT management MBI. This theses is divided into two parts. First part characterizes SAM, licensing and related topics. First part is based on specialized sources and information from literary research. The output is a comprehensive summary of this issue, which serves as theoretical base for next part of this thesis. Second part is devoted to designing the task of Software asset management, the task of Software audit and defining its links to other objects in the MBI model. Furthermore, this thesis creates new objects like roles, methods or documents. Second part is based on theoretical base which was created in the first part and from consultations with IT field experts. The outputs are tasks which are implemented in the MBI model. Goal is fulfilled after creating these outputs. The benefits of this thesis are mostly the tasks extending MBI model and offering best practice for software asset management and software audit. Outcomes of this thesis should help users of reference model and IT community in general.

OBJETIVO: Dado que aparentemente no hay estudios científicos peruanos que lo describan la experiencia del burnout en sacerdotes peruanos formalmente vinculados al clero, así como en religiosas consagradas pertenecientes a una congregación, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar la estructura interna del MBI (una medida conocida de burnout), y explorar sus correlatos demográficos y con estudios previos realizados en Perú. METODO: fueron evaluados 63 religiosos (33 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 26.83 años. Se usó el MBI en su versión original, con ligeras modificaciones en su fraseo, para estimar la experiencia de burnout desde una perspectiva dimensional y no categórica. RESULTADOS: El análisis verificó la estructura interna del instrumento, y examinó el impacto de las variables demográficas sobre el MBI. Se halló una estructura interna aceptable y correspondiente con los estudios de validación factorial en la literatura. Por otro lado, el sexo de los participantes produjo más variabilidad comparado con otras variables demográficas. Por último, los puntajes promedio fueron similares a los de docentes de nivel primaria reportados en otros estudios peruanos. Se discute las implicancias de los resultados para comprender el burnout y otras experiencias emocionales en religiosos católicos. CONCLUSION: la estructura interna del MBI es replicable para propósitos de investigación en grupos; el sexo de los participantes produjo diferencias en despersonalización, y la intensidad de algunos de los componentes del burnout es comparable con algunos estudios en profesores peruanos.

Background: Sick leave within the police has increased in recent years and the highest increase has been seen among female police officers over 50 years.Objective: The aim of the present study is to identify the presence of physical symptoms, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of female police officers working with patrolling and police officers working with investigation in the North region of Sweden.Method: The study was conducted with web-based questionnaire, answered by female police officers: police officers working with patrolling (n=40) and police officers working with investigation (n=44) in the North region of Sweden. The survey consisted of a total of 37 questions. To measure burnout Maslach Burnout Inventory was used.Results: A significant difference was seen in the presence of the physical symptom headache between female police officers working with patrolling and female police officers working with investigation. The group working with investigation reported higher incidence of headaches than the group working with intervention. Furthermore the group working with patrolling have estimated depersonalization (DP) higher than the group working with patrolling (n=40) and police officers working with investigation (n=44) in the North region of Sweden. The survey consisted of a total of 37 questions. To measure burnout Maslach Burnout Inventory was used.Results: A significant difference was seen in the presence of the physical symptom headache between female police officers working with patrolling and female police officers working with investigation. The group working with investigation reported higher incidence of headaches than the group working with intervention. Furthermore the group working with patrolling have estimated depersonalization (DP) higher than the group working with investigation.

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) is native to Europe and North America and constitutes an important nutritional resource for both humans and animals. Over the years, a series of chemical analyses have revealed several health-beneficial compounds in bilberry, and with the current demand of the berries mainly covered by Sweden and Eastern Europe, there has become an increasing desire to cultivate bilberry in Norway. In order for such cultivation to be successful an increased knowledge about bilberry is seen as essential and thus several studies have investigated the chemical composition of the berry. However, the underlying genetic diversity and the variation between populations in biochemical compounds remain to be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the aim of present study was to investigate the differences in biochemical composition between populations of bilberry distributed on a latitudinal gradient, and estimate the level of genetic variation within and among the populations. This in order to examine whether biochemical composition was reflected by observed levels of genetic variation.Bilberries from four Norwegian populations at three regions differing in latitude were analysed for content of total phenolics (TPH), total anthocyanins (ACY) and antioxidant activity (FRAP). Furthermore, metabolic profiling was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal biochemical differences between the populations in content of sugars, acids and some simple phenolics. Multivariate statistics were performed and revealed a clustering of samples from the two locations in Mid-Norway, and a clustering of the northern with the southern population. In addition, there were found significant differences in some of the compounds between the populations.Genetic analyses using four microsatellites were carried out to examine whether metabolic differences between populations were reflected by genetic differentiation. Despite the significant differences between populations in the concentrations of some metabolites no significant genetic differentiation was found. Thus, it seems that the variation in biochemical compounds discovered among populations could be environmentally induced differences on a similar genetic background. However, due to the limited number of working microsatellites and the fact that these molecular markers are neutral, there is still a possibility that the genetic differences causing compound concentrations to differ could be so minor as to remain undetected. Hence, further studies utilizing more microsatellite markers or new state-of-the-art molecular techniques are needed to determine whether this result holds and is valid also for genetic variation in coding parts of the genome.

In Norway today no commercial exploitation of the wild growing Norwegian bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) exists. The market in other regions of Europe, North- and South-America is based on the utilization of cultivated Vaccinium species. V.myrtillus shows generally a higher content of biochemical compounds with health-beneficial properties. As a consequence of an increasing demand for healthier food, the Nordic Bilberry project started in 2008 with the major goal to find superior clones adapted for different regions with effective production of phytochemicals. In addition, a 4-years Norwegian Bilberry project aiming at cultivation and yield potential aspects, was launched the same year (NFR project no. 184797). The presented master projected was affiliated to this project focusing on phytochemical and genetic diversity in Bymarka. It is known that life history traits of a plant species influence the clonal diversity and structure within populations. In this thesis different phytochemical methods were used for detection of total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidants in berry and plant material from 4 different areas in the geographic restricted area Bymarka, were a total of 80 individuals were collected. Average values detected for total phenols were 490 mg/100 g, 155 mg/ 100 g for anthocyanins and 4 mmol/ 100 g for antioxidants. The results showed little variation among clones in the restricted area. 16 primer pairs for 16 microsatellite loci were tested but only 4 (NA741, NA961, CA421 and CA483) turned out to be of good quality. These microsatellite loci were used to estimate genetic variability within and between populations. Little genetic variation was detected between the different plots, and populations had similar levels of within-population genetic variation. The highest diversity both genetic and phytochemically was found in plot D with berries without any wax layer. This plot was also more genetically different from the other populations than the berries in the same location/area/plot with a wax layer, though no significant differences was found in FST, Heterozygosity observed, Heterozygosity expected or allelic richness (P<0.05). The result from this thesis could be used further for improvement of breeding strategies and selection of cultivars with high phenolic contents for production of quality food.

African savannah elephants play a vital role in the Serengeti ecosystem with the opportunity to alter the entire ecosystem by its sheer number. Management of these animals are therefore of high importance, but little genetic research has been done thus far in the ecosystem. Their recent traumatic history of poaching serves as a template for intriguing evolutionary theories and further understanding of elephant behavior. In this study it was investigated on the genetic structure and spatial differentiation of the elephants in Serengeti using a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker. A widespread sample size of 55 elephants were collected in three zones of the Serengeti National Park (West, North and Seronera) and analyzed for genetic diversity. The results gave the impression of a slightly outbreeding population with no ongoing subdivision (FST = -0.04864, p = 0.92082). A total of 7 haplotypes were obtained with one clearly being dominant (78.2 %). All collected haplotypes were compared to earlier studies using the same mitochondrial marker and having a wider perspective, with samples ranging across the sub-Saharan Africa. Results show that there is a possibility that the elephants now inhabiting the Serengeti are primary descendants of Northern populations coming from Kenya and Uganda, with additional individuals giving the impression that the Serengeti elephants are a mixture of individuals with historical connections from all over sub-Saharan Africa.

I denne masteroppgaven har det blitt utviklet primerpar for 17 humane PLA2-isotyper. Ved hjelp av primerene har vi påvist uttrykk av 17 PLA2-isotyper i HaCaT-keratinocytter, hvorav 11 av disse representerer førstegangspåvisninger i HaCaT. Funnene representerer økt kunnskap om PLA2-familien og viser at HaCaT uttrykker et mangfold av PLA2-isotyper. Primerene ble også benyttet til å kartlegge PLA2-uttrykk gjennom keratinocytters differensiering. Resultatene viser at 13 av 17 isotyper uttrykkes gjennom hele differensieringsprosessen, som indikerer at PLA2-enzymer spiller sentrale roller i lipidmetabolisme i human epidermis. PLA2G2A viste, som den eneste av de studerte isotypene, sterk oppregulering under differensieringen, som vitner om at enzymet kan spille en viktig rolle i de øvre strata i epidermis.Sammendrag Under utviklingen av primerparene ble human postnatal placenta tatt i bruk som antatt positiv kontroll for uttrykk av samtlige PLA2-isotyper. 8 av 17 primerpar detekterte mRNA i placenta, hvorav PLA2 gruppe 2D, 4C, 4D og 10 representerer førstegangspåvisninger i human placenta. Sammendrag Primerene utgjør et verktøy som gjør det mulig å kartlegge PLA2-uttrykk i alle humane celler og vev. Da diverse PLA2-isotyper har blitt vist å spille en sentral rolle i inflammasjonssykdommer ved å katalysere hydrolysen av arakidonsyre fra glyserofosfolipider, vil det være intressant å kartlegge PLA2-uttrykk i friskt vev versus betent vev. Primerene vil legge grunnlaget for økt forståelse av de mange PLA2-enzymenes funksjoner i inflammasjonssammenheng, og potensielt legge grunnlag for utvikling av målrettede medisiner mot kronisk inflammatoriske sykdommer.