Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sperandio_tm_me_rcla.pdf: 3191325 bytes, checksum: 828cda5baa7a905726c3788ca4694f30 (MD5) / O crescimento urbano-industrial no Brasil, gerou contradições no espaço intra-urbano posto que as cidades apresentam em suas áreas periféricas habitações precárias, ambientes mal-concebidos e com saneamento inadequado e/ou ineficiente, atestando contra o conforto e saúde das pessoas, fato que propicia uma baixa qualidade ambiental e de vida. As doenças, principalmente as infecto-contagiosas, atualmente, se configuram em um excelente parâmetro para a investigação da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. As doenças transmissíveis, apesar de serem amplamente conhecidas, controladas e prevenidas, ainda causam altos índices de morbidade e de mortalidade e retratam a pobreza social, tecnológica e econômica, bem como o descaso político. A dengue, uma doença transmissível, reapareceu no espaço urbano devido a vários fatores sócio-ambientais, destaca-se: a falta de saneamento, o baixo nível educacional, fatores comportamentais, econômicos, culturais e falta de políticas públicas. No que diz respeito aos fatores ambientais destaca-se o clima, pois as temperaturas elevadas e as precipitações abundantes favorecem o desenvolvimento de vetores que, conseqüentemente, elevam o risco de doenças infecciosas. Desse modo, a presente investigação de mestrado buscou analisar as relações existentes entre o (re)aparecimento da Dengue e alterações socioambientais que ocorreram no espaço urbano de Piracicaba-SP, visando contribuir com as políticas públicas locais. Embasada na perspectiva da Geografia Socioambiental, a pesquisa utilizou-se de métodos e técnicas variadas, adotando uma postura pragmática. Assim, através da cartografia temática e da confecção de gráficos e tabelas, analisou-se a ocorrência espacial intra urbana da Dengue, que mostrou que a moléstia possui relações com o ritmo climático e com as variáveis sociais estudadas, principalmente... / The urban industrial growth in Brazil, caused contradictions into urban areas, its because the cities showing in this poor areas precarious residences, uncertain environmental with inadequate and insufficient sanitation, acting against well-being and health of their residents, offering to their a low quality of environmental and low quality of life. The contagious illness, at moment, were a good parameters to investigate the quality of environmental and the quality of urban life. The transmissible illness, although been known, and could be prevented, it stills causing high taxes of morbidity and mortality and retreating the social and technological poor and political negligence. The Dengue Fever, a transmissible illness, come back (again) into the urban space in association with some factors like the no education of the people, no adequate sanitation and no political investments. The climate is a environmental factor that have association with the Dengue fever mainly the high temperatures and abundance rain whom that helped the vector cycle. In this way, the present paper analyzed the relationships between the occurrence of Dengue Fever and the environmental and social modifications in the urban space of Piracicaba-SP, and this work looking for helping the public sector. Using the Socioambiental perspective of Geography, this investigate adopt various techniques and methods. This paper analyzed the occurrence of Dengue Fever into the urban area using maps, graphics and tables, who shows that the illness has association with the climatic rhythm and with the density of houses and people. A final map was elaborated and it shows the urban areas were more affect about the Dengue Fever. This map shows the areas of risk to Dengue Fever.

Orientadora: Sandra Elisa Contri Pitton / Banca: Aline Pascoalino / Banca: Anderson Luis Hebling Christofoletti / Banca: Diego Correa Maia / Banca: Juliano Ramalho Barros / Resumo: Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte no mundo. No Brasil, as patologias do sistema circulatório humano estão entre as principais causas de morbimortalidade. A origem dos problemas cardiovasculares pode estar associada às causas genéticas, dietas, estilo de vida, questões psicológicas, entre outros. As variações dos tempos atmosféricos podem provocar mudanças fisiológicas no organismo humano, entre as quais se destacam o ritmo cardíaco e o fluxo de sangue nos vasos sanguíneos. O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a possível relação entre as características socioambientais e os casos de óbitos por infarto do miocárdio na cidade de Teresina-PI, entre os anos de 2002 a 2010, bem como verificar a espacialidade desses casos na cidade durante o período considerado. Os dados meteorológicos desta pesquisa foram coletados na estação Agrometeorológica da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. A estação fica localizada nas coordenadas de 05º S e 42º 48' W, numa altitude de 74,4 m, no Município de Teresina-PI. Os dados de óbito por infarto do miocárdio foram obtidos na Coordenação de Análise, Divulgação de Situação e Tendência em Saúde do Estado do Piauí - SESAPI. Os resultados indicaram que a sazonalidade da mortalidade por infarto com referência às condições atmosféricas não é bem definida, portanto, não podemos afirmar que ela interfere sobre os casos de mortes por infarto na cidade de Teresina. Assim, não podemos asseverar que as condições atmosféricas dessa cidade intensificam os casos de mortes por infarto do miocárdio. O estudo também mostrou que a população com idade acima de 60 anos é a mais afetada e que os bairros Itararé e Centro apresentaram o maior número de óbitos por infarto no período da pesquisa / Abstract: According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In Brazil, the pathologies of the human circulatory system are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality. The origin of cardiovascular problems may be linked to genetic causes, diet, lifestyle, psychological issues, among others. The variations of air time can cause physiological changes in the human body, including to emphasize the heart rate and blood flow in blood vessels. This research study aims to investigate the possible relationship between environmental characteristics and cases of deaths from myocardial infarction in the city of Teresina-PI, between the years 2002-2010, as well as checking the spatiality of these cases in the city during the period considered. Meteorological data of this survey were collected in the weather station of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. The station is located at the coordinates of the 05th S and 42º 48 'W, at an altitude of 74.4 m, in the city of Teresina-PI. The mortality data from myocardial infarction were obtained from analysis of Coordination, Situation and Trend Release in Piauí State Health - Sesapi. The results indicated that the seasonality of infarct mortality with reference to atmospheric conditions is not well defined, so we can not say that it interferes on cases of heart attack deaths in Teresina. So we can not assert that the weather conditions of this city intensify cases of deaths from myocardial infarction. The study also showed that the population aged over 60 years is the most affected and that downtown and the Itararé neighborhood had the highest number of heart attack deaths during the study period / Doutor

Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among children is of a particular importance in Finland, where its incidence is the highest in the world and still increasing. However, the aetiology of T1DM is not fully known. According to current knowledge, both genetic and environmental factors operate together, leading to an attack by the immune system on the insulin-producing beta cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the geographical variation in the incidence of T1DM among children aged up to 14 years in Finland. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Bayesian spatial statistics were applied in a search for unusual spatial patterns and risk factor associations. The incidence of T1DM among children aged up to 14 years showed clear geographical variations in Finland. Living in a rural environment increased the risk for T1DM, and the risk was particularly high among children living in rural heartland areas. There was no association between the variation in T1DM incidence and the zinc and nitrate concentrations of drinking water. A male excess in the incidence of T1DM was seen in the low-incidence areas. The geographical variation in the risk of T1DM was marked only among children aged up to 9 years. Because genetics is a necessary but not a sufficient cause of T1DM, it could be hypothesized that there are some thus far unknown environmental risk factors affecting particularly younger children in Finland. Some of those factors may be related to a rural environment. The geographical variation in the M/F ratio of T1DM was a challenging observation and warrants more analytical study.

Magister Artium - MA / The study focuses on the political and economic geographies of pharmaceutical delivery. In 1997 the South African government passed the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, sparking outrage from both the local and international pharmaceutical industry, and resulting in court action in 2001. The industry believed that South Africa was in breach of its obligations under international intellectual property law. Those fighting for pharmaceutical security hoped the court case would be a 'landmark' in the global campaign for equitable access to medicines. This investigation seeks to analyse the domestic and international legacy of the court action. The inquiry takes its significance from the high prevalence rates of treatable diseases and the need for pharmaceutical security in South Africa and its neighbouring African countries. The absence of a sustainable international medicines delivery system is a global political, economic and moral failure. A solution is required that balances the positive productive forces of the market with a philosophy of justice and equity. / South Africa

Buruli ulcer (BU), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is the third most common mycobacterial disease after leprosy and tuberculosis and a WHO-defined neglected tropical disease. Despite years of research, the mode of transmission of BU remains unknown. This master’s thesis provides an integrated spatial analysis of disease dynamics in Ghana, West Africa, an area of comparatively high BU incidence. Within a case/matched control study design, environmental factors associated with BU infection and spatial behaviors are investigated to uncover possible links between individual daily activity spaces and terrains of risk across disturbed landscapes. This research relies upon archival and field-collected data and analyses conducted with geographical information systems (GIS).

Understanding spatial perspectives on the spread and incidence of a disease is invaluable for public health planning and intervention. Choropleth maps are commonly used to provide an abstraction of disease risk across geographic space. These maps are derived from aggregated population counts that are known to be affected by the small numbers problem. Kernel density estimation methods account for this problem by producing risk estimates that are based on aggregations of approximately equal population sizes. However, the process of aggregation often combines data from areas with non-uniform spatial and population characteristics. This thesis presents a new method to aggregate space in ways that are sensitive to their underlying risk factors. Such maps will enable better public health practice and intervention by enhancing our ability to understand the spatial processes that result in disparate health outcomes.

Epidemiologists engage in the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations. Eventually, they will apply that study to prevent and control problems and contingencies associated with the health of the population. Due to the spread of new pathogens and the emergence of new bio-terrorism threats, it has become imperative to develop new and expand existing techniques to equip public health providers with robust tools to predict and control health-related crises. In this dissertation, I explore the effects caused in the disease dynamics by the differences in individuals’ physiology and social/behavioral characteristics. Multiple computational and mathematical models were developed to quantify the effect of those factors on spatial and temporal variations of the disease epidemics. I developed statistical methods to measure the effects caused in the outbreak dynamics by the incorporation of heterogeneous demographics and social interactions to the individuals of the population. Specifically, I studied the relationship between demographics and the physiological characteristics of an individual when preparing for an infectious disease epidemic.

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Emerging infectious diseases continue to threaten human health and healthcare resources across the world, and with the sustained emergence of some like Lyme disease, this trend is only expected to get worse. Even though some research has examined the spread of Lyme disease in different parts of the United States, focusing on its origin, spread, surveillance, and reporting, there has been minimal research on the recent spread of Lyme disease into and within Central and Southern Appalachia. This is an important gap, considering that this region is at the edge of the disease's expanding incidence and range. Considering this factor and the consequences that this disease may have on the residents of Appalachia who already face an array of underlying problems like chronic conditions, decreased access to health care, and exposure through outdoor work like resource extraction, addressing this gap will be important in understanding the current and future spatial range and impacts of the continued emergence of Lyme disease in Appalachia. This study thus sought to examine the extent of the emergence of Lyme disease in Appalachia between 2000 and 2019 using spatial scan statistic. This type of analysis uses spatiotemporal information to quantify disease emergence and diffusion using retrospective case and location data within a GIS environment; hence it helped quantify the spatial distribution and diffusion of Lyme disease into and within Appalachia and identify additional areas that can be targeted with public health prevention measures. We found five statistically significant clusters of Lyme disease across the contiguous US, indicating that the disease expanded spatially over the study period. Lyme disease has more than tripled across the US, with the number of counties with RR>1 increasing from 130 in 2000 to 453 by 2019. Lyme disease also increased more than eightfold in Appalachia, with spread southwards into and within Appalachia. The number of Appalachian counties with RR>1 increased from 16 in 2000 to 127 in 2019. These findings are important in understanding the current and future spatial range and the impacts of the continued emergence of Lyme disease in Appalachia. With this understanding, we can minimize the misdiagnosis of Lyme disease and inform public health action to reduce public vulnerability. / Master of Science / Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that have not been present, the persistence of diseases that were previously unknown, or those diseases that are rapidly increasing in a given location. These diseases continue to threaten human health and healthcare resources across the world, and with the sustained emergence of some like Lyme disease, this trend is only expected to get worse. Even though some research has investigated the spread of Lyme disease in different parts of the United States, focusing on its origin, spread, monitoring, and reporting, there has been minimal research on the recent spread of Lyme disease in Central and Southern Appalachia. This is an important gap, considering that this region is next to areas where the disease has recently spread, thereby making it vulnerable to continued spread. Considering this factor and the consequences that this disease may have on the residents of Appalachia who already face many underlying problems like long-term conditions, decreased access to health care, and exposure through outdoor work like resource extraction, addressing this gap will be important in understanding the current and future geographic occurrence and impacts of the continued spread of Lyme disease in Appalachia. This study thus sought to investigate the extent of the spread of Lyme disease in Appalachia between 2000 and 2019 using statistics and identification of places with a higher than expected number of cases. This type of analysis uses location information to quantify disease occurrence and spread using past case and location data using GIS software; hence it helped identify the distribution and spread of Lyme disease into and within Appalachia and identify additional areas that can be targeted with public health prevention measures. We found five areas with higher than expected number of Lyme disease cases across the contiguous US, indicating that the disease increased over the study period. Lyme disease has more than tripled across the US, with the number of counties with higher cases than expected increasing from 130 in 2000 to 453 by 2019. Lyme disease also increased more than eightfold in Appalachia, with spread southwards into and within Appalachia. The number of Appalachian counties with higher than expected Lyme disease cases increased from 16 in 2000 to 127 in 2019. These findings are important in understanding the current and future spread and the impacts of this continued spread of Lyme disease in Appalachia. With this understanding, we can properly detect Lyme disease and inform public health action to reduce public vulnerability.