O uso de geotecnologias pode contribuir de forma muito significativa para os estudos em geomorfologia. Considerando os principais componentes desta ciência, morfografia, morfometria, morfogênese e morfocronologia, os modelos digitais para a representação da superfície da Terra podem ser amplamente utilizados na aquisição de muitas destas informações. O uso de Modelos Digitais de Elevação (MDE) há alguns anos, já é uma realidade em estudos envolvendo geomorfologia. A sua utilização permite a aquisição de variáveis e parâmetros objetivos que podem servir à definição de critérios para o agrupamento de unidades geomorfológicas. Podendo, portanto, ser um instrumento valioso para mapeamento de áreas amplas em escalas de 1:50.000 e 1:100.000. Para tanto, é necessário definir os critérios coerentes e os algoritmos de segmentação que oferecem os melhores resultados para as diversas áreas de estudo. Os MDE gerados pela missão Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) são de vasta abrangência e contemplam todo o território nacional brasileiro. Portanto, os dados gerados pela missão podem ser uma importante fonte de informação para mapeamentos com metodologia única. O alcance deste objetivo não garante avanços metodológicos na cartografia geomorfológica, tendo em vista que a possibilidade de comparação entre diferentes cartas geomorfológicas de detalhe ainda é restrita. / Geotechnologies can contribute significantly to geomorphology studies. Whereas the main principles of this science, mophography, morphometry, morphogenesis and morphochronology, the digital models used to represent the Earth surface can be widely utilized in a bunch of these data. Lately, the use of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can be considered a reality in geomorphology studies. The utilization allows the acquisition of objective variables and parameters that can be suitable for definition of geomorphological units. Hence, can be a valuable tool for wide area mapping using 1:50.000 and 1:100.000 scales. For that reason, it is necessary to define coherent criteria and the proper segmentation algorithm in order to reach better results for different study cases. DEM provided by Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) are wide range and cover the whole national territory. Therefore, data provided by this mission can be an important information for a single methodology mapping project.

L'Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles (IDM) est un domaine de recherche en pleine émergence qui considère les modèles comme des éléments de base. Chaque modèle est conforme à un autre modèle, appelé son méta-modèle, qui définit sa syntaxe abstraite et ses concepts. Dans un processus IDM, différents types de modèles sont manipulés par des transformations de modèles. Une transformation génère un modèle dans un langage cible à partir d'un modèle dans un langage source. Pour concevoir une transformation, les développeurs doivent avoir une bonne connaissance des méta-modèles concernés ainsi que des langages de transformation, ce qui rend cette tâche difficile. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'assister l'écriture des transformations et plus généralement de comprendre comment une transformation opère. Nous adhérons à l'approche de transformation de modèles par l'exemple qui propose de créer une transformation de modèles à partir d'exemples de transformation. Cela permet d'utiliser la syntaxe concrète définie pour les méta-modèles, et cela évite donc de requérir que les développeurs aient une bonne maîtrise des méta-modèles utilisés. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons deux contributions. La première consiste à définir une méthode pour générer des règles de transformation opérationnelles à partir d'exemples. Nous nous basons sur une approche qui utilise l'Analyse Relationnelle de Concepts (ARC) comme technique d'apprentissage pour obtenir des patrons de transformation à partir d'un appariement de type 1-1 entre les modèles. Nous développons une technique pour extraire des règles de transformation opérationnelles à partir de ces patrons. Ensuite, nous utilisons le langage et le moteur de règles JESS pour exécuter ces règles. Nous étudions aussi comment mieux apprendre des règles de transformations à partir d'exemples, en utilisant séparément chaque exemple ou en réunissant tous les exemples. La deuxième contribution consiste à récupérer les traces de transformation à partir d'exemples de transformation. Ces traces peuvent être utilisées par exemple pour localiser des erreurs durant l'exécution des programmes de transformation ou vérifier la couverture de tous les modèles d'entrée par une transformation. Dans notre contexte, nous supposons que ces traces vont servir pour un futur apprentissage des règles de transformation. Nous traitons tout d'abord le problème de récupération des traces avec des exemples provenant d'un programme de transformation. Nous proposons une approche basée sur une méta-heuristique multi-objectifs pour générer des traces sous forme d'appariement de type n-m entre des éléments de modèles. La fonction objectif s'appuie sur une similarité lexicale et structurelle entre ces éléments. Une extension de cette méthode est proposée pour traiter le problème plus général de l'appariement entre modèles. / Model Driven Engineering (MDE) considers models as first class artifacts. Each model conforms to another model, called its metamodel which defines its abstract syntax and its semantics.Various kinds of models are handled successively in an MDE development cycle. They are manipulated using, among others, programs called model transformations. A transformation takes as input a model in a source language and produces a model in a target language. The developers of a transformation must have a strong knowledge about the source and target metamodels which are involved and about the model transformation language. This makes the writing of the model transformation difficult.In this thesis, we address the problem of assisting the writing of a model transformation and more generally of understanding how a transformation operates.We adhere to the Model Transformation By example (MTBE) approach, which proposes to create a model transformation using examples of transformation. MTBE allows us to use the concrete syntaxes defined for the metamodels. Hence, the developers do not need in-depth knowledge about the metamodels. In this context, our thesis proposes two contributions.As a first contribution, we define a method to generate operational transformation rules from transformation examples. We extend a previous approach which uses Relational Concept Analysis as a learning technique for obtaining transformation patterns from 1-1 mapping between models. We develop a technique for extracting relevant transformation rules from these transformation patterns and we use JESS language and engine to make the rules executable. We also study how we better learn transformation rules from examples, using transformation examples separately or by gathering all the examples.The second contribution consists in recovering transformation traces from transformation examples. This trace recovery is useful for several purposes as locating bugs during the execution of transformation programs, or checking the coverage of all input models by a transformation. In our context, we expect also that this trace will provide data for a future model transformation learning technique. We first address the trace recovery problem with examples coming from a transformation program. We propose an approach, based on a multi-objective meta-heuristic, to generate the textit{many-to-many} mapping between model constructs which correspond to a trace. The fitness functions rely on the lexical and structure similarity between the constructs. We also refine the approach to apply it to the more general problem of model matching.

Suite au paradigme de la planification énergétique intégrée des années 90 et le récent regain d'intérêt de la planification énergétique décentralisée, la Maîtrise de la Demande en Electricité (MDE) tend à tenir une place importante dans les futures activités de planification. En effet, la MDE représente une alternative intéressante pour atteindre les objectifs environnementaux et énergétiques fixés au système énergétique ou encore pour contrecarrer les problèmes d'approvisionnement en électricité, spécifiques à certaines régions. A partir de nos observations, nous avons constaté la présence d'actions de MDE à l'échelle locale, au moins dans le contexte français. Par conséquent, il y a un besoin de méthodes et d'outils d'évaluation d'impact d'action de MDE applicables à l'échelle locale. Autrement dit, ces méthodes et ces outils doivent être en mesure de prendre en compte les spécificités des territoires (physiques, sociales, géographiques, économiques, institutionnelles, etc.) Ces travaux visent à améliorer la finesse de la résolution spatiale des paramètres d'entrée d'un modèle d'évaluation des impacts de la MDE. En se basant sur un cas d'étude français (le projet PREMIO : architecture système de communication appliquée à l'échelle d'un quartier) et un modèle de simulation existant, nous avons étudié les impacts de cette expérience locale sur plusieurs communes.

Du fait de leur complexité croissante, le développement des systèmes embarqués et temps réel nécessitent conjointement l'application de principes de génie logiciel et l'application de techniques formelles. Le travail développé pendant cette thèse propose une approche et des outils basés sur les modèles. Ces modèles, basés sur UML (Unified Modeling Language), permettent de définir un style architectural appelé SAIA (Sensors Actuators Independent Architecture) dont l'objectif est le développement et la mise au point de systèmes temps réel en intégrant l'évolution et la variabilité des plateformes. On entend ici par plateforme les services de communication entre le système et son environnement physique, c'est-à-dire des opérations de lecture et d'écriture via les capteurs et les actionneurs.<br /><br />Pour répondre à cet objectif, l'idée de SAIA est de séparer clairement le modèle de plateforme du modèle de l'application. À cette fin, SAIA propose l'introduction d'une plateforme de communication abstraite avec le processus. Cette plateforme abstraite est composée d'entrées et de sorties utiles pour effectuer le contrôle, mais indépendantes d'une technologie de capteurs/actionneurs particulière. L'application est développée en se basant sur les services fournis par la plateforme abstraite.%Une application temps réel ne peut pas être validée en ne considérant que ses aspects fonctionnels.<br />La stabilité d'une application de contrôle et sa qualité de contrôle sont, entre autres, dépendantes des caractéristiques temporelles de la plateforme abstraite. Cette dernière est donc composée d'un ensemble de services ainsi que d'une description de ses caractéristiques temporelles (notées QoS pour Quality of Service). La description de la QoS de la plateforme abstraite reflète le comportement temporel, sous forme de omega-expression régulière de la plateforme abstraite pour laquelle l'application a le comportement souhaité. Ainsi, nous avons d'un côté un modèle de la plateforme abstraite et de la QoS permettant la correction de l'application et de l'autre un modèle de la plateforme réelle dont la QoS a été analysée. Afin de connecter la plateforme abstraite à la plateforme réelle, SAIA s'appuie sur un connecteur complexe. Ce connecteur complexe est un assemblage de composants, décrit formellement par des automates temporisés réalisant des services de formatage, d'interprétation, de fusion de données et enfin d'adaptation de la QoS.<br />Le connecteur complexe possède un comportement et modifie donc la QoS de la plateforme réelle. Afin d'évaluer l'impact du connecteur complexe sur la QoS de la plateforme réelle, une analyse formelle basée sur la simulation exhaustive du connecteur complexe est réalisée. Il est alors nécessaire de s'assurer que cette QoS nouvellement évaluée satisfait la QoS de la plateforme abstraite et permet ainsi la réalisation d'un système correct. La vérification de cette satisfaction est basée sur l'établissement d'un contrat de QoS. Dans SAIA, l'établissement d'un contrat de QoS est basé sur une relation de satisfaction (équivalence de trace) entre systèmes à transitions étiquetés. Enfin, SAIA a été mis en oeuvre à plusieurs reprises dont, lors de deux concours d'implémentation de robots d'exploration terrestre dans le cadre de workshop satellites de RTSS (Real Time System Symposium).

Non-functional requirements such as Security and Dependability (S&D) become more and more important as well as more and more difficult to achieve, particularly in embedded systems development. Such systems come with a large number of common characteristics, including real-time and temperature constraints, security and dependability as well as efficiency requirements. In particular, the development of Resource Constrained Embedded Systems (RCES) has to address constraints regarding memory, computational processing power and/or energy consumption. In this work, we propose a modeling environment which associates model-driven paradigm and a model-based repository, to support the design and the packaging of S&D patterns, resource models and their property models. The approach is based on a set of modeling languages coupled with a model-repository, search and instantiation engines towards specific development environments. These modeling languages allow to specify patterns, resources and a set of property models. These property models will allow to govern the use of patterns and their analysis for reuse. In addition, we propose a specification and generation process of repositories. As part of the assistance for the development of S&D applications, we have implemented a suite of tool-chain based on the Eclipse platform to support the different activities around the repository, including the analysis activities. The proposed solutions were evaluated in the TERESA project through a case study from the railway domain.

De nos jours la plupart des organisations pour ne pas dire toutes, dépendent des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) pour supporter plusieurs tâches et processus (quelquefois critiques). Cependant, dans la plupart des cas, les organisations et en particulier les petites entreprises accordent une importance limitée à l'information et à sa sécurité. En outre, sécuriser de tels systèmes est une tâche difficile en raison de la complexité et de la connectivité croissante du matériel et du logiciel dans le développement des TICs. Cet aspect doit alors être pris en compte dès les premières phases de conception. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une approche basée sur les modèles permettant de sécuriser des architectures logicielles en utilisant des patrons. Les contributions de ce travail sont : (1) un cadre de conception intégré pour la spécification et l'analyse d'architectures logicielles sécurisées, (2) une nouvelle méthodologie à base de modèles et de patrons et (3) une suite d'outils. Le fondement de l'approche associe un environnement basé sur des langages de modélisation pour la spécification et l'analyse des modèles d'architectures sécurisées et un dépôt à base de modèles d'artéfacts dédiés à la sécurité (modèle de patrons de sécurité, menaces et propriétés de sécurités) permettant la réutilisation de savoir-faire et de connaissances capitalisées. Pour cela on utilise des langages de modélisation pour la spécification et l'analyse de l'architecture. Le processus associé est constitué des activités suivantes : (a) analyse de risques à base de modèle appliquée à l'architecture du système pour identifier des menaces, (b) sélection et importation de modèles de patrons de sécurité, afin d'arrêter ou de mitiger les menaces identifiées, vers l'environnement de modélisation cible, (c) intégration de modèles de patrons dans le modèle d'architecture, (d) analyse de l'architecture obtenue par rapports aux exigences non-fonctionnelles et aux menaces résiduelles. Dans ce cadre, on s'est focalisé sur la vérification du maintien du respect des contraintes temporelles après application des patrons. La recherche de menaces résiduelles est réalisée à l'aide de techniques de vérification exploitant une représentation formelle des scénarios de menaces issus du modèle STRIDE et basés sur des référentiels de menaces existants (ex., CAPEC). Dans le cadre de l'assistance pour le développement des architectures sécurisées, nous avons implémenté une suite structurée d'outils autour du framework SEMCO et de la plateforme Eclipse Papyrus pour supporter les différentes activités basées sur un ensemble de langages de modélisation conforme à des standards OMG (UML et ses profils). Les solutions proposées ont été évaluées à travers l'utilisation d'un cas d'étude autour des systèmes SCADA (systèmes de contrôle et d'acquisition de données). / Nowadays most organizations depend on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to perform their daily tasks (sometimes highly critical). However, in most cases, organizations and particularly small ones place limited value on information and its security. In the same time, achieving security in such systems is a difficult task because of the increasing complexity and connectivity in ICT development. In addition, security has impacts on many attributes such as openness, safety and usability. Thus, security becomes a very important aspect that should be considered in early phases of development. In this work, we propose an approach in order to secure ICT software architectures during their development by considering the aforementioned issues. The contributions of this work are threefold: (1) an integrated design framework for the specification and analysis of secure software architectures, (2) a novel model- and pattern-based methodology and (3) a set of supporting tools. The approach associates a modeling environment based on a set of modeling languages for specifying and analyzing architecture models and a reuse model repository of modeling artifacts (security pattern, threat and security property models) which allows reuse of capitalized security related know-how. The approach consists of the following steps: (a) model-based risk assessment performed on the architecture to identify threats, (b) selection and instantiation of security pattern models towards the modeling environment for stopping or mitigating the identified threats, (c) integration of security pattern models into the architecture model, (d) analysis of the produced architecture model with regards to other non-functional requirements and residual threats. In this context, we focus on real-time constraints satisfaction preservation after application of security patterns. Enumerating the residual threats is done by checking techniques over the architecture against formalized threat scenarios from the STRIDE model and based on existing threat references (e.g., CAPEC). As part of the assistance for the development of secure architectures, we have implemented a tool chain based on SEMCO and Eclipse Papyrus to support the different activities based on a set of modeling languages compliant with OMG standards (UML and its profiles). The assessment of our work is presented via a SCADA system (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) case study.

Atualmente, o projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos está crescendo em complexidade devido à sua natureza heterogênea e ao crescente número e diversidade de funções que um único sistema desempenha. Sistemas de automação industrial, sistemas eletrônicos em automóveis e veículos aéreos, equipamentos médicos, entre outros, são exemplos de tais sistemas. Tais sistemas são compostos por componentes distintos (blocos de hardware e software), os quais geralmente são projetados concorrentemente utilizando modelos, ferramentas e linguagens de especificação e implementação diferentes. Além disso, estes sistemas tem requisitos específicos e importantes, os quais não representam (por si só) as funcionalidades esperadas do sistema, mas podem afetar a forma como o sistema executa suas funcionalidades e são muito importantes para a realização do projeto com sucesso. Os chamados requisitos não-funcionais são difíceis de tratar durante todo o ciclo de projeto porque normalmente um único requisito não-funcional afeta vários componentes diferentes. A presente tese de doutorado propõe a integração automatizada das fases de projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos focando em aplicações na área da automação. A abordagem proposta usa técnicas de engenharia guiada por modelos (do inglês Model Driven Engineering ou MDE) e projeto orientado a aspectos (do inglês Aspect-Oriented Design ou AOD) juntamente com o uso de plataformas previamente desenvolvidas (ou desenvolvida por terceiros) para projetar os componentes de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos. Adicionalmente, os conceitos de AOD permitem a separação no tratamento dos requisitos de naturezas diferentes (i.e. requisitos funcionais e não-funcionais), melhorando a modularização dos artefatos produzidos (e.g. modelos de especificação, código fonte, etc.). Além disso, esta tese propõe uma ferramenta de geração de código, que suporta a transição automática das fases iniciais de especificação para as fases seguintes de implementação. Esta ferramenta usa um conjunto de regras de mapeamento, que descrevem como elementos nos níveis mais altos de abstração são mapeados (ou transformados) em elementos dos níveis mais baixos de abstração. Em outras palavras, tais regras de mapeamento permitem a transformação automática da especificação inicial, as quais estão mais próximo do domínio da aplicação, em código fonte para os componentes de hardware e software, os quais podem ser compilados e sintetizados por outras ferramentas para se obter a realização/implementação do sistema tempo-real embarcado e distribuído. / Currently, the design of distributed embedded real-time systems is growing in complexity due to the increasing amount of distinct functionalities that a single system must perform, and also to concerns related to designing different kinds of components. Industrial automation systems, embedded electronics systems in automobiles or aerial vehicles, medical equipments and others are examples of such systems, which includes distinct components (e.g. hardware and software ones) that are usually designed concurrently using distinct models, tools, specification, and implementation languages. Moreover, these systems have domain specific and important requirements, which do not represent by themselves the expected functionalities, but can affect both the way that the system performs its functionalities as well as the overall design success. The so-called nonfunctional requirements are difficult to deal with during the whole design because usually a single non-functional requirement affects several distinct components. This thesis proposes an automated integration of distributed embedded real-time systems design phases focusing on automation systems. The proposed approach uses Model- Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques together with Aspect-Oriented Design (AOD) and previously developed (or third party) hardware and software platforms to design the components of distributed embedded real-time systems. Additionally, AOD concepts allow a separate handling of requirement with distinct natures (i.e. functional and non-functional requirements), improving the produced artifacts modularization (e.g. specification model, source code, etc.). In addition, this thesis proposes a code generation tool, which supports an automatic transition from the initial specification phases to the following implementation phases. This tool uses a set of mapping rules, describing how elements at higher abstraction levels are mapped (or transformed) into lower abstraction level elements. In other words, suchmapping rules allow an automatic transformation of the initial specification, which is closer to the application domain, in source code for software and hardware components that can be compiled or synthesized by other tools, obtaining the realization/ implementation of the distributed embedded real-time system.

L’avènement de l’IDM (Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles) a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt de la part des organisations qui de fait commencent à transformer leur processus de développement traditionnel en un processus de développement dirigé par les modèles, appelé aussi processus IDM.Au moment où ces processus commencent à émerger, nous notons l’absence d’un langage dédié pour les modéliser et les mettre en œuvre. Le standard SPEM 2.0 propose des concepts génériques qui sont supposés être capables de décrire tout type de processus logiciel. Cependant, les concepts de SPEM ne capturent pas la nature exacte des processus IDM. D’autre part, une autre insuffisance majeure de SPEM réside dans le fait qu’il n’intègre pas les concepts relatifs à la mise en œuvre des processus.L’objectif de cette thèse est triple : (1) proposer une extension de SPEM dans laquelle les concepts centraux des processus IDM sont réifiés ; (2) proposer un langage dédié à la modélisation comportementale des processus IDM ; (3) proposer une architecture conceptuelle d’un environnement logiciel d’aide à la modélisation et à la mise en œuvre des processus IDM.Pour valider notre approche, un prototype a été développé sous l’environnement TOPCASED. Ce prototype fournit d’une part un éditeur graphique pour la modélisation structurelle et comportementale des processus IDM et d’autre part un environnement de mise en œuvre s’appuyant sur les modèles comportementaux des processus. Nous avons également appliqué notre approche à une étude de cas significatif: le processus UWE (UML-based Web Engineering), qui est un processus IDM dédié au développement d’applications web. / With the emergence of MDE, many organizations have been starting to transform their traditional software development processes into model-driven processes. Kleppe and al. define a model-driven software development as “a process of developing software using different models on different levels of abstraction with (automated) transformations between these models”.While model-driven development processes – called MDE processes – have started to appear, a tool-supported Process Modeling Language (PML) for describing and enacting such processes is still lacking. The concepts of SPEM 2.0 are quite generic since they are supposed to allow describing any kind of software. However, SPEM 2.0 concepts do not succeed in capturing the exact nature of most activities and artifacts of model-driven development. In addition, another major weakness of SPEM 2.0 is the lack of concepts for process enactment.The objective of this thesis is threefold: (1) provide an extension of SPEM that reifies the MDE concepts; (2) provide a language dedicated to behavioral modeling of MDE processes; (3) provide a conceptual architecture of a PSEE (Process-centered Software Engineering Environment) that guides process designer at modeling phase and developers at enactment time.To validate our approach, a prototype of this PSEE is developed under the TOPCASED environment. This prototype provides a graphical editor for structural and behavioral modeling of MDE processes, and a process enactment engine based on process behavior models. We have also applied our approach to a significant case study: the UWE (UML-based Web Engineering) process, which is a MDE process dedicated to web applications development.

Atualmente, o projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos está crescendo em complexidade devido à sua natureza heterogênea e ao crescente número e diversidade de funções que um único sistema desempenha. Sistemas de automação industrial, sistemas eletrônicos em automóveis e veículos aéreos, equipamentos médicos, entre outros, são exemplos de tais sistemas. Tais sistemas são compostos por componentes distintos (blocos de hardware e software), os quais geralmente são projetados concorrentemente utilizando modelos, ferramentas e linguagens de especificação e implementação diferentes. Além disso, estes sistemas tem requisitos específicos e importantes, os quais não representam (por si só) as funcionalidades esperadas do sistema, mas podem afetar a forma como o sistema executa suas funcionalidades e são muito importantes para a realização do projeto com sucesso. Os chamados requisitos não-funcionais são difíceis de tratar durante todo o ciclo de projeto porque normalmente um único requisito não-funcional afeta vários componentes diferentes. A presente tese de doutorado propõe a integração automatizada das fases de projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos focando em aplicações na área da automação. A abordagem proposta usa técnicas de engenharia guiada por modelos (do inglês Model Driven Engineering ou MDE) e projeto orientado a aspectos (do inglês Aspect-Oriented Design ou AOD) juntamente com o uso de plataformas previamente desenvolvidas (ou desenvolvida por terceiros) para projetar os componentes de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos. Adicionalmente, os conceitos de AOD permitem a separação no tratamento dos requisitos de naturezas diferentes (i.e. requisitos funcionais e não-funcionais), melhorando a modularização dos artefatos produzidos (e.g. modelos de especificação, código fonte, etc.). Além disso, esta tese propõe uma ferramenta de geração de código, que suporta a transição automática das fases iniciais de especificação para as fases seguintes de implementação. Esta ferramenta usa um conjunto de regras de mapeamento, que descrevem como elementos nos níveis mais altos de abstração são mapeados (ou transformados) em elementos dos níveis mais baixos de abstração. Em outras palavras, tais regras de mapeamento permitem a transformação automática da especificação inicial, as quais estão mais próximo do domínio da aplicação, em código fonte para os componentes de hardware e software, os quais podem ser compilados e sintetizados por outras ferramentas para se obter a realização/implementação do sistema tempo-real embarcado e distribuído. / Currently, the design of distributed embedded real-time systems is growing in complexity due to the increasing amount of distinct functionalities that a single system must perform, and also to concerns related to designing different kinds of components. Industrial automation systems, embedded electronics systems in automobiles or aerial vehicles, medical equipments and others are examples of such systems, which includes distinct components (e.g. hardware and software ones) that are usually designed concurrently using distinct models, tools, specification, and implementation languages. Moreover, these systems have domain specific and important requirements, which do not represent by themselves the expected functionalities, but can affect both the way that the system performs its functionalities as well as the overall design success. The so-called nonfunctional requirements are difficult to deal with during the whole design because usually a single non-functional requirement affects several distinct components. This thesis proposes an automated integration of distributed embedded real-time systems design phases focusing on automation systems. The proposed approach uses Model- Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques together with Aspect-Oriented Design (AOD) and previously developed (or third party) hardware and software platforms to design the components of distributed embedded real-time systems. Additionally, AOD concepts allow a separate handling of requirement with distinct natures (i.e. functional and non-functional requirements), improving the produced artifacts modularization (e.g. specification model, source code, etc.). In addition, this thesis proposes a code generation tool, which supports an automatic transition from the initial specification phases to the following implementation phases. This tool uses a set of mapping rules, describing how elements at higher abstraction levels are mapped (or transformed) into lower abstraction level elements. In other words, suchmapping rules allow an automatic transformation of the initial specification, which is closer to the application domain, in source code for software and hardware components that can be compiled or synthesized by other tools, obtaining the realization/ implementation of the distributed embedded real-time system.

Atualmente, o projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos está crescendo em complexidade devido à sua natureza heterogênea e ao crescente número e diversidade de funções que um único sistema desempenha. Sistemas de automação industrial, sistemas eletrônicos em automóveis e veículos aéreos, equipamentos médicos, entre outros, são exemplos de tais sistemas. Tais sistemas são compostos por componentes distintos (blocos de hardware e software), os quais geralmente são projetados concorrentemente utilizando modelos, ferramentas e linguagens de especificação e implementação diferentes. Além disso, estes sistemas tem requisitos específicos e importantes, os quais não representam (por si só) as funcionalidades esperadas do sistema, mas podem afetar a forma como o sistema executa suas funcionalidades e são muito importantes para a realização do projeto com sucesso. Os chamados requisitos não-funcionais são difíceis de tratar durante todo o ciclo de projeto porque normalmente um único requisito não-funcional afeta vários componentes diferentes. A presente tese de doutorado propõe a integração automatizada das fases de projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos focando em aplicações na área da automação. A abordagem proposta usa técnicas de engenharia guiada por modelos (do inglês Model Driven Engineering ou MDE) e projeto orientado a aspectos (do inglês Aspect-Oriented Design ou AOD) juntamente com o uso de plataformas previamente desenvolvidas (ou desenvolvida por terceiros) para projetar os componentes de sistemas tempo-real embarcados e distribuídos. Adicionalmente, os conceitos de AOD permitem a separação no tratamento dos requisitos de naturezas diferentes (i.e. requisitos funcionais e não-funcionais), melhorando a modularização dos artefatos produzidos (e.g. modelos de especificação, código fonte, etc.). Além disso, esta tese propõe uma ferramenta de geração de código, que suporta a transição automática das fases iniciais de especificação para as fases seguintes de implementação. Esta ferramenta usa um conjunto de regras de mapeamento, que descrevem como elementos nos níveis mais altos de abstração são mapeados (ou transformados) em elementos dos níveis mais baixos de abstração. Em outras palavras, tais regras de mapeamento permitem a transformação automática da especificação inicial, as quais estão mais próximo do domínio da aplicação, em código fonte para os componentes de hardware e software, os quais podem ser compilados e sintetizados por outras ferramentas para se obter a realização/implementação do sistema tempo-real embarcado e distribuído. / Currently, the design of distributed embedded real-time systems is growing in complexity due to the increasing amount of distinct functionalities that a single system must perform, and also to concerns related to designing different kinds of components. Industrial automation systems, embedded electronics systems in automobiles or aerial vehicles, medical equipments and others are examples of such systems, which includes distinct components (e.g. hardware and software ones) that are usually designed concurrently using distinct models, tools, specification, and implementation languages. Moreover, these systems have domain specific and important requirements, which do not represent by themselves the expected functionalities, but can affect both the way that the system performs its functionalities as well as the overall design success. The so-called nonfunctional requirements are difficult to deal with during the whole design because usually a single non-functional requirement affects several distinct components. This thesis proposes an automated integration of distributed embedded real-time systems design phases focusing on automation systems. The proposed approach uses Model- Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques together with Aspect-Oriented Design (AOD) and previously developed (or third party) hardware and software platforms to design the components of distributed embedded real-time systems. Additionally, AOD concepts allow a separate handling of requirement with distinct natures (i.e. functional and non-functional requirements), improving the produced artifacts modularization (e.g. specification model, source code, etc.). In addition, this thesis proposes a code generation tool, which supports an automatic transition from the initial specification phases to the following implementation phases. This tool uses a set of mapping rules, describing how elements at higher abstraction levels are mapped (or transformed) into lower abstraction level elements. In other words, suchmapping rules allow an automatic transformation of the initial specification, which is closer to the application domain, in source code for software and hardware components that can be compiled or synthesized by other tools, obtaining the realization/ implementation of the distributed embedded real-time system.