Host resistance has become a cornerstone of sustainable production of flue-cured tobacco in regions where root-knot nematodes present a threat to growers. Resistance to races 1 and 3 of M. incognita, historically the most significant root-knot nematode threat to tobacco production, is now widely available in commercially available flue-cured tobacco varieties, and is imparted by the gene Rk1. The same gene also provides resistance to race 1 of M. arenaria. The widespread deployment of this resistance has fostered a shift in root-knot nematode population dynamics, as a result of which M. arenaria race 2 has become the predominant root-knot nematode threat in Virginia. A second resistance gene known to impart resistance to M. javanica, Rk2, has also been incorporated into numerous released cultivars in combination with Rk1. This combination has been demonstrated to impart increased resistance to M. incognita and M. javanica relative to either gene alone. In the present work, eleven greenhouse trials conducted from 2017-2019, as well as two trials conducted in 2018 and 2019 on a cooperating farm, investigated the efficacy of this stacked resistance against M. arenaria race 2 and compared the effect of stacking both resistance genes to the effect of either gene alone relative to a susceptible cultivar. We also evaluated how these forms of resistance compare with resistance possessed by a breeding line with resistance reportedly derived from N. repanda to determine if additional, novel sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes previously identified from other species in the genus Nicotiana could play a role in expanding the genetic diversity of germplasm available for the refinement of host resistance in flue-cured tobacco. Additionally, in light of potential new rule making from the FDA mandating reduced nicotine content of cured tobacco leaf, we investigated the relationship between alkaloid (nicotine) content of flue-cured tobacco and root-knot nematode parasitism, while also evaluating nematode parasitism effects on carbohydrate content. Despite considerable variability in our results, particularly under field conditions, our results demonstrate that stacking Rk1 and Rk2 imparts greater resistance to M. arenaria race 2 than either gene alone, but that an entry possessing resistance reportedly derived from N. repanda exhibited significantly greater resistance to root-knot nematodes than the combination of Rk1 and Rk2 based on root galling, and egg mass and egg production. The alkaloid content of flue-cured tobacco did not appear to have an effect on root-knot nematode parasitism under greenhouse or field conditions, but the presence of the nematode did lead to increased accumulation of nicotine in the roots of plants, while translocation of nicotine to leaves was reduced. Conversely, root-knot nematode parasitism was reduced accumulation of carbohydrates in roots, while having no significant effects on leaf carbohydrate content. / Ph.D. / Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are microscopic round worms that can cause considerable damage to flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and while not typically responsible for killing plants outright, can reduce the quality of cured tobacco leaf and may predispose plants to a host of other issues, resulting in challenges and economic burdens on growers. Chemicals that effectively control nematodes, which are animals, pose inherent threats to human applicators and may harm the environment in a number of ways, so the use of tobacco varieties that are resistant to root-knot nematodes is increasingly common and essential to sustainable tobacco production. One form of root-knot nematode resistance, called Rk1, has become common and is found in all commercially grown flue-cured tobacco. This form of resistance is effective against 2 ‘races’ of the root-knot nematode M. incognita, which has historically caused tobacco growers the most issues. However, because this resistance is so widely employed, growers have controlled these nematodes, while another species, M. arenaria, has become more prevalent, particularly ‘race’ 2, which is not controlled by Rk1. We know from previous research that another gene, Rk2, provides resistance to some root-knot nematode that Rk1 does not effect, and that combining both genes seems to provide even greater root-knot nematode control than either gene alone. We investigated whether Rk2 is effective at controlling M. arenaria race 2 when it is combined with Rk1 in greenhouse and field experiments. We also investigated how a different, novel type of resistance, which comes from a species of tobacco related to cultivated tobacco, compares with the Rk1/Rk2 resistance in greenhouse trials. Additionally, the FDA has recently suggested that nicotine levels in tobacco leaf should be dramatically reduced to help mitigate adverse human health consequences associated with tobacco consumption. Nicotine may play some role in resistance to root-knot nematode in tobacco, and conversely, root-knot nematodes may impact levels of nicotine, as well as other important chemical constituents of tobacco. We also investigated these questions in greenhouse and field experiments. Our results ultimately demonstrate that combining both Rk1 and Rk2 gives flue-cured tobacco a higher level of resistance to root-knot nematodes than either gene alone, but also suggests that the form of resistance we evaluated from a related Nicotiana species could be even more effective in controlling these nematodes. We observed that the amount of nicotine present in tobacco did not impact nematode parasitism, but that nematode parasitism could lead to lower levels of nicotine in the leaves of plants because the nematodes, which feed on plants roots, cause damage to the plant that interferes in the movement of nicotine from roots to leaves.

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Coorientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Coorientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Adalton Mazetti Fernandes / Banca: Sonia Maria Nalesso Marangoni Montes / Banca: Regina Marta Evangelista / Resumo: Foram avaliados oito clones de batata-doce quanto à resistência aos nematoides formadores de galhas, produtividade e características físicas e físicoquímicas. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação com delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em fatorial 9 x 2, com oito clones (BRS Amélia, Beauregard, CNPH 1298, CNPH 1358 e CNPH 1365 de polpas alaranjadas; Canadense, Uruguaiana e CNPH 1195de polpas brancas), uma testemunha (tomate 'Rutgers') e duas épocas de plantio (verão e inverno) para três populações de nematoides de galhas: Meloidogyne enterolobii, Meloidogyne incognita e Meloidogyne javanica. Foram avaliados o fator de reprodução (FR) e a reação dos acessos (RA). O segundo experimento foi conduzido em campo com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em fatorial 8 x 2, com oito clones e duas estações (primavera e verão). Foram avaliados: produtividade total (t ha-1), produtividade comercial (t ha-1), refugo (t ha-1), comprimento (cm), diâmetro (cm), massa (g), cor da película e cor da polpa. Para as avaliações químicas e bioquímicas foram utilizadas as amostras de batata-doce apenas do cultivo do verão, onde foram avaliados: pH, AT (%), SS (°Brix), ratio, açúcar total (%), açúcar redutor (%), sacarose (%), amido (%), matéria graxa (%), proteína total (%), fibra (%), umidade (%), cinzas (%), antioxidante total (%), compostos fenólicos (mg de ácido gálico.100g-1), antocianinas (mg.100g-1), carotenoides totais (mg.100g-1) e betacaroteno (mg.100g-1). No primeiro experimento, os clones CNPH 1298, CNPH 1358 e CNPH 1365 de cor de polpa alaranjada e os clones CNPH 1195, Canadense e Uruguaiana de cor de polpa branca foram resistentes a M. enterolobii e a M. incognita nas duas estações. O clone BRS Amélia foi resistente somente a M. enterolobii, e de forma semelhante, o clone Beaureg... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Eight sweet potato clones were evaluated regarding the resistance to root-knot nematodes, productivity and physical and physicochemical characteristics. The first experiment was made in greenhouse with experimental design of randomized blocks in 9 x 2 factorial, with eight clones (orange-fleshed BRS Amélia, Beauregard, CNPH 1298, CNPH 1358 and CNPH 1365; white-fleshed Canadense, Uruguaiana and CNPH 1195, one control ('Rutgers' tomato) and two growing seasons (summer and winter) for three root-knot nematode populations: Meloidogyne enterolobii, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica. The reproduction factor (FR) and the accessions reaction (RA) were evaluated. The second experiment was carried out in field with experimental design of randomized blocks in8 x 2 factorial, with eight clones and two seasons (spring and summer). Total yield(t ha-1), commercial yield (t ha-1), noncommercial yield (t ha-1), length(cm), diameter (cm), mass (g), pH, TA(%), SS (°Brix), ratio, total sugar (%), reducing sugar (%), saccharose (%), starch (%), lipids (%), total protein (%), fiber (%), moisture (%), ash (%), total antioxidant (%), phenolic compounds (mg of gallic acid.100g-1), anthocyanins (mg.100g-1), skin color, flesh color, total carotenoids (mg.100g-1) and betacarotene (mg.100g-1). In the first experiment, the orange fleshed clones CNPH 1298, CNPH 1358 and CNPH 1365 and the white-fleshed clones CNPH 1195, Canadense and Uruguaiana were resistant to M. enterolobii and M. incognita in both seasons. The clone BRS Amélia was only resistant to M. enterolobii and, in a similar way, the clone Beauregard was only resistant to M. incognita in both seasons. Concerning the M. javanica, onlythe orange-fleshed clones (BRS Amélia, Beauregard, CNPH 1195, CNPH 1298, CNPH 1358 and CNPH 1365) showed resistance. In the second experiment on the yield characteristics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz. Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop materials had negligible soil fertilization effects. In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours. This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all cost, however. / Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz. Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop materials had negligible soil fertilization effects. In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M. incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours. This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga, Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all cost, however. / Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Gossypium hirsutum, upland cotton, is one of the major crops grown in the United States and the world. Upland cotton is cultivated in areas that are ideal breeding grounds for the difficult to manage, southern root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita. Host plant resistance is the most effective way to control RKN populations. However, resistance used in most breeding programs stems from a few related sources. Novel sources of resistance have been identified but have yet to be introduced into elite breeding lines or genetically studied. The objectives of this study are two-fold. The first is to develop elite germplasm by introgressing RKN resistance from primitive accessions into modern cotton genotypes via backcrossing. The second is to use simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to identify loci associated with RKN resistance in the primitive accessions. The genotypes used will be: 1) inoculated with M. incognita, 2) phenotypically analyzed by measuring the nematode reproduction as eggs per gram of fresh root and host response using a root gall index, 3) genetically evaluated by using SSR markers to detect polymorphisms between the RKN resistant TX accessions and DP90 (susceptible genotype), and 4) analyzed using linkage and mapping software. Elite germplasm that contains: 1) high yield potential and a high level of RKN- resistance or 2) high fiber quality and RKN-resistance was developed by performing two backcrosses based on phenotypic analyses. A third screen is currently underway to ensure the introgression of the RKN resistance genes. Agronomic tests will need to be done before the germplasm is released. Genetic analyses using SSR-based primer sets of the TX accessions did not yield expected results. Of the 508 primers sets tested, only 31 were polymorphic between the TX accessions and DP90. A bulked segregant analysis approach was used to test the 31 primer sets on the resistant and susceptible bulks of the F2 population but no polymorphisms were seen. However, analyses found that the TX accessions were more genetically similar to Mexico Wild Jack Jones than to Clevewilt 6-3-5. More work needs to be done to understand the mechanism of RKN resistance in the TX accessions.

Submitted by ROBERTA LUIZA VIDAL null (robertalvidal@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T18:28:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Roberta_Luiza_Vidal.pdf: 1450601 bytes, checksum: edd16eed2fa6fd6a4838da64795991c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Karina Gimenes Fernandes null (karinagi@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-01-26T11:14:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vidal_rl_me_jabo.pdf: 1409244 bytes, checksum: 56ecd2ad1616f277b1725ec6899dbc3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T11:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vidal_rl_me_jabo.pdf: 1409244 bytes, checksum: 56ecd2ad1616f277b1725ec6899dbc3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao potencial danoso e existência de inúmeras raças de míldio da alface (Bremia lactucae Regel), vários países realizam a identificação e monitoramento destas raças através do uso de cultivares diferenciadoras de alface. A identificação de resistência a outras doenças importantes nestas cultivares seria de grande valia para o melhoramento da alface, permitindo a seleção simultânea para doenças. Dentre os patógenos de solo, destacam-se os nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne spp.) por seus danos e dificuldade de controle. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta das cultivares diferenciadoras de míldio (C-Set) à M. javanica e M. incognita. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições e população inicial de 1.000 ovos e juvenis. As avaliações foram realizadas pelos critérios fator de reprodução e índice de reprodução, 75 dias após a inoculação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Todos as cultivares são suscetíveis a M. incognita. As cultivares Argelès, Kibrille, Balesta, Colorado, Design, Bartoli e NunDm15 são classificados como resistentes a M. javanica pelo fator de reprodução e podem ser explorados para seleção simultânea ao míldio e a esta espécie de nematoide. / Due to the harmful potential and existence of numerous races of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel), several countries perform the identification and monitoring of these races through the use of differential lettuce cultivars. The identification of resistance to other important diseases in these cultivars would be of great value for the lettuce’s breeding, allowing the simultaneous selection for diseases. Among the soil pathogens, the most important are the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) due to their damage and difficulty of control. In the present work it was evaluated the response of these differential cultivars (C-Set) to M. javanica and M. incognita. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with eight replications and initial population of 1.000 eggs and juveniles. The evaluations were performed by the criteria of reproduction factor and reproduction index, 75 days after inoculation. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. All cultivars are susceptible to M. incognita. The cultivars Argelès, Kibrille, Balesta, Colorado, Design, Bartoli and NunDm15 are classified as resistant to M. javanica by the reproduction factor and can be exploited for simultaneous selection to mildew and this species of nematode.

Orientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Sergio Ademir Calzavara / Banca: Marineide Mendonça Aguillera / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Banca: Maria Amelia dos Santos / Resumo: A reação de 'HPC 7 B', 'Lady Rosetta', 'Ágata', 'Cupido', 'Monalisa', 'Panda', 'Itararé', 'Asterix', 'Capiro', 'Atlantic', 'Mayor' e 'Canchan' a Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica e M. mayaguensis foi avaliada em casa de vegetação. Um novo método in vitro para testar a reação de genótipos de batata à M. javanica foi desenvolvido utilizando mini-tubérculos enraizados. Avaliou-se a reação de 'HPC 1 B', 'HPC 6 B', 'HPC 7 B', 'Ágata' e 'Cupido' a M. javanica e a produção de inóculo em função da densidade do inóculo e do período de incubação. Coletaram-se 168 amostras de tubérculos nas principais regiões produtoras do País para levantar os fitonematóides associados e caracterizar os sintomas. Os genótipos avaliados hospedam M. incognita, M. javanica e M. mayaguensis. A reação in vitro confirma esses resultados. Minitubérculos suportam os fitonematóides por até 180 dias, com produção média máxima estimada em 15.990 ovos por frasco. Foram encontradas Meloidogyne arenaria no Sul de Minas e Rio Grande do Sul (3,5% das amostras), M. incognita em 10% (exceto no Sul do País) e M. javanica em todas as regiões amostradas (50%), causando como principal sintoma em tubérculo e raízes, caroços protuberantes, que dão a superfície aspecto áspero. Identificou-se também Pratylenchus brachyurus em 40% das amostras (exceto no Rio Grande do Sul), P. coffeae em 2,4% (Triângulo Mineiro, Sul de Minas e São Paulo) e P. penetrans (3%), em São Paulo, causando lesões em forma de pontos necróticos, deprimidos, na superfície do tubérculo. Encontrou-se Helicotylenchus dihystera em todas as regiões amostradas (49%). Conquanto esse fitonematóide seja um ectoparasito migrador, as amostras tenham sido constituídas de tubérculos lavados e nenhum sintoma específico foi observado, essa alta freqüência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The reaction of 'HPC 7 B', 'Lady Rosetta', 'Ágata', 'Cupido', 'Monalisa', 'Panda', 'Itararé', 'Asterix', 'Capiro', 'Atlantic', 'Mayor' and 'Canchan' to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. mayaguensis was evaluated at greenhouse. A new in vitro method to test the reaction of these genotypes to M. javanica was developed using rooted mini-tubers. Were evaluated the reaction of 'HPC 1 B', 'HPC 6 B', 'HPC 7 B', 'Ágata' and 'Cupido' to M. javanica and the inoculum production in terms of density of inoculum and the period of incubation. Were collected 168 samples from symptomatic tubers in the Brazil main producing regions (Goiás, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and São Paulo), to raise the species of plant parasitic nematodes associated with the crop and to characterize the symptoms. All the genotypes host M. incognita, M. javanica and M. mayaguensis. The in vitro reaction confirms these results. Mini-tubers support the plant parasitic nematodes for up to 180 days, with maximum production of 15,990 eggs per pot. Meloidogyne arenaria was found in Sul de Minas and Rio Grande do Sul (3.5% of samples), M. incognita by 10% (except in the Sul) and M. javanica in all regions sampled (50%), causing knot a major symptom in tuber and roots, giving the surface looks rough. It was also Pratylenchus brachyurus in 40% of the samples (except in Rio Grande do Sul), P. coffeae at 2.4% (Triângulo Mineiro, Sul de Minas and São Paulo) and P. penetrans (3%), in São Paulo, causing lesions in the form of pointed depressed necrotic on the surface of the tuber. Helicotylenchus dihystera was found in all regions sampled (49%). Since the samples consist of tubers have been washed, this plant parasitic nematode is a migratory ectoparasite and no specific symptom was observed, this high frequency requires a more accurate study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Carlos Cesar De Oliveira Guarnieri (carloscesarguarnieri@gmail.com) on 2018-08-02T18:26:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EFICÁCIA DE TIODICARBE, CADUSAFÓS E CONDICIONADOR DE SOLO VIA TRATAMENTO DE SEMENTES E OU SULCO DE PLANTIO NO CONTROLE DE NEMATOIDES NA CULTURA DE SOJA.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-03T17:20:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guarnieri_cco_me_jabo.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guarnieri_cco_me_jabo.pdf: 756636 bytes, checksum: 89d88ef49a1b212168332c38507a27e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-14 / Os principais métodos de controle de nematoides na cultura de soja atualmente utilizados são a resistência ou tolerância genética da planta, a rotação/sucessão de culturas resistentes/não hospedeiras e poucos são os estudos com o uso de produtos químicos/biológico e condicionadores de solo. Um dos métodos adotados para a aplicação de nematicida químico nas lavouras de soja é a aplicação via tratamento de sementes, porém os estudos de controle com este método, na grande maioria dos casos, apontam período de proteção de até 30 dias após a emergência das plantas, e na maioria das vezes tem trazido resultados insatisfatórios. A aplicação de nematicida químico, no sulco de plantio, ou associação do tratamento de sementes com a aplicação no sulco de plantio, pode melhorar os resultados de eficácia e eficiência, todavia esta técnica é pouco estudada no Brasil para a cultura de soja, consequentemente são poucos trabalhos que comprovem essas características nos produtos disponíveis atualmente. Também, o uso de um condicionador de solo poderá contribuir com um melhor desenvolvimento radicular, da planta e na eficácia e eficiência do produto nematicida químico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia e eficiência do nematicidas químicos tiodicarbe, cadusafós e do condicionador de solo Maskio, usados em tratamento de sementes e/ou aplicados no de sulco de plantio, no controle dos nematoides de galha (Meloidogyne incognita), de cisto da soja (Heterodera glycines) e das lesões radiculares (Pratylenchus brachyurus) na cultura de soja. Foram instalados ensaios a campo em áreas naturalmente infestadas pelos nematoides, e em vasos onde foram avaliados o desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura e a redução na população de nematoides. Nenhum dos tratamentos testados causou sintomas visuais de intoxicação na cultura. Isoladamente, o tratamento de sementes com tiodicarbe (600 mL 100 kg sementes-1) é tão eficaz na redução da população total de P. brachyurus nas raízes da soja, quanto o tratamento de sulco com cadusafós (4,0 L ha-1) ou cadusafós + Maskio (4,0 L ha-1 + 2,0 L ha-1). Porém nenhum tratamento aumentou significativamente a produtividade da cultura. Para que haja incremento significativo em produtividade foi necessário associar a aplicação de tiodicarbe na semente e no sulco de plantio para áreas infestadas por P. brachyurus. Para áreas com M. incognita os tratamentos, de semente ou de sulco, podem ser eficazes no controle e incrementar em produtividade a cultura da soja se utilizados em área com alta infestação de nematoides de galha. A aplicação de tiodicarbe nas sementes foi tão eficaz na redução de cistos de Heterodera glycines quanto a aplicação no sulco de plantio de tiodicarbe, cadusafós, Maskio e suas associações. A associação de tiodicarbe nas sementes e uma aplicação no sulco melhorou a eficácia de controle de cistos de H. glycines, saindo de 27% de eficácia para tratamento de sementes isolado, para 75% de eficácia para o tratamento com tiodicarbe nas sementes associado ao uso da mesma molécula no sulco de plantio. / The main methods of nematode control in soybean crop currently used are resistance or genetic tolerance, rotation / succession of resistant / non - host crops, and few studies with the use of chemical / biological and soil conditioners. One of the methods adopted for the application of chemical nematicide in soybean crops is the application through seed treatment, but the studies in the control of this method, in the great majority of cases, indicate protection period up to 30 days after the emergence of the plants, in the most of the time it has brought unsatisfactory results. The application of chemical nematicide, in the planting groove, or association of the treatment of seeds with the application in the planting groove, can improve the results of efficacy and efficiency, however this technique is little studied in Brazil for the soybean crop, consequently are few works that prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the currently available products. Also, the use of a soil conditioner may contribute to a better root development of the plant and to the effectiveness and efficiency of the chemical nematicide product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of the chemical nematicides thiodicarb, cadusafos and the Maskio soil conditioner, used in seed treatment and / or applied to the planting groove, in the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), soybean cist nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) on soybean crop. Field trials were carried out in areas naturally infested by nematodes, and in pots where the development and productivity of the crop and the reduction in the nematode population were evaluated. None of the treatments tested causes visual symptoms of intoxication in the culture. Seed treatment with thiodicarb (600 mL 100 kg seed-1) is as effective in reducing the total population of P. brachyurus in soybean roots as in grouper treatment with cadusafos (4.0 L ha-1) or cadusafos + Maskio (4.0 L ha-1 + 2.0 L ha-1). However, no treatment significantly increases the productivity of the crop. In order to have a significant increase in productivity it is necessary to associate the application of thiodicarb in the seed and in the planting groove to areas infested by P. brachyurus. For areas with M. incognita, seed or planting groove treatments may be effective in controlling and increasing soybean productivity if used in an area with high root-knot nematode infestation. The application of thiodicarb in the seeds is as effective in the reduction of Heterodera glycines cysts as the application in the planting groove of thiodicarb, cadusafos, Maskio and their associations. The association of thiodicarb in seeds and a planting groove treatment improves the control efficacy of H. glycines. Leaving 27% efficacy for isolated seed treatment, to 75% efficacy for treatment with thiodicarb in seeds associated with the use of the same molecule in the planting groove.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2008. / Submitted by wesley oliveira leite (leite.wesley@yahoo.com.br) on 2009-09-11T14:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gomes Neide(nagomes2005@gmail.com) on 2010-07-27T16:43:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-07-27T16:43:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_IsabelaTristanLourenco.pdf: 848788 bytes, checksum: 214c95dbc0900473fba14a30a8fbb720 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10 / Fitonematóides são responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas na agricultura mundial estimadas em US$ 125 bilhões anuais. Esses fitopatógenos têm seu ciclo de vida dividido em seis estádios de desenvolvimento (ovo, juvenil 1-4 e adulto), durando em torno de 28 dias. O juvenil 2 penetra na raiz de planta hospedeira por força mecânica e degradação enzimática para estabelecer a interação planta-patógeno e se diferenciar em fêmea adulta apomítica, depositando em torno de 2000 ovos. Práticas agronômicas têm tido geralmente pouco sucesso e alto custo, sendo o cultivo de variedades resistentes, quando existentes, a forma mais eficiente de controle. Uma estratégia alternativa promissora é a transformação genética de plantas para expressão de moléculas que afetem o parasitismo. A metodologia de RNA interferente tem revolucionado a pesquisa experimental e muitas aplicações biotecnológicas estão sendo desenvolvidas. A abordagem planejada é a transformação genética de icotiana tabacum com construções plasmidiais para expressão de RNA dupla fita, tendo como propósito o silenciamento dos genes-alvo Isocitrato Liase, Arginina Quinase, Proteína 14-3-3 e Proteína de choque térmico 90 de Meloidogyne incognita. Desses genes-alvo, quatro fragmentos gênicos foram selecionados, isolados, subclonados em vetor para RNAi e estão em fase de transformação de planta, para futura realização de bioensaios avaliação de resistência a fitonematóides. Adicionalmente, foi realizada uma análise da expressão dos quatro genes-alvo, normalizados com os genes constitutivos de β- actina e 18S rRNA, por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Observou-se que alguns genes-alvo são diferencialmente expressos quando comparados as fases de ovo, juvenil 2 e fêmea. A maior diferença de expressão foi do gene codificador de Isocitrato Liase, que é 100 vezes mais expresso em ovo e fêmeas, comparado com J2. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Plant parasitic nematodes are responsible for huge economic losses in world agriculture that reaches US$ 125 billion yearly. The most important of these phytopatogens, Meloidogyne incognita, has six developmental stages during the life cycle (egg, four juveniles and female). The juvenile 2 enters the host root via mechanical force and enzymatic degradation to establish the host-pathogen interaction and differentiate in apomitic adult female, which deposits 2000 eggs. Current agronomic practices have usually been unsuccessful and expensive, so the cultivation of resistant varieties is actually the most efficient way to control nematodes. In this work, it was chosen to transform icotiana tabacum using plasmidial constructions for double strand RNA expression, aiming silencing target genes Isocitrate Lyase, Arginine Kinase, 14-3-3 Protein and Heat Shock Protein 90 of Meloidogyne incognita. Four regions of target genes were selected, isolated, subcloned in RNAi vector and are being used for plant transformation. In addition, it was done an expression analysis of the four target genes, normalized with housekeeping genes β- actin e 18S rRNA, using quantitative real time PCR. This experiment showed that these genes are differentially expressed when compared during egg, J2 and female phases. The major expression difference observed was the Isocitrate Lyase gene, which is a hundred times more expressed in egg or female when compared with J2.

We report on studies aimed to evaluate the effects of five nematophagous fungi on population dynamics of northern root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla and sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii in laboratory and greenhouse trials. During our biocontrol studies, mainly five fungal species Arthrobotrys oligospora, Dactylella oviparasitica, Clonostachys rosea, Stropharia rugosoannulata, and Lecanicillium muscarium were isolated from eggmasses of nematodes during root and soil samples collected in Czech Republic and tested against Meloidogyne hapla in carrots while Heterodera schachtii in sugar beet, both in-vitro and in-vivo fashions. All fungi exhibited varied type of infection on nematodes but L. muscarium proved to be the most potential bioagent in controlling nematode population enormously. Lecanicillium muscarium not only halted nematode reproduction factor (Pf/Pi) but also escalated plant growth. Plant root systems treated with L. muscarium were observed colonized by fungi while seen under microscope which depicted that fungi provided a protecting shield or body guard against plant parasitic nematodes. Moreover, L. muscarium was further compared with commercially available nematicides and a fertilizer to justify its highly potential for diminishing nematode population. L. muscarium along with nematicides and fertilizer had dramatic effects in reduction of both nematodes (M. hapla, H. schachtii) population in soil but improvement of plant growth was only noticed in case of L. muscarium. The chemical nematicide, Dazomet had some negative effects which appeared in the form of chlorotic spots on leaves which further suggested that there were some the phytotoxic effects.