Orientadores: José Antonio Rocha Gontijo, Flávia Fernandes Mesquita Vieira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:59:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Block_DanielBueno_M.pdf: 3824410 bytes, checksum: 3f680ece69f85c5b515f67c4ee1f67b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O ambiente em que vivemos tem grande influência no desenvolvimento e na vida adulta do feto, sendo que a alimentação ou o tabagismo vêem como hábitos e estilo de vida que estão diretamente relacionados a modificações na organogênese fetal. O tabagismo é um dos fatores de maior preocupação das autoridades em saúde pública, devido aos graves problemas à saúde causados pelo cigarro, os custos sociais e econômicos decorrentes destas afecções e, atualmente às possíveis implicações epigenéticas dada incidência do tabagismo em gestantes que pode repercutir sobre gerações futuras. Vários estudos tratam dos efeitos danosos e das repercussões do cigarro no organismo de gestantes e no desenvolvimento do feto, tais como hipertensão arterial, doenças cardiovasculares, maior prevalência de aborto espontâneo, morbidade intrauterina , retarde no crescimento fetal, entre outros. A inalação de monóxido de carbono (CO) pelas gestantes, através do cigarro, causa no feto um estado de hipóxia que pode ser, muitas vezes, fatal. Em resposta a este déficit de oxigênio alguns mecanismos fisiológicos podem ser observados, como: o aumento da expressão do hormônio endógeno eritropoietina (EPO) que regula a eritropoiese e consequentemente, os níveis de hemoglobina e a hematose dos tecidos. O fator induzível por hipóxia (HIF-1) atua na regulação da expressão EPO, sobre a angiogênese, e na viabilidade e proliferação celular vascular entre outras funções. Nesta emaranhada rede de estímulos, está intimamente envolvido o fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) que tem na hipóxia um dos principais estímulos a sua expressão. Este fator é o mais importante mediador do desenvolvimento vascular renal, principalmente do processo de diferenciação do corpúsculo glomerular. Observamos que a inalação de tabaco não modificou significativamente a evolução da massa corporal das mães durante a prenhes (figura 6). No entanto, a prole de animais submetidos ao fumo apresentou uma expressiva redução da massa corporal ao nascer - Ct 7,2± 0,05DPM g vs. Fm 6,3± 0,24DPM g (figura 7), e da nona e décima semana de vida - Ct 322± 20,5DPM g vs. Fm 286± 32,3DPM g e Ct 329± 20,4DPM g vs. Fm 294± 32,6DPM g, respectivamente (figura 8). Os resultados referente à função renal na prole Ct e Fm na 5ª semana de vida não mostraram diferenças significativas na filtração glomerular (CCr) tão pouco na reabsorção proximal de sódio. Contudo, a prole Fm apresentou um aumento significativo na excreção de sódio (FENa+ 24,5%, FEK 13,8%, FEPPNa+ 25,3% e CENa+ 20%) quando comparado ao Ct (figura 13). Por outro lado, na 10ª semana de vida, observamos um aumento significativo (p=0,01) no CCr - 13,9% e na CENa+ - 17,7%, na prole Fm vs. Ct. Nestes animais não houve diferença na reabsorção de Na+ no túbulo proximal e pós-proximal, consequentemente não observamos diferenças significativas na FENa+ e FEK (figura 14). Nos animais Fm de 13 semanas de vida nenhum dos parâmetros das provas funcionais renais se alteraram (figura 15). Contudo, estritamente nesta idade podemos observar um elevação na pressão arterial (p=0,02) entre os grupos Ct e Fm - 134± 9,79DPM mmHg e 146± 11,07DPM mmHg, respectivamente (figuras 11). Não observamos modificações significativas, através da estereologia renal, no volume renal (Ct 0,12 ±0,01 vs. Fm 0,11 ±0,004), na massa renal (Ct 0,43 ±0,03 vs. Fm 0,37 ±0,01) nos animais com 12 dias de vida. Embora, não estatisticamente significativo, a prole Fm apresentou uma redução de 10% no volume glomerular (Ct 16420 ±2411 vs. Fm 15860 ±1078) e 8,2% menos glomérulos (Ct 10450 ±2030 vs. Fm 8628 ±900) quando comparados ao Ct (figuras 16 a 19). Os resultados quantitativos das proteínas envolvidas na angiogênese e eritropoiese - VEGF e EPO, dados pelo ensaio de western blotting, não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos (figuras 20 a 22). Contudo, os resultados semi-quantitativos por imunolocalização mostrou uma elevada intensidade fluorocrômica do VEGF nos animais Fm e de HIF1? nos animais Ct no período embrionário - E17 (figuras 23 a 27). Observamos, também, uma expressiva modificação na estrutura da matriz extracelular por deposição de proteínas no sitio intersticial e perivascular renal nos animais Fm de 16 semanas vida comparadas ao Ct dadas pela histoquímica de picrossíruis e imunofluorêscencia de fibronectina (figura 29 a 32). Assim, podemos concluir que, a exposição intrauterina ao fumo e seus componentes, podem levar a uma modificação morfofuncional renal na vida adulta que reflete diretamente na manutenção da pressão arterial / Abstract: Prior study about developmental plasticity hypothesis suggests that various adverse intra-uterine exposures lead to persistent fetal developmental adaptations. Maternal smoking is a very important modifiable adverse fetal exposure in western countries and leads to a decrease in the offspring's birth weight. Thus far, the specific adverse fetal smoking exposures and mechanisms underlying these associations on renal development and functional disorder are unclear. The present study investigates, in adult male rats, the effect of smoking exposure (Sk) in utero on blood pressure (BP), and its association with nephron structure and function changes. In the current study, showed in 13-week old Sk offspring enhanced arterial blood pressure, reduced nephron number are associated with higher TGF-?1 glomerular expression. Sk glomeruli also presented an upregulated collagen and fibronectin deposition intrinsically related to fibrotic process as compared to age-matched control group. From our present knowledge, these are the first data showing renal morphological and functional modifications in the gestational smoking model of fetal programming. The fetal-programmed adult rats showed structural kidney disorders associated with a striking stage of fibrosis, which led us to state that the glomerular overflow and subsequently TGF-?1 activity inducing fibrotic protein expression that may cause glomerular EMT / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Mestre em Ciências

Orientador: Cecília Amélia de Carvalho Zavaglia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_LeonardoRibeiro_D.pdf: 27919489 bytes, checksum: c5885ca5237fb42cea7f7189a4070b0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A engenharia tecidual associada à nanotecnologia ganhou destaque no meio científico devido a sua multidisciplinaridade e capacidade de atingir várias áreas de estudo, inclusive no campo da medicina regenerativa. Para que o processo de regeneração tecidual óssea ocorra de forma esperada é possível utilizar scaffolds, que com sua estrutura porosa e com poros interconectados estruturam e organizam a região injuriada durante a recuperação do tecido. A organização da estrutura 3D da região afetada deve ser estudada para que seja possível criar scaffolds apropriados ao tamanho e forma do defeito existente. Com o scaffold já implantado deve ser avaliada a interação dos materiais com as células da região danificada. A partir desse princípio, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita (HA) e betafosfato tricálcico ('beta'-TCP) utilizando a nova rota química baseada na utilização da sacarose como agente formador do gel (sucrose-based route) para síntese das nanopartículas, que são utilizadas na produção dos scaffolds, formando compósitos HA/TCP que serão utilizados como suporte para células tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) nos testes de substituição de tecidos ósseos. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas por DRX, FRX, equação de Scherrer, MEV, MET, EELS, ESEM, NTA, FTIR e potencial Zeta. A partir dos dois fosfatos de cálcio (HA e 'beta'-TCP), foram feitos dois tipos de compósitos (esponja cerâmica e pastilha porosa) que foram caracterizados por ensaio mecânico de compressão axial, DRX, picnometria, microtomografia de raios X (Micro- CT), ESEM, FTIR e ensaio de degradação. Após a caracterização dos compósitos, os scaffolds foram submetidos a testes in vitro e in vivo e caracterizados por lupa de fluorescência, microscopia confocal, MEV, EDS, radiografia, MTT e histologia. Os resultados sugerem que os compósitos obtidos possam ser utilizados na potencialização da diferenciação osteogênica de MSCs provendo o desenvolvimento de novos modelos de bioengenharia tecidual na reconstrução óssea / Abstract: Tissue engineering associated with nanotechnology stood out because of its multidisciplinarity and results, in addition to targeting many areas of study in the field of regenerative medicine. For the process of bone regeneration to occur in appropriate form, the injured area must be organized. The reorganization of the 3D structure in the affected area should be studied in order to create scaffolds of appropriate size and shape similar to the existing defect. The implanted scaffold should be evaluated regarding the interaction of the material with the cells on the damaged region. From this principle, the objective of this work was to synthesize nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate ('beta'-TCP) using the new sucrosebased route which is based on the use of sucrose as a chelating agent for synthesis of nanoparticles, which are used in the production of scaffolds, forming composite HA / TCP that will be used as support for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the replacement tests of bone tissue. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, XRF, Scherrer equation, SEM, TEM, EELS, ESEM, NTA, FTIR and Zeta potential. With two calcium phosphates (HA and TCP) it was prepared two types of composites (ceramic sponge and porous ceramic cylinder), which were characterized by mechanical test, XRD, pycnometry, X-ray microtomography (Micro-CT) ESEM, FTIR and degradation test. Scaffolds were tested in vivo and in vitro and they were characterized by magnifying fluorescence, confocal microscopy, SEM, EDS, radiography, MTT and histology. The results suggest that the scaffolds obtained can be used to improve the osteogenic differentiation of the MSC providing the development of new types of bone tissue engineerinG / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

A desnutrição proteico-energética (DPE) altera a hemopoese e, portanto, a geração de células imunológicas, bem como compromete o sistema imune. Desta forma, indivíduos desnutridos apresentam maior susceptibilidade a infecções. As células tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) possuem propriedades imunomodulatórias e são importantes na formação do estroma medular que sustenta a hemopoese. Visto que a L-glutamina (GLUT) é o aminoácido condicionalmente essencial mais consumido por CTMs, e que também apresenta capacidade imunomoduladora, investigou-se, neste trabalho, se a GLUT exerceria efeito sobre aspectos imunomodulatórios das CTMs em um modelo experimental de DPE. Para tanto, utilizou-se camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, os quais receberam rações normoproteica ou hipoproteica isocalóricas contendo, respectivamente, 12% e 2% de proteína por um período de 5 semanas. Após o isolamento e a caracterização de CTMs provenientes dos grupos controle (CTMct) e desnutrido (CTMdesn), cultivou-se essas células em 0, 0,6, 2 e 10mM GLUT, a fim de determinar a influência deste aminoácido sobre a expressão de fatores de transcrição e produção de citocinas por CTMct e CTMdesn. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se o efeito dos sobrenadantes das culturas de CTMct e CTMdesn sobre a proliferação e produção de citocinas por macrófagos e linfócitos esplênicos. Os animais desnutridos apresentaram anemia, leucopenia, hipoplasia medular e diminuição na concentração de proteínas séricas, albumina e préa-lbumina. A DPE não modificou a morfologia e o fenótipo das CTMs, bem como não alterou a expressão de proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular. Por outro lado, a expressão de NFkB e STAT-3 e a produção de IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 e TGF-β por CTMs foram alteradas pela DPE e variaram de acordo com as concentrações de GLUT testadas. O aumento na concentração de GLUT diminuiu a expressão de NFkB e induziu a expressão de STAT-3 por CTMs obtidas de ambos os grupos. Quanto a produção de citocinas por essas células, observou-se uma diminuição nos níveis de IL-β e IL-6 e uma elevação nos níveis de IL-10 e TGF-β com o aumento na concentração de GLUT. Variações na concentração desse aminoácido não alteraram a produção de IL-17 ou IFN-γ por CTMct e CTMdesn. Ademais, a concentração de GLUT alterou, de forma diretamente proporcional, a taxa de proliferação das CTMs. Os meios condicionados de CTMct e CTMdesn diminuíram a proliferação de macrófagos e linfócitos esplênicos estimulados com LPS, induziram aumento na produção da citocina antiinflamatória IL-10 por ambos os tipos celulares e diminuíram a produção das citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-12 e TNF-α por macrófagos e IL-17 por linfócitos. Portanto, conclui-se que a GLUT possui efeito sobre a proliferação das CTMs, bem como a capacidade de imunomodular estas células. / Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) alters hemopoiesis and, therefore, the generation of immune cells, and compromises the immune system. In this way, malnourished individuals are more susceptible to infections. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory properties and are important in the formation of bone marrow stroma that supports hemopoiesis. Since L-glutamine (GLUT) is a conditionally essential amino acid, which is most consumed by MSCs, and present immunomodulatory capacity, this work investigated whether GLUT would have an effect on immunomodulatory aspects of MSCs in a PEM experimental model. For this purpose, BALB/c mice were used, which received isocaloric normoproteic or hypoproteic diets, containing respectively, 12% and 2% of protein for a period of 5 weeks. After isolation and characterization of MSCs from control (MSCct) and malnourished (MSCmaln) groups, these cells were cultured with 0, 0.6, 2 and GLUT 10mM in order to determine the influence of this amino acid on the expression of transcription factors and cytokine production by MSCct and MSCmaln. Besides that, the effect of MSCct and MSCmaln culture supernatants on proliferation and cytokine production by macrophages and splenic lymphocytes was evaluated. Malnourished animals presented anemia, leucopenia, marrow hypoplasia and decreased concentration of serum proteins, albumin and prealbumin. PEM did not change morphology and phenotype of MSCs or altered the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins. On the other hand, the expression of NFkB and STAT-3 and the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β by MSCs were modified by PEM and varied according to the tested GLUT concentrations. An increase in GLUT concentration decreased NFkB expression and induced STAT-3 expression by MSCs obtained from both groups. Regarding the production of cytokines by these cells, an increase in GLUT concentration resulted in decreased IL-1β and IL-6 levels and increased IL- 10 and TGF-β levels. Changes in the concentration of this aminoacid did not alter IL- 17 or IFN-γ production by MSCct and MSCmaln. Furthermore, the concentration of GLUT changed, in direct proportion, the proliferation of MSCs. The conditioned media MSCct and MSCmaln decreased the proliferation of macrophages and splenic lymphocytes stimulated with LPS, induced an increase in the production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 by both cell types, and decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α by macrophages and IL-17 by lymphocytes. Therefore, it can be concluded that GLUT has an effect on the proliferation of MSCs and it has the capacity to immunomodulate these cells.

O tecido ósseo tem sido amplamente estudado devido às suas inúmeras funções e capacidade de auto-regeneração. Entretanto, muitas vezes a reparação óssea completa pode ser prejudicada quando as fraturas ósseas são graves. Muitas pesquisas visando a regeneração do tecido ósseo estão sendo realizadas tanto nas abordagens que envolvem a utilização de enxertos, quanto na aplicação de terapia celular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e caracterizar uma linhagem celular proveniente do tecido ósseo de fetos caninos. Para isso, foi realizado método de dissociação enzimática do osso fetal canino para obtenção da cultura celular, estabelecendo assim o cultivo das células OSTBN6. Além disso, foram realizados técnicas do teste de viabilidade e proliferação celular por MTT, de imunofenotipagem das células, expressão gênica, diferenciação celular em linhagens adipogênica, osteogênica e condrogênica, e análise do potencial tumorigênico das células derivadas de tecido ósseo fetal canino. Sendo assim, a população isolada de células derivadas de tecido ósseo fetal canino isolada apresentou duas morfologias distintas: formato fibroblastóide e formato triangular. Essas células são viáveis e possuem ótima taxa de proliferação, como indicou o ensaio de MTT. As células foram positivas para pluripotência e para células de origem mesenquimal, e foram negativas para marcadores de células de origem hematopoiéticas. As OSTBN6 foram capazes de se diferenciar em linhagem adipogênica, osteogênica e condrogênica, característica de células mesenquimais. Por fim, foi realizado o teste do potencial tumorigênico em camundongos nude, não havendo formação de tumores. Desse modo, concluimos que a célula proveniente do tecido ósseo fetal canino constitui uma fonte segura para utilização na medicina regenerativa e terapia celular / Bone tissue has been widely studied due to its numerous functions and capacity for self-regeneration. However, often the complete bone repair may be impaired when bone fractures are severe. Many research aiming to regenerate the bone tissue are being conducted in both approaches involving the use of grafts, as the application of stem cell therapy. The objective of this study was to obtain and characterize a cell line derived from the canine fetuses bone. To do so, it was carried out an enzymatic dissociation method for obtaining canine fetal bone cell culture, thus establishing OSTBN6 cells culture. In addition, there were carried out technical viability and cell proliferation by MTT test, immunophenotyping of cells, gene expression, cellular differentiation in adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, and analysis of tumorigenic potential of cells derived from canine fetal bone. Thus, the population of cells derived from isolated canine fetal bone tissue showed two distinct morphologies: fibroblastoid shape and triangular shape. These cells are viable and have optimal rate of proliferation, as indicated by the MTT assay. Cells were positive for pluripotency and as mesenchymal cells and were negative for hematopoietic origin cell markers. The OSTBN6 were able to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage, characteristic of mesenchymal cells. Finally, it was performed the tumorigenic potential test in nude mice, with no tumor formation. Thus, it was concluded that the cell derived from canine fetal bone is a reliable source for use in regenerative medicine and cell therapy

As doenças genéticas degenerativas atingem milhões de crianças em todo o mundo. Dentre essas doenças, a distrofia muscular, caracterizada como uma doença monogênica poderia ser tratada na sua origem através da terapia gênica. Assim, este estudo propõe à correção da mutação no gene da distrofina, causador da distrofia muscular através de modificações genéticas específicas. A criação de novas classes de terapêuticos que podem desencadear rearranjos no DNA genômico de maneira específica representa uma nova promessa para experimentos em terapia gênica. A tecnologia usada foi o RNA interferente (RNAi) que é utilizada para regulação da expressão gênica pós-transcricional. A Ku 70 é uma das proteínas específicas para a recombinação não homóloga, o RNAi foi usado na tentativa de atenuar a Ku70, prevalecendo então a expressão da recombinação homóloga, com intuito de corrigir a mutação gênica causadora da distrofia muscular em cães. Para tal avaliação, utilizamos linhagens de células tronco (CT) mesenquimais recentemente isoladas, oriundas de populações mononucleares da médula óssea de cães jovens afetados pela distrofia muscular, apresentando bons resultados em cultivo e caracterização. Este trabalho proporciona além da criação de uma nova terapêutica específica para a correção da distrofia muscular, o aumento do conhecimento e entendimento na indução de modificações genômicas em células, no desenvolvimento de novas classes de agentes terapêuticos moleculares que representam um grande potencial em estudos e no tratamento de várias doenças genéticas e infecciosas, degenerativas ou adquiridas. O presente trabalho apresenta métodos de isolamento e caracterização de células tronco-mesenquimais bem como a utilização de RNAi visando promover a recombinação homóloga entre o DNA transfectado e o alvo no DNA genômico. / The degenerative genetic diseases affect millions of children around the world. Among these diseases, muscular dystrophy, characterized as a monogenic disease can be treated at its source through gene therapy. Thus, this study proposes the correction of the gene that causes muscular dystrophy through genetic modification specific. The creation of new classes of therapeutics that can trigger rearrangements in the genomic DNA in a specific manner represents a new promise for gene therapy experiments. The technology will be used by RNA interference (RNAi) and that used to regulate gene expression post-transcriptional. The 70 Ku is a protein specific to the non-homologous recombination, RNAi was used in an attempt to mitigate the Ku70, then the prevailing expression of homologous recombination, aiming to correct the mutation that causes muscular dystrophy in dogs. For this evaluation, we use mesenchymal stem cell lines recently isolated populations derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells of young dogs affected by muscular dystrophy, presenting good results in characterization and culture. This work also provides the creation of a new specific therapy for the correction of muscular dystrophy, increased knowledge and understanding in the induction of genomic changes in cells in the development of new classes of molecular therapeutic agents have great potential in studies and treatment of various genetic and infectious diseases, degenerative or acquired. This paper presents methods for isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells and the use of RNAi to promote homologous recombination between transfected DNA and genomic target DNA.

As células tronco mesenquimais derivadas do âmnio (AMSCs) são células multipotentes com alto potencial para se diferenciar em múltiplas linhagens. Podem ser isoladas sem recurso a procedimentos invasivos e usadas sem levantar quaisquer implicações éticas. O presente estudo visa isolar e caracterizar as células mesenquimais progenitoras da membrana amniótica de gatos domésticos para futura aplicação em terapia celular. As células foram isoladas de quatro membranas fetais, coletadas durante as campanhas rotineiras de castração em gatas no último terço de gestação, após anestesia geral. A porção dorsal do âmnio foi separada mecanicamente, lavada com PBS e submetida à digestão com colagenase. As células coletadas foram propagadas em cultivo (DMEN-F12/-MEM) e criopreservadas em várias passagens enquanto se efetuava a avaliação da cinética de crescimento e das características morfológicas. Em cultivo, as AMSCs demonstraram aderência à placa e uma morfologia similar a dos fibroblastos. A análise imunofenotípica revelou presença de marcadores específicos de MSCs CD73 e CD90 e ausência de marcadores hematopoiéticos CD34, CD45 e CD79 sugerindo a presença de células mesenquimais multipotentes na membrana amniótica de gatos domésticos. Em condições apropriadas, estas células diferenciaram-se em linhagens específicas osteogênica e adipogênica. Entretanto, após inoculação em camundongos imunodeficientes não foi registrado formação de teratomas. Estes achados sugerem que o âmnio de gatos domésticos pode ser considerado uma importante fonte de MSCs com maior atração para medicina regenerativa. / The amnion derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are multipotent cells with a high ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. They can be obtained by non-invasive methods and therefore are exempt from the normal ethical problems involving stem cell use. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the progenitor mesenchymal cells from the cat amniotic membrane for future application in cell therapy. The cells were isolated from four fetal membranes collected after a routine ovarian hysterectomy process from cats in their third gestational trimester, under general anesthesia. The dorsal portion of amnion was mechanically separated, washed with PBS and subjected to collagenase digestion. The isolated cells were propagated in culture media (DMEMF12 or -MEM) and frozen in various passages while the growing kinetics and cell morphology were analyzed. In culture medium, AMSCs were adherent to the plastic culture dish and had a morphology similar to fibroblasts. Immunophenotyping assays showed the presence of MSCs specific markers CD73 and CD90 and absence of hematopoietic markers CD34, CD45 and CD79 suggesting the presence of multipotent mesenchymal cells in the cat amniotic membrane. Under appropriate conditions, these cells differentiated into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages. Moreover, after injection into immunodeficient mice, no tumors were generated. These findings suggest that the cat amniotic membrane can be considered an important and useful source of MSCs for regenerative medicine.

Abstract The stem cell is a primitive cell that is capable of dividing to reproduce itself and can give rise to a selection of differentiated progeny. Stem cells are thought to be involved in or even main factors in many diseases. In postnatal humans, mesenchymal tissues have the capacity to regenerate from stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). It is currently thought that these cells will become the basis of therapy for many diseases. In the present study, a novel in vitro method was developed to examine human bone marrow derived MSC differentiation into osteoblast lineage, and to study the role of MSC in a variety of mesenchymal diseases. The ability of MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts was investigated during aging. In addition, the interindividual variability in the osteogenesis of MSCs and in the osteoblastic response of MSC to estrogen and testosterone was studied. Furthermore, an ex vivo model using a human aortic valve microenvironment was developed to explore whether the extracellular matrix influences the osteoblastic differentiation of the MSC. Finally, the role of MSC in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) related congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) was studied. It was found that after menopause the osteogenic potential of MSCs does not decrease. It was also found that estrogen receptor (ER) alpha genotype confers interindividual variability of response to estrogen and testosterone in MSC derived osteoblasts. In addition, it was found that the non-calcified valves with living valve cells inhibited osteogenesis of co-cultured MSCs, whereas the calcified and devitalised valves promoted differentiation towards an osteoblastic lineage. Finally, MSCs from NF1-related pseudarthrosis showed altered NF1 gene expression, poor osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation. In conclusion, MSC can be easily isolated from the bone marrow and MSC has the capacity to regenerate tissue even at later stages of life. These results could help explain the contradictory effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on osteoblasts in vitro and might also provide new insights into understanding the differences in responses to hormone replacement therapy. It seems that adult stem cells from bone marrow undergo milieu-dependent differentiation to express phenotypes that are similar to cells in the local microenvironment. Finally, the NF1 gene was shown to have a role in bone development and remodelling.

Le tissu osseux a la capacité de se régénérer suite à une fracture. Cependant, des consolidations incomplètes concernent aujourd’hui environ un million de personnes par an. L’approche d’ingénierie tissulaire associant des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) à des biomatériaux émerge comme une stratégie prometteuse pour réparer ces défauts. Par ailleurs, l’efficacité de la régénération osseuse semble varier en fonction du donneur mais aussi du support associé. L’objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ces variabilités. Pour cela, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux mécanismes : (i) l’impact des biomatériaux sur le devenir et les fonctions des CSM et (ii) l’impact de l’hétérogénéité inter-donneur des CSM sur les mécanismes moléculaires in vitro et in vivo, à l’origine des différences du potentiel ostéoformateur de ces cellules.Dans un premier temps, deux types de biomatériaux largement utilisés en clinique ont été comparés dans un modèle murin de greffe ectopique : une céramique biphasique d’hydroxyapatite/béta-tricalcium-phosphate (HA/bTCP) et une matrice osseuse humaine gamma-irradiée (Tutoplast® process Bone [TPB]). Nos résultats ont montré une meilleure formation osseuse lorsque les CSM sont combinées au TPB par rapport au HA/bTCP. Ceci est associé à une meilleure adhésion des CSM in vitro et in vivo ainsi qu’à une différentiation ostéoblastique supérieure sur le TPB. La contribution directe des CSM à former l’os est associée à un effet paracrine sur la chémoattraction et/ou la différentiation ostéogénique des cellules de l’hôte. Cet effet est indépendant des chimiokines PDGF et SDF-1 mais semble être régulé par la voie d’IGF-1. Un autre effet paracrine des CSM est observé sur l’activité ostéoclastique, qui est plus importante sur la céramique HA/bTCP et qui semble être régulée par le facteur RANKL. L’augmentation de l’activité ostéoclastique pourrait être à l’origine d’un déséquilibre de la balance résorption/formation osseuse sur le HA/bTCP.Ainsi, nos résultats montrent que le support impacte la persistance des CSM au niveau du site de la greffe ainsi que leur rôles directs et paracrines, l’ensemble étant à l’origine d’une variabilité de la formation osseuse.Cette formation osseuse a été observée avec seulement 70% des donneurs de CSM. Nous avons donc décidé dans la deuxième partie de ce projet d’évaluer les différences entre ces deux groupes de donneurs. In vitro aucune différence de prolifération, de différentiation ou de phénotypie des CSM n’a été observée. De plus, les analyses transcriptomique et sécrétomique réalisées in vitro n’ont montré aucune variabilité entre les deux groupes. In vivo, la persistance des CSM sur le site de la greffe est donneur dépendante et n’est pas liée à un défaut de vascularisation ou à une mort cellulaire par apoptose augmentée. Par ailleurs, nos résultats soutiennent l’existence d’une corrélation entre la formation osseuse et la capacité des CSM greffées à adhérer au support, survivre ainsi qu’à participer à la formation osseuse via une action directe et un effet paracrine.En conclusion, ce travail montre que l’efficacité de la formation osseuse dépend du devenir et des fonctions des CSM greffées. L’origine (donneur) ainsi que le microenvironnement (support associé) impactent l’adhésion, la survie et les mécanismes d’action de ces cellules au cours de la régénération osseuse. De plus, nous avons constaté que le potentiel ostéogénique des CSM est dû à leur participation directe à former l’os qui est synergique à un effet paracrine de chémoattraction et/ou de différentiation ostéogénique des cellules de l’hôte. / Despite bone capacity to regenerate after injury, incomplete consolidation concerns 1 million persons per year. Bone tissue engineering involving human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) loaded on biomaterials emerges as a new strategy to repair large bone defects. Nevertheless, efficacy of bone regeneration seems variable depending on the donor as well as on the associated scaffold. The aim of my PhD work was to understand mechanisms responsible for these variabilities. To this end, we focused on two objectives: (i) the impact of biomaterials on hBMSCs behavior and (ii) the impact of hBMSCs heterogeneities on molecular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo, resulting in variable bone-forming potential of these cells.First, two scaffolds widely used clinically were compared in an ectopic mouse model: the synthetic hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium-phosphate bioceramic (HA/βTCP) and the gamma-irradiated-processed human bone allograft (Tutoplast® Process Bone [TPB]). Our results showed that bone formation is higher when hBMSCs are loaded on TPB compared to HA/bTCP. This was correlated to a better hBMSCs adhesion in vitro as well as in vivo and to their higher osteoblastic differentiation on TPB. The direct participation of hBMSCs to form bone was associated to a paracrine effect of hBMSCs by inducing host cell chemoattraction and/or osteogenic differentiation, mediated probably by the IGF-1 pathway but independently from PDGF or SDF-1. Another paracrine effect was also observed on osteoclastic activity which was more important on HA/bTCP and could be RANKL dependent. This may impact the bone resorption/formation balance. Taken together, our results show that the associated scaffold impact MSCs persistence on the graft site, as well as their direct and paracrine effects leading to a variability in new bone amount.As bone formation was observed with only 70% of our donors, we then evaluated differences between the two groups. In vitro, no differences in cell proliferation, differentiation or phenotype were detected. Furthermore, transcriptomic and secretomic analysis in vitro did not identify any variability. The assessment of cell behavior in vivo showed that persistence of grafted cells was donor dependent and was not linked to a vascularization failure or a higher apoptosis. However, our results highlighted a correlation between bone formation and the ability of hBMSCs to attach and survive on the biomaterial as well as to contribute to bone formation by direct and paracrine effects.In conclusion, this work show that the efficacy of bone formation depend on the behavior of grafted hBMSCs. The origin (donor) and the microenvironment (associated scaffold) will impact their adhesion, survival and mechanisms of action during bone regeneration. Moreover, we identified that the osteogenic potential of hBMSCs act through a direct contribution that is synergic to a paracrine effect for host cell chemoattraction and differentiation.

In the first part of these studies, we have performed standard microsurgical procedures provide a solution for long standing bone and soft tissue defects, even in cases of longstanding osteomyelitis of long bones. When long bony segments are missing, the microvascular bone transfer provides a reliable method. In smaller soft tissue and bone defects, the application of a descending genicular osteomyocutaneous flap provides an option with low donor site morbidity. In the second part, we have focussed on reducing the donor site morbidity and expanded on the application of tissue engineering methods. MSCs derived from bone marrow can be injected percutaneous or be combined with an autologous bony scaffold for treatment of delayed union and nonunion. The outcome of our studies, however, limited in number of patients, clearly showed the possibilities and advantages of this new approach. A multimodality approach is essential, but it can provide promising solutions. Well-established microvascular and modern biotechnology methods will improve patient satisfaction and functional recovery in severe limb trauma, often the result of high-energy motorcycle accidents. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Un patient peut souffrir d’une perte de substance osseuse de taille critique suite à des accidents ou des pathologies. Aujourd’hui, le traitement le plus fréquent consiste en la greffe du tissu osseux (autogreffe ou allogreffe). Compte tenu des complication rencontrées (réponse immunologique, morbidité du site donneur), la recherche actuelle s’inscrit dans la recherche de synthèse d’un biomatériau bioactif favorisant la régénération osseuse. Ces matériaux devraient imiter les qualités de la matrice extracellulaire osseuse pour stimuler la formation osseuse.Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses jouent un rôle important du fait de leur capacité de prolifération et différentiation en ostéoblastes. Pour profiter de ce potentiel des cellules souches, il est nécessaire de comprendre comment contrôler leur comportement et mesurer l’impact du microenvironnement cellulaire sur la différenciation ostéogénique de ces cellules. Comme les cellules souches mésenchymateuses sont capables de différencier en plusieurs phénotypes différents, il est indispensable de les diriger dans la direction désirée. Plusieurs facteurs qui influencent le devenir cellulaire ont été identifiés, comme certains peptides bioactifs, des facteurs mécaniques comme la rigidité, ou la topographie de surface de matériaux.Dans la matrice extracellulaire naturelle du tissu osseux, les cellules souches mésenchymateuses sont entourées d’une variété de principes actifs, dont le plus abondant est le collagène I. Cette protéine s’assemble pour former des nanofibres qui présentent une nanomorphologie périodique avec une périodicité bien définie. La question posée au début de ce travail était: Cette structure a-t-elle un impact sur la différenciation des cellules souches?Pour étudier l’impact de la périodicité nanofibrillaire, nous proposons dans ce travail de recherche l’utilisation d’hélices modèles qui miment en partie la morphologie du collagène. Les hélices nanométriques auto-assemblées des surfactants gemini peuvent avoir un pas d’hélice et un diamètre similaires à ceux du collagène. La modulabilité de ces paramètres et la possibilité de modifier ces structures par des molécules bioactives permettent de moduler les caractéristiques des nanoobjets et d’étudier l’impact de ces nanomatériaux sur les cellules souches mésenchymateuses. / Tissue engineering is a field related to regenerative medicine which aims at replacing or regenerating a patient’s tissue, usually using a combination of cells and bioactive material designed to influence cell behaviour. In approaches for bone regeneration, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a common choice because of their ability to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts. Harnessing this potential requires biomaterials which promote osteoblastic differentiation, for example by mimicking the conditions in natural bone. Collagen I is a common protein in human bone; it forms fibrils with a characteristic periodic structure, which raises the question whether this morphology has in impact on stem cell fate. Collagen-mimicking nanomaterials can help investigate this question: Gemini surfactants with chiral counterions form twisted bilayers the morphology of which can be tuned by variation of enantiomeric excess, time and temperature. The self-assembled helical nanoribbons which are obtained by this process can be transformed by a sol-gel condensation to form silica nanohelices the size and twist pitch of which resembles that of collagen fibres. The objective of this study is to prepare 2D culture environments featuring these nanomaterals (with and without bioactive peptide functionalisation) to explore the effect of these materials on hMSC differentiation.Silica helices are fabricated by synthesis of surfactants with tartrate as counterion, and organic-inorganic transcription using a silica precursor compound. They can be modified by reaction with APTES and an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and covalent immobilisation of a peptide. Two peptides were used in this study, one adhesion-promoting peptide and the active domain of the osteogenesis-inducing peptide BMP2. Helices with or without this bioactive functionalisation were covalently grafted to glass substrates using APTES and EDC/NHS-coupling. The presence of peptides on helices was shown by the absorption of helix-grafted peptides bearing the FITC-fluorophore. Successful peptide grafting onto glass surfaces was verified by XPS and fluorescence microscopy. The morphology of helices was monitored with TEM and SEM. SEM images were used to determine the amount of helices on surfaces. HMSCs were cultivated for four weeks on surfaces modified with APTES, peptide(s) or left- or righthanded nanohelices, functionalised or not with bioactive peptide(s). After fixation, the quantities of the osteogenic markers Runx2 and Osteocalcin (OCN) in the cells were evaluated. The results show that BMP2-functionalised surfaces exhibited an elevated level of Runx2 and OCN expression. Some helix-grafted materials exhibited a significantly higher Runx2 and/or OCN expression than the corresponding homogeneous materials, but these differences were not consistent across samples of the same chiral orientation or bioactive functionalisation. Therefore, conclusive general statements about differences in osteogenic effect between helix functionalisations and handednesses aredifficult to make. A potential reason for this is the variability of surface coverage of helix-grafted materials: As the quantity of helices that are immobilised onto the surfaces is lower than expected and varies greatly between the samples, the number of cells that are not in contact with the helices might change as well, which can lead to false negatives.The results of a proteomic experiment have shown which proteins are differentially expressed in cells cultured on helices with or without BMP-functionalisation, compared to bare glass. Comparison with other proteomic studies shows that proteins which are known to be upregulated during osteogenic differentiation are overexpressed most frequently in cells cultured on BMPmodified helices. The proteins that were identified with this method might serve as starting point for future investigations.