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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Meme Marketing to Fellow Kids

Lind, William January 2019 (has links)
Corporations attempting to enter the realm of memetic media often find themselves lost and embarrassed; the chaotic nature of meme culture as a global way of expression on the internet has proven difficult, and communities like Reddits r/FellowKids enact vernacular criticism on corporations who attempt to use memes in order to reach their target audience. This study aims to reach higher knowledge of successful corporate engagement in memetic media through a text analysis of discussions between users on Reddit and the interplay on Twitter where users engage in vernacular ways with the Wendy’s Twitter account. Drawing on branding theory and Goffman’s dramaturgical model, the study draws conclusions on how users of a vernacular community engages the Wendy’s Twitter account in different ways. It shows how an authentic identity is ascribed to the corporation through vernacular means, and how the prevalence of vernacular play forces the corporation to surrender message control in order to gain authenticity. It further suggests that an authentic corporate identity in vernacular communities requires the corporation not to act like one; preferring fast, playful communication rather than slow, institutional responses. Implying that the correct plan of action is not to have one, the study further understands the paradox of crafting a marketing strategy not based on controlled communication, and suggests further research into vernacular communities and citizen creative control in memetic media.
22

A cartographic approach to the dynamic vehicle routing problem with time windows and stochastic customers / Uma abordagem cartográfica ao problema de roteamento dinâmico de veículos com janelas de tempo e clientes estocásticos

Coral, Daniel Bustos 15 June 2018 (has links)
This dissertation presents a cartographic approach to the dynamic vehicle routing problem with time windows and stochastic customers (DVRPTWSC). The objectives are to minimize the total travel time and maximize the number of new requests served. Addressing the DVRPTWSC requires solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). A memetic algorithm (MA) for the VRPTW is proposed. The MA prunes the search space using the information gathered by a clustering procedure, which is applied to customers spatial data. The cartographic approach to the DVRPTWSC is incorporated into a multiagent system where a dispatcher agent plans the routes for vehicle agents. Before creating the initial routing plan, a cartographic processing is applied. This procedure uses hierarchical clustering to divide the region where customers are located into a hierarchy of nested regions. The initial routing plan considers known requests and potential requests sampled from known probability distributions. It is created using the search operators of the MA, which in turn use the information obtained from the hierarchical clustering to perform the search. Over the planning horizon, the dispatcher updates the routing plan: Potential requests that were included in the initial routing plan and do not materialize are removed and new requests are processed using the assignation of requests based on nested regions (ARNR). The ARNR procedure is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles considered for serving new requests. It tries to assign the requests among the vehicles that can serve them at low detour costs. The nested regions created in the cartographic processing are used to identify such vehicles. Experimental results show that the proposed MA performs competitively with state-of-the-art heuristics for the VRPTW. The proposed approach to the DVRPTWSC outperforms approaches that do not include potential requests in the initial routing plan. The use of the ARNR procedure significantly reduces the number of vehicles considered for serving new requests, and it yields solutions similar to those obtained when considering all vehicles in operation. The proposed approach performs consistently under three levels of dynamism: low, medium, and high. / Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem cartográfica para o problema de roteamento de veículos dinâmico com janelas de tempo e clientes estocásticos (DVRPTWSC, por sua sigla em inglês). Os objetivos considerados são minimizar o tempo total de viagem e maximizar o número de pedidos novos atendidos. Para abordar o DVRPTWSC é necessário resolver o problema de roteamento de veículos com janelas de tempo (VRPTW, por sua sigla em inglês). Assim, para tratar o VRPTW propõe-se um algoritmo memético (MA, por sua sigla em inglês). O MA reduz o espaço de busca usando informação obtida por meio de um procedimento de clusterização, o qual é aplicado aos dados espaciais dos clientes. Para o DVRPTWSC, a abordagem cartográfica é incorporada em um sistema multiagente, no qual um agente roteirizador planeja as rotas para os agentes veículos. O processamento cartográfico é aplicado antes de criar o plano de rotas inicial para o DVRPTWSC. Este procedimento usa clusterização hierárquica para dividir a região onde estão os clientes em uma hierarquia de regiões encaixadas. O plano de rotas inicial considera pedidos conhecidos e pedidos potenciais amostrados de distribuições de probabilidade conhecidas. Para obter o plano de rotas inicial, usam-se os operadores de busca do MA, os quais utilizam a informação obtida da clusterização hierárquica para fazer a busca. Ao longo do horizonte de planejamento, o roteirizador atualiza o plano de rotas: Pedidos potenciais que foram considerados no plano de rotas inicial e que não foram consolidados são removidos e novos pedidos são incluídos usando o procedimento assignation of requests based on nested regions (ARNR). O procedimento ARNR visa reduzir o número de veículos considerados para atender novos pedidos. Para isso, tenta designar os novos pedidos aos veículos disponíveis para o atendimento que possuem os menores custos de desvio da rota pré-determinada. As regiões encaixadas criadas no processamento cartográfico são utilizadas para identificar esses veículos. Para o VRPTW, resultados experimentais mostram que o MA proposto é competitivo com métodos do estado da arte. A abordagem proposta para o DVRPTWSC supera abordagens que não incluem pedidos potenciais no plano de rotas inicial. O uso do procedimento ARNR reduz significativamente o número de veículos considerados para atender novos pedidos, e produz soluções similares às produzidas quando se consideram todos os veículos em operação. A abordagem desenvolvida para o DVRPTWSC tem um desempenho consistente para três níveis de dinamismo: baixo, médio e alto.
23

Alocação de antenas para rede celular de 4G utilizando algoritmos meméticos

Costa, Vinícius Oliveira 31 August 2016 (has links)
Este trabalho trata do problema de alocação de estações rádio base (ERBs) para o sistema de telefonia celular de 4G, que no Brasil utiliza o protocolo LTE (Long Term Evolution). Tal problema consiste em dada uma determinada região geográfica, onde se encontram os possíveis clientes, dispor antenas de modo a cobrir a maior área possível da região em estudo, levando em consideração a capacidade de cada antena em atender os clientes com qualidade de serviço. O algoritmo apresentado calcula o raio de alcance da ERB, a quantidade mínima de ERBs necessárias para cobrir a região em estudo e a localização de cada ERB. Para que o algoritmo pudesse ser desenvolvido foi investigado o sistema de comunicação LTE, modelos de propagação de sinal além do algoritmo memético, visto que a alocação de ERBs é um problema NP-difícil. Para o raio de ação da célula foi considerado, além do modelo de propagação, o calculo de link budget, throughput e relação sinal ruído. Por fim, uma comparação entre o LTE operando nas faixas de frequências de 700 MHz e 2,5 GHz foi realizado. O algoritmo de alocação de ERBs se mostrou eficiente cobrindo mais de 80% da área de estudo em 29 dos 30 casos analisados. Com relação a frequência, o LTE se mostrou mais adequado operando em 700 MHz pois a quantidade de ERBs para cobertura da área de estudo é menor se comparado a frequências de 2,5 GHz. / This work deals with the issue of radio base stations (RBSs) allocation for the 4G cell phone system, which in Brazil uses the LTE (Long Term Evolution) protocol. Such problem consists in a certain geographical region, where potential customers might be found, having antennas to cover the largest possible area of the region under study, taking into account the capacity of each antenna to serve customers with quality of service. The presented algorithm calculates the range of the RBS station, the minimum amount of necessary RBS to cover the area under study and the location of each RBS. In order to the algorithm to be developed the LTE communication system was investigated, signal propagation models beyond memetic algorithm, since the RBS allocation is a NP-hard problem. For the cell’s range of action it was considered, besides the model of propagation, the link budget calculation, throughput and noise signal relation. Therefore, a comparison between LTE operating on 700 MHz and 2,5 GHz frequencies was made. The RBS allocation algorithm was efficient covering more than 80% of the study area in 29 from the 30 analyzed cases. In relation to the frequency, LTE was considered more adequate operating on 700 MHz, for the quantity of RBS to cover the study area is smaller, if compared to 2,5 GHz frequencies.
24

A cartographic approach to the dynamic vehicle routing problem with time windows and stochastic customers / Uma abordagem cartográfica ao problema de roteamento dinâmico de veículos com janelas de tempo e clientes estocásticos

Daniel Bustos Coral 15 June 2018 (has links)
This dissertation presents a cartographic approach to the dynamic vehicle routing problem with time windows and stochastic customers (DVRPTWSC). The objectives are to minimize the total travel time and maximize the number of new requests served. Addressing the DVRPTWSC requires solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). A memetic algorithm (MA) for the VRPTW is proposed. The MA prunes the search space using the information gathered by a clustering procedure, which is applied to customers spatial data. The cartographic approach to the DVRPTWSC is incorporated into a multiagent system where a dispatcher agent plans the routes for vehicle agents. Before creating the initial routing plan, a cartographic processing is applied. This procedure uses hierarchical clustering to divide the region where customers are located into a hierarchy of nested regions. The initial routing plan considers known requests and potential requests sampled from known probability distributions. It is created using the search operators of the MA, which in turn use the information obtained from the hierarchical clustering to perform the search. Over the planning horizon, the dispatcher updates the routing plan: Potential requests that were included in the initial routing plan and do not materialize are removed and new requests are processed using the assignation of requests based on nested regions (ARNR). The ARNR procedure is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles considered for serving new requests. It tries to assign the requests among the vehicles that can serve them at low detour costs. The nested regions created in the cartographic processing are used to identify such vehicles. Experimental results show that the proposed MA performs competitively with state-of-the-art heuristics for the VRPTW. The proposed approach to the DVRPTWSC outperforms approaches that do not include potential requests in the initial routing plan. The use of the ARNR procedure significantly reduces the number of vehicles considered for serving new requests, and it yields solutions similar to those obtained when considering all vehicles in operation. The proposed approach performs consistently under three levels of dynamism: low, medium, and high. / Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem cartográfica para o problema de roteamento de veículos dinâmico com janelas de tempo e clientes estocásticos (DVRPTWSC, por sua sigla em inglês). Os objetivos considerados são minimizar o tempo total de viagem e maximizar o número de pedidos novos atendidos. Para abordar o DVRPTWSC é necessário resolver o problema de roteamento de veículos com janelas de tempo (VRPTW, por sua sigla em inglês). Assim, para tratar o VRPTW propõe-se um algoritmo memético (MA, por sua sigla em inglês). O MA reduz o espaço de busca usando informação obtida por meio de um procedimento de clusterização, o qual é aplicado aos dados espaciais dos clientes. Para o DVRPTWSC, a abordagem cartográfica é incorporada em um sistema multiagente, no qual um agente roteirizador planeja as rotas para os agentes veículos. O processamento cartográfico é aplicado antes de criar o plano de rotas inicial para o DVRPTWSC. Este procedimento usa clusterização hierárquica para dividir a região onde estão os clientes em uma hierarquia de regiões encaixadas. O plano de rotas inicial considera pedidos conhecidos e pedidos potenciais amostrados de distribuições de probabilidade conhecidas. Para obter o plano de rotas inicial, usam-se os operadores de busca do MA, os quais utilizam a informação obtida da clusterização hierárquica para fazer a busca. Ao longo do horizonte de planejamento, o roteirizador atualiza o plano de rotas: Pedidos potenciais que foram considerados no plano de rotas inicial e que não foram consolidados são removidos e novos pedidos são incluídos usando o procedimento assignation of requests based on nested regions (ARNR). O procedimento ARNR visa reduzir o número de veículos considerados para atender novos pedidos. Para isso, tenta designar os novos pedidos aos veículos disponíveis para o atendimento que possuem os menores custos de desvio da rota pré-determinada. As regiões encaixadas criadas no processamento cartográfico são utilizadas para identificar esses veículos. Para o VRPTW, resultados experimentais mostram que o MA proposto é competitivo com métodos do estado da arte. A abordagem proposta para o DVRPTWSC supera abordagens que não incluem pedidos potenciais no plano de rotas inicial. O uso do procedimento ARNR reduz significativamente o número de veículos considerados para atender novos pedidos, e produz soluções similares às produzidas quando se consideram todos os veículos em operação. A abordagem desenvolvida para o DVRPTWSC tem um desempenho consistente para três níveis de dinamismo: baixo, médio e alto.
25

Evolutionary algorithms for solving job-shop scheduling problems in the presence of process interruptions

Hasan, S. M. Kamrul, Engineering & Information Technology, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
In this thesis, the Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) is the problem of interest. The classical JSSP is well-known as an NP-hard problem. Although with current computational capabilities, the small problems are solvable using deterministic methods, it is out of reach when they are larger in size. The complexity of JSSP is further increased when process interruptions, such as machine breakdown and/or machine unavailability, are introduced. Over the last few decades, several stochastic algorithms have been proposed to solve JSSPs. However, none of them are suitable for all kinds of problems. Genetic and Memetic algorithms have proved their effectiveness in these regards, because of their diverse searching behavior. In this thesis, we have developed one genetic algorithm and three different Memetic Algorithms (MAs) for solving JSSPs. Three priority rules are designed, namely partial re-ordering, gap reduction and restricted swapping, and these have been used as local search techniques in designing our MAs. We have solved 40 well-known benchmark problems and compared the results obtained with some of the established algorithms available in the literature. Our algorithm clearly outperforms those established algorithms. For better justification of the superiority of MAs over GA, we have performed statistical significance testing (Student's t-test). The experimental results show that MA, as compared to GA, not only significantly improves the quality of solutions, but also reduces the overall computation. We have extended our work by proposing an improved local search technique, shifted gap-reduction (SGR), which improves the performance of MAs when tested with the relatively difficult test problems. We have also modified the new algorithm to accommodate JSSPs with machine unavailability and also developed a new reactive scheduling technique to re-optimize the schedule after machine breakdowns. We have considered two scenarios of machine unavailability. Firstly, where the unavailability information is available in advance (predictive), and secondly, where the information is known after a real breakdown (reactive). We show that the revised schedule is mostly able to recover if the interruptions occur during the early stages of the schedules. We also confirm that the effect of a single continuous breakdown has more impact compared to short multiple breakdowns, even if the total durations of the breakdowns are the same. Finally, for convenience of implementation, we have developed a decision support system (DSS). In the DSS, we have built a graphical user interface (GUI) for user friendly data inputs, model choices, and output generation. This DSS tool will help users in solving JSSPs without understanding the complexity of the problem and solution approaches, as well as will contribute in reducing the computational and operational costs.
26

Algoritmos de Geração de Protótipos Para Bases Desbalanceadas

Oliveira, Dayvid Victor Rodrigues de 25 February 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Lucelia Lucena (lucelia.lucena@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-06T19:37:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Dayvid Victor Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 798881 bytes, checksum: 3b4ac40fda11573b025340c2b03e8903 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T19:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Dayvid Victor Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 798881 bytes, checksum: 3b4ac40fda11573b025340c2b03e8903 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Técnicas de redução de instâncias são técnicas usadas para reduzir a quantidade de instâncias em um conjunto de dados. Estas técnicas podem atuar removendo dados redundantes ou gerando novos dados. As instâncias resultantes são chamadas de protótipos. Técnicas de seleção de protótipos, são técnicas de redução de instâncias que realizam esta tarefa selecionando um subconjunto do conjunto de dados original. Já as técnicas de geração de protótipos, são técnicas de redução de instâncias que criam instâncias que não necessariamente pertencem ao conjunto de dados original. Algoritmos evolucionários têm sido frequentemente utilizados em seleção de protótipos, tal abordagem é chamada de evolutionary prototype selection. Algumas bases de dados do mundo real possuem muitas instâncias de uma classe, a classe majoritária, e poucas de outra, classe minoritária, estas bases são chamadas de bases desbalanceadas. Em tais bases, muitos algoritmos de redução de instâncias se tornam inviáveis, retornando muitas instâncias da classe majoritária e poucas, ou até nenhuma, da classe minoritária. Este efeito é ainda mais acentuado em técnicas de remoção de ruídos. Neste trabalho, são propostas duas técnicas de geração de protótipos que minimizam o efeito de desbalanceamento entre classes. A primeira proposta é o Creative Steady-State Memetic Algorithm (CSSMA), um algoritmo de geração de protótipos que utiliza um algoritmo evolucionário, incorporando uma busca local, para encontrar o conjunto de protótipos artificiais que maximiza a função de aptidão. Esta técnica é inspirada no Steady-State Memetic Algorithm, uma das melhores técnicas de seleção de protótipos na literatura, tanto em redução quanto em classificação. A segunda proposta é o Adaptive Self- Generating Prototypes (ASGP), esta técnica gera instâncias levando em consideração o tamanho do maior agrupamento de cada classe. O ASGP é uma derivação do Self-Generating Prototypes (SGP), considerada uma das técnicas de geração de protótipos de maior poder de generalização, sendo, porém, ineficiente em bases desbalanceadas. As bases de dados usadas nos experimentos são do módulo imbalanced datasets do KEEL software, dicotômicas, e com diferentes níveis de desbalanceamento. Cada base é dividida em 5 partições para aplicação do k-fold cross validation (k=5). As métricas usadas para avaliar a performance dos algoritmos foram a area under the ROC curve (AUC) e a taxa de redução. Para comparar os resultados, foi utilizado o teste estatístico de Wilcoxon. Os resultados mostram que o CSSMA foi superior em taxa de acerto, AUC, a outros algoritmos evolucionários de redução de instâncias recentemente propostos. O ASGP também obteve uma AUC superior ao Self-Generating Prototypes 2, versão mais atual do SGP.
27

Escalonamento memetico e neuro-memetico de tarefas / Memetic and neuro-memetic scheduling of tasks

Bonfim, Tatiane Regina 17 February 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Akebo Yamakami / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T10:47:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonfim_TatianeRegina_D.pdf: 1154007 bytes, checksum: 1b6dd7bc9c2e3eef16c1e3258710730c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma nova abordagem de resolução, por algoritmo memético e pela coevolução de algoritmo memético com redes neurais, para o problema de escalonamento de tarefas em máquinas paralelas idênticas e para o problema de job shop com parâmetros precisos. Para os problemas de escalonamento com parâmetros com incertezas, onde os parâmetros não são precisamente conhecidos, toma-se dificil classificar um determinado escalonamento ótimo. A noção de ótimo também torna-se imprecisa e o grau de otimalidade de um dado escalonamento ("o quanto um escalonamento é ótimo") pode ser caracterizada por um número fuzzy. Foi aplicado também o conceito de otimalidade possível para medir a possibilidade de um determinado escalonamento ser ótimo. O algoritmo memético foi aplicado para encontrar soluções para o problema, a rede neural foi aplicada para encontrar a função de fitness das soluções encontradas pelo algoritmo memético, e o conceito de possibilidade foi aplicado para avaliar as melhores soluções. Foram utilizadas as redes neurais backpropagation e com aprendizado por reforço para encontrar o valor da função de fitness. As simulações mostraram que as redes neurais apresentaram uma boa performance na coevolução com o algoritmo memético e na resolução dos problemas, e mostraram que o conceito de possibilidade teve uma boa perfomance na avaliação da otimalidade das soluções / Abstract: This work presents a new approach for the resolution of the problem of identical parallel machine scheduling and job shop scheduling with precise parameters, with memetic algorithm and memetic algorithm coevolving with neural networks. For problems with parameters with uncertainties, where the parameters of the problem are not precisely known, it is difficult to say in prior which schedule will be optimal. The notion of optimal also becomes imprecise and the degree of optimality of a given schedule ("how much a schedule is optimal") can be characterized by a fuzzy number. We was used also the concepts of possibility to measure the possibility of a given schedule be optimal. Memetic algorithm has been used to find the solutions of the problem, the neural network has been used to find the fitness function of these solutions, and the concept of possibility has been used to evaluate the best solutions. We was used neural networks with backpropagation and reinforcement learning to find the fitness function. Simulations showed that the neural networks presents a good performance in the coevolution of the memetic algorithm and in the resolution of the problems, and showed that the concept of possibility present a good performance in the evaluation of solutions optimality / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
28

Modélisation dynamique de la densité de population via les réseaux cellulaires et optimisation multiobjectif de l'auto-partage / Dynamic modeling of population density via cellular networks and car-sharing multiobjective optimization

Moalic, Laurent 12 December 2013 (has links)
De nombreux problèmes de décision issus du monde réel sont de nature NP-difficile. Il est également fréquent que de tels problèmes rassemblent plusieurs objectifs à optimiser simultanément, généralement contradictoires entre eux. Pour aborder cette classe de problèmes, les métaheuristiques multiobjectifs fournissent des outils particulièrement efficaces. Par ailleurs, pour traiter des problèmes de transport, l'élaboration de modèles permettant de caractériser l’évolution spatio-temporelle d’une population est un élément essentiel. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, nous nous intéressons à la chaine complète qui permet de guider une décision dans le domaine de l'aménagement du territoire et du transport. Nous considérons ainsi les deux principales phases impliquées dans le processus de décision : la modélisation des déplacements de la population d'une part, et l'élaboration d'une métaheuristique hybride pour résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation multiobjectif d'autre part. Afin de modéliser l’évolution de la présence de personnes sur un territoire, nous proposons dans cette thèse un nouveau modèle de mobilité. L'originalité de ce travail réside dans l'utilisation de données nouvelles issues de la téléphonie mobile, ainsi que dans l'exploitation d'informations géographiques et socio-économiques pour caractériser le pouvoir d'attraction du territoire. Nous proposons par ailleurs une heuristique pour résoudre des problèmes multiobjectifs. L’étude de l'influence de différents opérateurs sur la construction de l'ensemble Pareto, nous a amené à concevoir une heuristique hybride de type mémétique, qui se révèle être significativement plus efficace que des approches de référence. Les deux principales phases, modélisation et optimisation, ont été expérimentées et validées dans un contexte réel. Elles ont donné lieu au développement d’une plate-forme logicielle d’aide à la décision utilisée notamment pour proposer des emplacements de stations pour un service d'auto-partage électrique. / Many decision-making problems in the real world are NP-hard. These problems commonly feature several mutually-contradictory objectives to be optimized simultaneously. Multiobjective metaheuristics provide particularly effective means of addressing this class of problems. Moreover, for transportation problems, the development of models able to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of a population is essential. In our research, we are interested in the complete chain guiding a decision in the fields of transportation and territory planning. We consider the two main phases involved in the decision-making process: building a population mobility model and developing a hybrid metaheuristic to solve multiobjective optimization problems. In order to compute the evolution of population presence on a territory, in this thesis we propose a new mobility model; its originality lies in employing new data from mobile phone networks as well as geographic and socio-economic information to indicate the attractiveness of the territory. We have also developed a heuristic to solve multiobjective problems: following the study of the influence of several operators on the Pareto front, we have designed a hybrid memetic heuristic that is significantly more effective than reference approaches. The two main phases of modelling and optimizing have been tested and validated in a real context, allowing us to develop a decision-making software platform that can be used to provide station locations for an electric car-sharing service.
29

Ordonnancement sur machines parallèles appliqué à la fabrication de semi-conducteurs : ateliers de photolithographie / Parallel machine scheduling for semiconductor manufacturing : Photolithography workstations

Bitar, Abdoul 11 December 2015 (has links)
Le secteur des semi-conducteurs a connu un développement considérable ces dernières décennies, du fait des nouvelles applications de la microélectronique dans l'industrie. Le processus de fabrication est réputé pour sa complexité. L'un des ateliers les plus critiques de la production, l'atelier de photolithographie, est régi par un ensemble conséquent de contraintes de production. La multiplicité des ressources utilisées, le nombre important de produits traités, en font une zone importante à optimiser. Les objectifs de la thèse ont été de modéliser cet atelier sous la forme d'un problème d'ordonnancement sur machines parallèles et d'optimiser plusieurs critères jugés pertinents pour évaluer la qualité des solutions. Des résultats en termes de complexité, et d'algorithmes de résolution, ont permis une application industrielle, dans la mesure où un logiciel d'optimisation destiné à l'ordonnancement des lots en photolithographie a été développé. / Semiconductor manufacturing has grown considerably in recent decades, due to new industrial applications of microelectronic devices. The related manufacturing process is known to be complex. A bottleneck process step, the photolithography workshop, gathers various types of constraints, related to the number of auxiliary resources and the tools characteristics. The aims of the thesis were to model this workstation as a parallel machine scheduling problem and to optimize various criteria, determined by industrial needs. Some complexity results are provided and optimization algorithms led to an industrial application, i.e. a software providing optimized schedules in a specific fab.
30

Algorithmes mémétiques de détection de communautés dans les réseaux complexes : techniques palliatives de la limite de résolution / Memetic algorithm for community detection in Complex Network : mitigation techniques to the resolution limit, the main weakness of modularity

Gach, Olivier 03 December 2013 (has links)
Les réseaux complexes, issus de relevés de terrain d’origines trèsvariées, en biologie, science de l’information ou sociologie,présentent une caractéristique remarquable dénommée structurecommunautaire. Des groupes, ou communautés, à l’intérieur duréseau, ont une cohésion interne forte et des liens entre eux plusfaibles. Sans connaissance a priori du nombre de communautés, ladifficulté réside dans la caractérisation d’un bon partitionnement encommunautés. La modularité est une mesure globale de qualité departitionnement très utilisée qui capture les contraintes de cohésioninterne forte et de liens externes faibles. Elle transforme le problèmede détection de communautés en problème d’optimisationNP-difficile. Elle souffre d’un défaut, la limite de résolution, qui tendà rendre indétectables les très petites communautés d’autant plusque le réseau est grand. L’algorithme le plus efficace pour optimiserla modularité, dit de Louvain, procède par fusion de communautés.Cette thèse s’attache à modifier cet algorithme pour qu’il réalisemajoritairement des fusions pertinentes, qui n’aggravent pas lalimite de résolution, en utilisant une condition de fusion. De plus, enl’associant à un algorithme mémétique, les partitions proposéessont très proches des partitions attendues pour des graphesgénérés par un modèle qui reproduit les caractéristiques desréseaux complexes. Enfin, cet algorithme mémétique réduitfortement l’inconsistance de solution, défaut de la modularité selonlequel deux partitions trouvées à partir d’un examen des noeudsdans un ordre aléatoire, pour le même graphe, peuvent êtrestructurellement très différentes, rendant leur interprétation délicate. / From various applications, in sociology or biology for instance,complex networks exhib the remarquable property of communitystructure. Groups, sometimes called communities, has a stronginternal cohesion and poor links between them. Whithout priorknowledge of the number of communities, the difficulty lies in thecharacterization of a good clustering. Modularity is an overallmeasure of clustering quality widely used to capture the doubleconstraint, internal and external, of well formed communities. Theproblem became a NP-hard optimization problem. The main weakof modularity is the resolution limit, which tends to makeundetectable very small communities especially as the network islarge. The algorithm of Louvain, one of the most efficient one tooptimize modularity, proceeds by merging communities. This thesisattempts to modify the algorithm so that it mainly produces relevantmerges that do not make worse the effects of resolution limit, usinga merge condition. In addition, by combining it with a memeticalgorithm, proposed clusterings are very close to the expected onesfor graphs generated by a model that reproduces the characteristicsof complex networks. Finally, the memetic algorithm greatly reducesthe inconsistency of solution, another weakness of modularity suchthat, for the same graph, two partitions found from an exploration ofnodes in a random order can be structurally very different, makingthem difficult to interpret.

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