Prédites en 1916 par Albert Einstein, puis détectées 100 ans plus tard par les collaborations LIGO et VIRGO, les ondes gravitationnelles constituent un outil prometteur pour observer l’univers sur des échelles toujours plus grandes. Cependant, pour accéder à de plus nombreux évènements, une des principales limitations des détecteurs provient du bruit thermique des couches minces composant leurs miroirs, couches minces non cristallines de SiO2 et Ta2O5 dopé TiO2.L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’origine microstructurale du bruit thermique de ces couches en utilisant les spectroscopies vibrationnelles pour, à terme, obtenir des matériaux plus performants. Il a notamment été observé que le bruit thermique diminue lorsque les miroirs sont recuits à faible température. Dans la silice, nous observons une restructuration du matériau lors du recuit qui semble suivre la diminution du bruit thermique. En particulier, un relâchement des contraintes a été constaté. En revanche, dans le Ta2O5, matériau de structure complexe et encore mal connue, l’effet du recuit sur la structure des couches apparaît plus limité, alors que celles-ci cristallisent facilement dès que la température augmente. Pour compléter la connaissance de ce matériau, des mesures in-situ hautes pressions ont été réalisées. Finalement, le rôle du dopage des couches de Ta2O5 par du TiO2 a été exploré / Predicted in 1916 by Einstein, then detected one hundred year later by the VIRGO and LIGO collaborations, the gravitational waves are a promising tool to observe the universe at scales always bigger. However, to detect a larger number of events, one of the main limitation of the detectors originates in the mirrors coatings thermal noise, thin non-crystalline layers composed of SiO2 and TiO2-doped Ta2O5. The aim of this work is to study the micro-structural origin of the layers thermal noise, by using vibrational spectroscopies, in order to, ultimately, process more efficient materials. Studies show a decrease of the thermal noise when the mirrors are annealed at low temperature. In silica, a structural reorganization happens during the annealing, following the evolution of the thermal noise. Notably, a stress relaxation has been observed. However, in Ta2O5, oxide with a complex structure not much studied, the impact of the annealing seems to be more limited, while the structure crystallizes easily as soon as the temperature increases. To complete our knowledge of this structure, in-situ high pressure measurements were conducted. Finally, the TiO2-doping effect of the Ta2O5 structures was studied

Dans le domaine automobile, les réductions de consommation de carburant et des émissions polluantes constituent des axes de recherches majeurs. Dans ce contexte, de nombreux efforts sont portés sur l’amélioration du rendement des boîtes de vitesses. Parmi l’ensemble des pertes générées dans une boîte de vitesses, les pertes par barbotage peuvent représenter une source de perte importante. Si différents modèles existent pour quantifier les pertes par barbotage, aucun d’entre eux ne prend en compte l’influence de la présence d’air dans le lubrifiant. Grâce à un banc d’essais spécifique, il est montré que l’aération de l’huile peut avoir un impact sur les pertes par barbotage. Un modèle original d’estimation des pertes dues à l’aération est alors développé. Ce dernier révèle que des propriétés du lubrifiant autres que la viscosité ou la masse volumique peuvent avoir une influence sur les pertes par barbotage. L’étude des pertes par barbotage conduit également à s’intéresser à ce mode de lubrification largement employé dans les boîtes de vitesses manuelles. Actuellement, la mise au point de cette méthode de lubrification souffre d’un manque d’informations portant principalement sur les débits mis en jeu lors du phénomène de projection d’huile par les pignons en rotation. L’analyse de ces débits d’huile est conduite au moyen d’un banc d’essais développé spécifiquement. Les nombreux résultats de mesures obtenus permettent de mieux appréhender ce phénomène de projection. Un modèle analytique est finalement proposé permettant d’estimer les débits d’huile projetée pouvant être utilisé lors de la mise au point de la lubrification d’une boîte de vitesses. / Reducing fuel consumption and automobile emissions are nowadays the main topics of research for the automotive industry. Therefore, the situation involves concentrating many efforts to improve gearbox efficiency. Churning losses may represent a significant source of loss among the losses generated in a gearbox. Several models have been developed to quantify churning losses but they do not consider the air present in the lubricant. The use of a specific test rig has revealed that oil aeration could have an impact on churning losses. A heuristic model estimating aeration induced losses has therefore been developed. The latter reveals that some unexpected lubricant's properties, apart from viscosity and density, may impact churning losses. Indeed, the study of churning losses also encourages learning more about this type of lubrication, widely used in manual gearboxes. There is currently a lack of information around the development of that method of lubrication. This lack of information bears mainly on the flows involved in the phenomenon of oil splashed up by the rotating gears. The analysis of the involved oil flows is carried out with a test rig designed for that purpose. Therefore, the numerous findings based on a series of measurements may help splash phenomenon to be better understood. Finally, an analytical model is proposed to help estimate the flow of oil splashed. Such model may be used for the development of gearbox lubrication.

Piston rings are installed in the piston and cylinder wall, which does not have a perfect round shape due to machining tolerances or external loads e.g. head bolts tightening. If the ring cannot follow these deformations, a localized lack of contact will occur and consequently an increase in the engine blow-by and lubricant oil consumption. Current 2D computational methods can not implement such effects – more complex model is necessary. The presented master’s thesis is focused on the developement of a flexible 3D piston ring model able to capture local deformations. It is based on the Timoshenko beam theory in cooperation with MBS software Adams. Model is then compared with FEM using software ANSYS. The validated piston ring model is assembled into the piston/cylinder liner and very basic simulations are run. Finally, future improvements are suggested.

The master's thesis deals and introduces a single-phase inductions machines, the principle of operation, types of design and operating conditions. This thesis includes analysis of individual losses in the machine and reduce the possibility of different ways. After a theoretical proposal for reducing losses are measured by mass-produced single-phase induction machine. Further machine modifications proposed for reducing losses in the stator windings and designed a prototype machine with the adjustment of the magnetic circuit to reduce iron losses made by ATAS elektromotory Nachod a.s. The results are supplemented by a simulation using software Maxwell RMxprt and finite element method (FEM). Finally, they are compared to each machines modifications mainly in terms of energy consumption.

Structures made of the thermoplastic polymer polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are widely used in dynamically-loaded applications due to their high-temperature resistance and high mechanical properties. To design these dynamic applications, in addition to the well-known stiffness and strength properties the vibration-damping properties at the given frequencies are required. Depending on the application, frequencies from a few hertz to the ultrasonic range are of interest here. To characterize the frequency-dependent behavior, an experimental approach was chosen and applied to a sample polymer PEEK. The test setup consists of a piezoelectrically driven base excitation of the polymeric specimen and the non-contact measurement of the velocity as well as the surface temperature. The beam’s bending vibrations were analyzed by means of the Timoshenko theory to determine the polymer’s storage modulus. The mechanical loss factor was calculated using the half-power bandwidth method. For PEEK and a considered frequency range of 1 kHz to 16 kHz, a storage modulus between 3.9 GPa and 4.2 GPa and a loss factor between 9 103 and 17 103 were determined. For the used experimental parameters, the resulting mechanical properties were not essentially influenced by the amplitude of excitation, the duration of excitation, or thermal degrad.ation due to self-heating, but rather slightly by the clamping force within the fixation area.

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