Os consumidores estão cada vez mais conscientes e informados sobre a relação entre ingestão de sódio e o desenvolvimento da hipertensão. Desta forma, a indústria de alimentos vem desenvolvendo numerosos produtos com baixo teor de sódio para atender às necessidades deste novo perfil de consumidores. O presente projeto estudou os impactos tecnológicos, sensoriais e microbiológicos em salsichas com teor reduzido de sódio, adicionadas de fosfato e cloreto de potássio. Foram realizadas avaliações em duas matrizes cárneas: a) com carne bovina e suína e b) de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de frango. Na primeira etapa foram estudadas emulsões, na qual a otimização do processo utilizou como técnica o planejamento fatorial com delineamento composto central rotacional - DCCR, baseado na Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, sendo as variáveis independentes: fosfato, cloreto de sódio e cloreto de potássio. Esta etapa foi realizada em sistema modelo obtendo as massas em mini cutter com todos os ingredientes previstos para obtenção de salsicha, variando os teores de fosfato, sal (NaCl) e cloreto de potássio (KCl). Na segunda etapa os melhores níveis de fosfato e KCl foram fixados e o cloreto de sódio continuou sendo avaliado em 3 níveis (1,00%, 1,30% e 1,75%), os tratamentos foram processados em planta piloto e realizados as análises físico-químicas, tecnológicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Os tratamentos foram monitorados ao longo de 56 dias nos produtos embalados à vácuo e estocados à 5 ± 2ºC em cinco períodos (1, 14, 28, 42 e 56 dias). Na emulsão de carne os melhores níveis de KCl e fosfato foram 0,85% e 0,25% respectivamente e na salsicha os tratamentos com 1,30 e 1,75% de NaCl apresentaram melhor desempenho na maioria das análises, principalmente na análise sensorial com consumidor. Já na emulsão de CMS os melhores níveis de KCl e fosfato foram 0,46% e 0,40%, respectivamente e na salsicha de CMS os tratamentos com 1,3% e 1,75% de NaCl apresentaram os melhores resultados principalmente na análise sensorial com consumidor. A redução da adição de 1,75% de NaCl para 1,3%, representa uma redução de cloreto de sódio de aproximadamente 25% e é viável do ponto de vista tecnológico, microbiológico e sensorial. / Consumers are increasingly aware and informed about the relationship between sodium intake and the development of hypertension with subsequent coronary problems. Thus, the food industry has developed numerous products with low sodium content to meet the needs of this new consumer profile. This project studied the technological, sensory, and microbiological impacts on low sodium sausages, with phosphate and potassium chloride added. Evaluations were performed in two meat matrices: a) beef and pork b) mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM). In the first stage, emulsions were studied, in which the optimization process used the technique of factorial design with a central composite design, based on Response Surface Methodology, and the independent variables were phosphate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride. This stage was performed in a model system obtaining the mass in a mini cutter with all the ingredients to obtain sausage with varying levels of phosphate, salt (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). In the second stage, the best levels of phosphate and KCl were fixed and sodium chloride remained rated at three contents (1.00 %, 1.30 %, and 1.75 %). The treatments were processed in a pilot plant and the physical/chemical, technological, microbiological, and sensorial analyses were performed. The treatments were monitored over 56 days in vacuum packaged products and stored at 5 ± 2°C in five periods (1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days). In meat emulsion, the best contents of KCl and phosphate were 0.85% and 0.25%, respectively. In sausage, the treatments with 1.30 and 1.75% NaCl showed the best performance in most analyses, mainly in the sensory analysis. In emulsion of mechanically recovered poultry meat, the best contents of KCl and phosphate were 0.46 % and 0.40 %, respectively, and sausage MRPM treatments with 1.3% and 1.75% NaCl showed the best results mainly in the sensory analysis. The reduction of 1.75% to 1.3% of NaCl represents a reduction of about 25% of sodium chloride and is viable in terms of technological, microbiological, and sensorial aspects.

Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T02:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victorino_LiliandeCassiaSantos_M.pdf: 5277168 bytes, checksum: e5687a933403067b06fe92026b2ebd0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: No Brasil, a grande procura pela utilizacao de fibras em produtos carneos e principalmente devido a sua alta capacidade de retencao de agua e consequente possibilidade de diminuicao de custo, alem dos apelos para a producao de itens mais saudaveis no contexto atual de consumo sem culpa. Com a expansao da atividade de corte de aves na industria, a quantidade de partes de menor valor comercial e de ossos com carne aumentou e a carne de frango mecanicamente separada (CMS) passou a ser uma materia-prima amplamente utilizada para a elaboracao de produtos carneos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adicao de fibras de cereais (trigo e aveia) sobre a qualidade fisico-quimica e sensorial de emulsoes carneas contendo elevadas proporcoes de carne de frango mecanicamente separada. O produto carneo emulsionado escolhido como sistema modelo para o estudo foi o pao de carne. Em um primeiro estudo foram testadas cinco formulacoes FA (5% de amido de milho), FB (2,5% de proteina isolada de soja), FC (5% de fibra de trigo), FD (5% de fibra de aveia) e FE (2,5% de fibra de trigo; 2,5% de fibra de aveia, 1,58% de proteina isolada de soja e 1,88% de amido de milho). Os resultados mostraram que a estabilidade de emulsao das amostras formuladas com fibra de trigo ou fibra de aveia pode ser melhorada com as propriedades de entumescimento do amido de milho e da proteina isolada de soja. Em um segundo estudo foi utilizado o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), adotando a metodologia de superficie de resposta para estudar os efeitos simultaneos de duas variaveis experimentais em tres niveis. Os resultados mostraram que a adicao de fibra de trigo e fibra de aveia ate 5% promoveu a estabilidade de emulsao e a capacidade de retencao de agua. Foram, entao, selecionadas duas formulacoes de pao de carne adicionadas de fibra de trigo e fibra de aveia e uma formulacao controle (sem fibra) para a avaliacao da estabilidade oxidativa e microbiologica durante o armazenamento refrigerado, nos tempos 0, 20 e 40 dias apos o processamento. As diferenças encontradas podem ter sido oriundas da variacao da materia-prima e processamento, nao especificamente da adicao de fibras / Abstract: In Brazil, the high demand for use of fibers in meat products is mainly due to its high water holding capacity and possibility to manufacture formulations with reduced cost, in addition to the claims for the production of healthier products in the current consumption without guilt. With the expansion of the activity in the industry of cutting poultry, the quantity of lower commercial value peaces and bone with meat has been increased and mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) has become a raw material largely used in meat products. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of addition of cereal fibers (wheat and oat) on the quality physico-chemicals and sensory properties of emulsioned meat product with high level of mechanically deboned chicken meat. The emulsioned meat product chosen as a model system for the study was the meat loaf. For the first study five formulations were tested: FA (5% of corn starch), FB (2.5% of isolated soybean protein), FC (5% of wheat fiber), FD (5% of oat fiber) and FE (2.5% wheat fiber, 2.5% of oat fiber, 1.58% of isolated soybean protein and 1.88% of corn starch). The results are shown that the stability of the emulsion samples made with wheat fiber or oat fiber could be improved with the enhancement properties of corn starch and isolated soybeans protein. For the second study was used Response Surface Methodology to evaluate the simultaneous effects of two experimental variables at three levels. The results showed that the addition of wheat fiber and oat fiber above 5% increased the emulsion stability and the water holding capacity. Therefore, two formulations of meat loaf added with wheat fiber and oat fiber and a formulation control (no fiber) were selected for the evaluating of oxidative and microbiological stability during refrigerated storage at times 0, 20 and 40 days after processing. The differences found could be originated from the variation of the raw material and processing, not specifically the addition of fibers / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

In the last few decades, there has been a shift to using more lightweight materials for the potential of fuel consumption reduction. In the Aerospace Industry, conventional metal structures are being replaced by advanced composite structures. The major advantage of an advanced composite structure is the huge reduction in the number of parts and joints required. Also composite materials provide better resistance to creep, corrosion, and fatigue. However, one cannot eliminate all the joints and attachments in an aircraft’s structure. Eliminating structural joints is impractical in present-day aircraft because of the requirements for inspection, manufacturing breaks, assembly and equipment access, and replacement of damaged structures. Currently, composite joints are overdesigned which leads to weight penalties. Understanding how to optimize the ultimate bearing strength of a composite joint by altering the cure cycle might be beneficial to the composite joint design process. This study investigates, through numerical and experimental analysis, the mechanical behavior of double shear joints. The first task is to test Aluminum double shear joint specimens inside the double shear joint fixture at a loading rate of 0.05 in./min. (quasi-static). The second task is to numerically model and validate the aluminum double shear joint specimen. The third task is to test the Unidirectional MTM 49 carbon fiber pre-preg double shear composite joint specimens with two different cure cycles and five different loading rates (0.05 in./min., 0.1 in./min., 1 in./min., 2 in./min. and 6 in./min.). The double shear composite joint specimens are made, using a heat press, with a quasi-isotropic laminate orientation of [0 0 +45 -45 +45 -45 90 90]s. The first cure cycle used is called the alternate cure cycle, which is Cytec’s MTM 49 Unidirectional Carbon Fiber pre-preg material cure cycle, and the second cure cycle used is called the datasheet cure cycle, which is Umeco's MTM 49 Unidirectional Carbon Fiber pre-preg material cure cycle. The recommended datasheet cure cycle and an alternate cure cycle are both compared to see how they affect the mechanical characteristics of the matrix along with the bearing stress. The fourth task is to adjust the Aluminum double shear joint numerical model for the double shear composite joint specimen. The numerical results for both the Aluminum and the composite specimens are in agreement with the experimental results. The theoretical in-plane material properties of the quasi-isotropic laminate were in agreement with the experimental results. One can see that at 0.05 in./min. and 0.1 in./min. (for both cure cycles) the composite double shear specimens carried more load compared to the higher loading rates of 1 in./min., 2 in./min. and 6 in./min. The tensile modulus of elasticity of an Aluminum sample is measured using a crosshead displacement, a strain gage and an extensometer. The crosshead displacement yielded very inaccurate results when compared to the strain gage and the extensometer.

La presente investigación alcanza una alternativa de utilizar los muros de suelo reforzado como estribos de puente en la mina Cuajone situado en el departamento de Moquegua, con el objetivo de comprobar si es posible que estas estructuras soporten las altas cargas de los camiones mineros que transitan por los “Haul Road” de la mina. Luego, se desarrolla los procedimientos de diseño estructural del muro MSE con la metodología LRFD según la norma AASHTO. Finalmente, se verifica los resultados que se obtuvieron mediante el modelo y el análisis de los elementos finitos del diseño consolidado en el software PLAXIS y se presentan las conclusiones del caso. En primer lugar, está el capítulo introductorio, que presentar de manera resumida y cualitativa el tema de la tesis y las motivaciones del caso. Se desarrolla el problema planteado y finaliza esta sección con la descripción de los antecedentes históricos de los muros MSE, hipótesis, objetivos y alcances de la presente investigación. Asimismo, se describe de manera extendida los conceptos de los muros MSE, ventajas, desventajas, tipos de sistemas, tipos de refuerzo, tipos de paramentos y sus aplicaciones. Además, se presentan los pasos diseño de los muros como estribo de puente y el procedimiento del análisis sísmico de estos. Finalmente, se describen los conceptos del método de elementos finitos y el análisis del software PLAXIS. En el segundo lugar; se presentan el material y método, considerando el nivel y diseño de investigación, variables y técnicas que se emplearon para poder desarrollar de manera satisfactoria el argumento de la presente tesis. En el tercer lugar, se presentan los resultados de acuerdo a cada objetivo planteado. Al finalizar esta sección, se presentan los desplazamientos de muro MSE como estribo de puente modelado en el software PLAXIS, concluyendo con la afirmación o la negación de la hipótesis. Por último, se presenta las conclusiones, comentarios y recomendaciones de acuerdo al desarrollo y resultados de la presente investigación. / The present investigation achieves an alternative use of the reinforced soil walls as bridge abutments in the Cuajone mine in the department of Moquegua, with the objective that these structures bear the high loads of the mining trucks that transit through the "Haul Road" of the mine. Then, the structural design procedures of the MSE wall are followed with the LRFD methodology according to the AASHTO standard. Finally, the results obtained by means of the model and the analysis of the finite elements of the consolidated design in the PLAXIS software are verified and the conclusions of the case are presented. In the first place, there is the introductory chapter, the summary and qualitative presentation of the topic of the thesis and the motivations of the case. The problem raised and finalized in this section was developed with the description of the historical background of the MSE walls, hypotheses, objectives and scope of the present investigation. In the next chapter, we describe how to extend the concepts of MSE walls, advantages, disadvantages, types of systems, types of reinforcement, types of walls and their applications. In addition, the steps of the walls are presented as bridge abutment and the procedure of the seismic analysis of these. Finally, the concepts of the finite element method and the analysis of the PLAXIS software are described. In the second place; It presents the material and the method, the level and design of the research, the variables and the techniques used to successfully develop the argument of the present thesis. In the third place the results are presented according to each objective. At the end of this section, the displacements of the wall are presented as a work program in the PLAXIS software, concluding with the affirmation or denial of the hypothesis. Finally, the conclusions, comments and recommendations are presented according to the development and results of the present investigation. / Tesis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18933号 / 工博第3975号 / 新制||工||1612(附属図書館) / 31884 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 亮, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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I rotaxaner följs förflyttningen av makrocykeln vanligtvis med 1H-NMR spektroskopi. Målet med detta projekt är i stället att utveckla ett system som möjliggör att förflyttningen av makrocykeln kan observeras med hjälp av luminiscerande lantanid emission. Detta bör vara ett kraftfullt verktyg, då luminiscerande emission skulle möjliggöra att makrocykelns position längs med tråden kan avläsas direkt med blotta ögat. För att lantanid-baserade system ska kunna luminiscera krävs det att en aktiverande antennmolekyl finns i närheten av lantaniden. I detta projekt placerades en lantanidligand i den ena stoppande änden av en [2]rotaxan och en antennmolekyl sattes på den trådade makrocykeln. En förändring av pH:t medför att makrocykeln förflyttas närmre till lantanidliganden, vilket i sin tur medför att antennen aktiverar lantaniden och den luminiscerande emissionen startar. Baserat på styrkan av luminiscensen bör man då kunna avgöra makrocykelns position i rotaxanen. I framtiden hoppas vi kunna använda detta visualiseringsverktyg för att kunna börja använda rotaxaner som biosensorer för medicinsk diagnostik. / In rotaxanes, the movement of the macrocycle is usually tracked using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The goal of this project is to instead develop systems so one can follow the macrocycle movement through luminescent lanthanide emission. This should be a powerful tool, as luminescence emission would allow for a direct visual readout of the macrocycle position along the thread with the naked eye. To allow luminescence in lanthanide-based systems, a sensitizing antenna molecule needs to be present in close proximity to the lanthanide. In this project, a lanthanide ligand was placed at the stoppered end of a [2]rotaxane, and a sensitizing antenna was attached to the threaded macrocycle. A change in pH induces the macrocycle to move closer to the lanthanide stopper, which causes the antenna to sensitize the lanthanide and start the luminescence emission. Based on the strength of the luminescence, one should then be able to determine the location of the macrocycle in the rotaxane. We hope to use this visual readout tool to eventually turn rotaxanes into useful point-of-care biosensors for medical diagnostics.

Grande percentagem do território brasileiro é coberta por solos finos (% passando peneira # 200 > 50%), geralmente de origem tropical, que poderiam ser classificados como solos de baixa capacidade de drenagem. Estes solos não atendem às recomendações técnicas para solos de aterro de estruturas reforçadas, conforme exigido pela AASHTO e BS 8006. Neste trabalho foi avaliado experimentalmente um dos parâmetros mais importantes de projeto de Terra Armada, que condiciona o mecanismo de transferência de carga, o coeficiente de atrito aparente solo-fita metálica (f*). Foi avaliada a influência das características dos solos para as classes de solos estabelecidas pela NBR 9286/86 para o caso de fitas metálicas, e, dos critérios que sustentam o uso de fitas poliméricas, sob diversas tensões verticais atuantes nas fitas, simulando o efeito da profundidade. As informações foram obtidas através de ensaios de arrancamento de fitas metálicas e poliméricas realizados em laboratório e depois comparadas aos resultados teóricos da norma e àqueles preconizados para o uso de fitas poliméricas. Os ensaios realizados com as fitas em solo não convencional 1 e em areia mal graduada, mostraram que para profundidades equivalentes a tensões verticais até 50 kPa, os dois tipos de inclusões possuem valores de coeficiente de interação com o solo maiores que a unidade, isso tornaria razoável o seu uso sob o ponto de vista deste parâmetro e nas condições da realização dos ensaios, quando comparado com a norma, e com os critérios que sustentam o uso das fitas poliméricas em técnica de solo armado. No entanto, para maiores profundidades, a interação apresenta uma tendência de diminuição. O solo não convencional 2 valores da interação muito baixos. Foram instalados strain gages ao longo do comprimento das fitas para monitoramento dos esforços no maciço. Nota-se que esforços elevados ocorreram nas regiões mais próximas do ponto de aplicação da força de arrancamento. / A large percentage of Brazil\'s territory is covered with fine tropical soil (50% passing #200) which can be classified as soils with low drainage capacity. These soils do not meet the technical recommendations for backfill of reinforced soil structures by AASHTO and BS 8006. This paper presents the result of an experimental evaluation of one of the most important design parameters of mechanically stabilized earth with concrete wall facing. The apparent friction coefficient of soil-steel strips and soil-polymeric strips is the project parameter. Also was evaluated the influence of soil characteristics for soil types listed by the NBR 9286/86 for metal strips and for the criteria that support the use of polymeric strips. The evaluation included the application of different vertical stresses on the strips simulating the effect of depth. The information obtained from pullout tests performed in laboratory was compared to the standard theoretical values and design values for polymeric strips. Tests performed on strips in nonconventional soil (1) and poorly graded sand showed that at depths equivalent to vertical stresses up to 50 kPa the two types of inclusions have coefficients of interaction greater than unity, which appears reasonable. Therefore, such soils can be used as backfill soils in the conditions tested and at equal or lesser stress levels. Nonconventional soil (2) showed low value of the friction coefficient. The strain gages installed along the length of the strips recorded the distribution of tensile stress in pull-out tests. Higher tensile stress was recorded by the gages nearest the point of application of the pull-out force.

A importância de toda a cadeia produtiva de aves no Brasil é fortemente impulsionada pela produção, exportação de carne de frango e pelo seu consumo per capita, que em 2009 foi de 11 milhões de toneladas, 3.3 milhões de toneladas e 40,1 Kg/hab/ano respectivamente. Porém a exportação de cortes e a preferência dos consumidores por cortes de frangos e filés ao invés dos frangos inteiros despertaram a necessidade de encontrar meios para o aproveitamento de dorsos, pescoços e ossos resultantes da desossa. A produção de carne mecanicamente separada com essas partes tornou-se ao longo dos anos uma alternativa viável, produzindo uma matéria-prima de baixo custo. O desenvolvimento de um produto reestruturado cozido congelado com carne de ave, com a utilização de pedaços desossados de peito e sobrecoxa, adicionados de carne mecanicamente separada do dorso da carcaça das aves tornou-se interessante para a indústria e consumidor. Porém as características desejadas pelo consumidor deste tipo de produto são consistência, força de adesão e suculência, ou seja, características de um filé de frango íntegro. Para conseguir essas características desejadas objetivou-se utilizar ingredientes não cárneos como a transglutaminase e albumina de ovo em pó, sendo esses ingredientes adicionais somados a adição de carne mecanicamente separada o estudo deste projeto. Para determinar a qualidade do produto foi realizada análise microbiológica no produto cru e após o cozimento e posteriormente para avaliar sua qualidade durante o armazenamento e sua vida útil a -18°C, foram realizadas análises como pH, cor instrumental, valor de TBARS e análise sensorial, sendo esta última para determinar aceitação do produto por consumidores. / The importance poultry production chain in Brazil is strongly stimulated by meat poultry exportation 11 million of tons, 3,3 million of tons and by per capita consumption 40,1 kg/hab/year. Although the preference of exportation cuts and the consumer preference by cuts instead of whole chicken so theres a search for the use of backs, necks, and bones from the boning. The mechanically separated meat production with that parts over the years one viable alternative, resulting in low cost raw material. Then the develop of restructured product frozen and cooked with poultry meat, the utilization of boning meat from chest and thighs , added to most from back bones is extremity interesting for industry and consumers. But the features desired by consumers for this product are the cohesiveness, richness and strength of accession, that means whole chicken characteristics. To achieve these desired features aimed to use non meat ingredients as transglutaminase and egg albumin powder were used, and these non meat ingredients added to the minced meat in the objective of this project. To determine the quality of the product, microbiological analyses in the raw product and after cooking were performed, and later, to evaluate its quality during storage and service life at -18°C, analyses such as pH, instrumental color, TBARS values and analysis sensory were performed, the latter being performed to determine the acceptance of the product by consumers.