The compositions of Steve Reich and György Ligeti both contain periodic rhythmic structures. Although periods are not usually easily perceived, the listener may perceive their combinations in a hierarchy of rhythmic structures. This document is an attempt to develop an analytical method that can account for this hierarchy in periodic music. I begin with an overview of the features of Reich's and Ligeti's music that contribute to the property of periodicity. I follow with a discussion of the music and writings of Olivier Messiaen as a precedent for the periodic structures in the music of Reich and Ligeti. I continue by consulting the writings of the Israeli musicologist Simha Arom and describing the usefulness of his ideas and terminology in the development of my method. I explain the working process and terminology of the analytical method, and then I apply it to Reich's Six Pianos and Ligeti's Désordre.

Untersucht wird der Einfluss der französisch-romantischen Orgelschule auf das Frühwerk Olivier Messiaens. Aus methodologischen Gründen – mit Blick auf das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen musikhistorischen, -analytischen und ästhetischen Urteilen – wird sich diversen Traktaten der Harmonie- und Improvisationslehre (Durand, Dupré, Koechelin) sowie Messiaens eigenen musiktheoretischen Schriften zugewendet. Erörtert werden die dort dargelegten Akkordtypen und deren unterschiedliche Kombinationsmöglichkeiten, die sich durch eine Fokussierung auf den Einzelklang und das Entbinden von den Erfordernissen einer funktionalen Harmonik auszeichnen. Sie eignen sich dadurch in besonderem Maße für die Improvisation, die insofern als der Urgrund für alle stilistischen Affinitäten gelten kann. Überlegungen zur Verwandtschaft zwischen der französisch-romantischen Orgelschule auf dem Frühwerk Olivier Messiaens auf dem Gebiet des Rhythmus, der Setzweise und dem theologischer Implikationen runden die Untersuchung ab. / This article examines the influence of the French-Romantic organ school on the early works of Olivier Messiaen. For methodological reasons having to do with the tension between music-historical, analytical, and aesthetic judgements, emphasis will be placed both on various harmony and improvisation treatises (Durand, Dupré, Koechelin) and Messiaen’s own music-theoretical writings. The types of chords described therein and their various possibilities for combination, which are distinguished by a focus on the single chord and the exoneration of the requirements of functional harmony, will be discussed. Such chords are particularly appropriate for improvisation, which may be taken as the ultimate basis for all stylistic affinities. This examination concludes with reflections on the relationship between the French-Romantic organ school and Messiaen’s early works in regard to rhythm, manner of composition, and theological implications.

[EN] The main objective pursued in this thesis is that of conducting an enquiry on Catalogue d¿oiseaux, observed through the eyes of the performer, using its second and fourth books as the focus of this study when addressing its aesthetic and pianistic approach. The need to gain a closer view of the piece from a performer's perspective arises from the paradox between the importance of this composition in Olivier Messiaen's catalogue of compositions and the real meaning the piano score has among pianists of today. Due to the evolution of the author's composition language, which is expressed in greater conceptual complexity, Catalogue d¿oiseaux generates a series of performance-related questions, distancing it from other "traditional" pianistic productions. This factor often leads to apriorism and axioms that generate excessively polarised views on the performance of the piece. In order to resolve this clash between antagonistic approaches, a methodology has been applied which is based on tracing the "notion of a piece" by studying the timing of the composition, conducting a formal analysis and considering the ornitophonical transcriptions. This theoretical framing acts as a vehicle to uncover the performative nature of Catalogue, where analysing the transcripts, understanding the importance of the time element and assimilating the writing of the two books are tools to relieve a more open musical creation, an aspect confirmed in the study as regards the traditional performance of the work. All of that shows a composition that breaks free from simplistic postulates, offering the pianist a universe of performing possibilities that go beyond any old debate regarding the performance of this extraordinary score of piano literature. The study concludes with a sound recording of the two books and the inclusion of the two pieces in a recital for the Young Performers Cycle of Seville's Maestranza Theatre. Furthermore, part of the research material has been used to write two articles for Melómano Magazine, which are included as annexes, and in some conferences-concerts about the pianism of Olivier Messiaen at different Spanish conservatoires and universities in 2017 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Olivier Messiaen¿s death. / [ES] El propósito fundamental que se ha perseguido en esta tesis es el de realizar una indagación, observada desde el prisma del intérprete, de Catalogue d¿oiseaux, utilizando su segundo y cuarto cuaderno como objeto de estudio a la hora de abordar su enfoque estético y pianístico. La necesidad de aproximarse a la obra desde una óptica interpretativa surge de la paradoja existente entre la importancia que esta composición ocupa en el catálogo compositivo de Olivier Messiaen y el peso real que la partitura posee entre los pianistas actuales. Debido a la evolución del lenguaje compositivo del autor, que se plasma en una mayor complejidad conceptual, Catalogue d¿oiseaux genera una serie de interrogantes de orden interpretativo que la alejan del resto de la producción pianística "tradicional". Este factor se traduce, frecuentemente, en apriorismo y axiomas que generan visiones excesivamente polarizadas sobre la ejecución de la obra. Para solventar este atrincheramiento entre planteamientos antagónicos, se ha empleado una metodología basada en trazar una "idea de obra" a través del estudio de la ubicación temporal de la composición, el análisis formal y la apreciación de las transcripciones ornitofónicas. Este encuadre de índole teórico actúa de vehículo para desgranar la naturaleza interpretativa de Catalogue, donde acercarse a las transcripciones, entender la importancia del elemento temporal y asimilar la escritura de estos dos cuadernos sirven de herramientas para revelar una creación musical mucho más abierta, aspecto que se corrobora con el estudio la tradición interpretativa de la obra. Todo ello muestra una composición que escapa de postulados simplistas, ofreciendo al pianista un universo de posibilidades interpretativas que supera cualquier viejo debate en torno a la ejecución de esta partitura colosal de la literatura pianística. El estudio llevado a cabo cristaliza con la grabación sonora de ambos cuadernos, así como la inclusión de ambas piezas dentro de un recital para el ciclo de "Jóvenes Intérpretes" del Teatro de la Maestranza de Sevilla. Del mismo modo, parte del material de investigación ha servido para la confección de dos artículos para la revista Melómano que se incluyen como anexos, así como la impartición de una serie de conferencias-conciertos alrededor del pianismo de Olivier Messiaen en diversos conservatorios y universidades españolas el próximo año 2017 con motivo del 25º aniversario de la muerte de Olivier Messiaen. / [CA] El propòsit fonamental que s'ha perseguit en aquesta tesi és el de realitzar una indagació, observada des del prisma de l'intèrpret, de Catalogue d¿oiseaux, utilitzant el seu segon i quart quadern com a objecte d'estudi a l'hora d'abordar el seu enfocament estètic i pianístic. La necessitat d'aproximar-se a l'obra des d'una òptica interpretativa sorgeix de la paradoxa existent entre la importància que aquesta composició ocupa en el catàleg compositiu d'Olivier Messiaen i el pes real que la partitura posseeix entre els pianistes actuals. A causa de l'evolució del llenguatge compositiu de l'autor, que es plasma en una major complexitat conceptual, Catalogue d¿oiseaux genera una sèrie d'interrogants d'ordre interpretatiu que l'allunyen de la resta de la producció pianística "tradicional". Aquest factor es tradueix, freqüentment, en apriorisme i axiomes que generen visions excessivament polaritzades sobre l'execució de l'obra. Per a solucionar aquest atrinxerament entre plantejaments antagònics, s'ha emprat una metodologia basada a traçar una "idea d'obra" a través de l'estudi de la ubicació temporal de la composició, l'anàlisi formal i l'apreciació de les transcripcions ornitofòniques. Aquest enquadrament d'índole teòric actua de vehicle per a desgranar la naturalesa interpretativa de Catalogue, on acostar-se a les transcripcions, entendre la importància de l'element temporal i assimilar l'escriptura d'aquests dos quaderns serveixen d'eines per a revelar una creació musical molt més oberta, aspecte que es corrobora amb l'estudi la tradició interpretativa de l'obra. Tot açò mostra una composició que escapa de postulats simplistes, oferint al pianista un univers de possibilitats interpretatives que supera qualsevol vell debat entorn de l'execució d'aquesta partitura colossal de la literatura pianística. L'estudi dut a terme cristal·litza amb l'enregistrament sonor de tots dos quaderns, així com la inclusió d'ambdues peces dins d'un recital per al cicle de "Joves Intèrprets" del Teatre de la Maestranza de Sevilla. De la mateixa manera, part del material de recerca ha servit per a la confecció de dos articles per a la revista Melómano que s'inclouen com a annexos, així com la impartició d'una sèrie de confèrencies-concerts al voltant del pianisme d'Olivier Messiaen en diversos conservatoris i universitats espanyoles el pròxim any 2017 en motiu del 25è aniversari de la mort d'Olivier Messiaen. / Benítez Suárez, G. (2016). Catalogue d'oiseaux, O. Messiaen: un estudio de su universo interpretativo a través de II. Le Loriot y IV. Le Traquet Stapazin [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68509

In seinen Vingt Leçons d’Harmonie von 1939 versieht Olivier Messiaen zum Zweck des Studiums verschiedener harmonischer Stile von Monteverdi bis zur Gegenwart seine zwanzig selbst verfassten drei- bis fünfstimmigen Stilkopien mit bezifferten Bässen. Im Sinne einer Harmonie- und Kompositionslehre ist insbesondere die letzte Übung von Interesse, weil Messiaen in deren Titel keinen Komponisten als Vorbild der Stilübung nennt, sondern durch den Hinweis auf einen »sehr eigenartige[n], den indischen Gesängen etwas verwandte[n] Stil« auf seine eigene musikalische Sprache verweist. Dieser Beitrag zeigt anhand der 14. Übung (»sehr vielfältiger Stil: ein wenig Schumann, ein wenig Fauré, ein wenig Albeniz«), wie aus Messiaens Bezifferung eine Fundamentalbassfortschreitung, harmonische Prolongationen und harmoniefremde Töne abgelesen werden können. Eine analytische Interpretation der Bezifferung der letzten Übung nach denselben Kriterien ermöglicht es dann, für Messiaens eigene Musik typische syntaktische Harmoniefolgen zu definieren und zwischen harmonieeigenen und -fremden Tönen in seiner oft unter Verwendung der ›modes à transpositions limitées‹ komponierten Musik zu unterscheiden. Diese Einblicke in Messiaens Generalbassdenken werden in Analysen von Ausschnitten aus dem ersten und dritten Satz aus La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) sowie des fünften Lieds aus Poèmes pour Mi (1936) vertieft. / In Vingt Leçons d’Harmonie (1939) Olivier Messiaen offers twenty model compositions in three to five voices in harmonic styles ranging from Monteverdi to the present. All compositions are illustrated with figured-bass symbols, which is particularly revealing in the last example because Messiaen does not identify a composer whose music served as model but simply states that the movement is “in a very special style, somewhat approaching Hindu cantilenas,” in other words, written in his own idiom. This essay first demonstrates in the 14th example (“in a very hybrid style: a little Schumann, a little Fauré, a little Albeniz”) how Messiaen’s figured bass illuminates the fundamental-bass progression, harmonic prolongations, and non-harmonic tones. Read in a similar way, the figured-bass labels in the last example are then shown to bring to light syntactic harmonic progressions and distinctions between chordal and non-harmonic tones typical of Messiaen’s own music, which at the time often employed his modes of limited transpositions. These glimpses into Messiaen’s figured-bass thinking are further contextualized in analyses of excerpts from the first and third movement of La Nativité du Seigneur (1935) and of the fifth song from Poèmes pour Mi (1936).

Der Beitrag verfolgt die Entwicklung der Skrjabin’schen Harmonik von dessen Früh- bis zu dessen Spätwerk. Ausgehend vom der Struktur des Einzelklangs (›Chopin-Akkord‹, ›Skrjabin-Akkord‹) werden die Tendenzen aufgezeigt, die folgerichtig ein neues Klangfortschreitungssystem nach sich ziehen. Der äquidistante Quintenzirkel wird durch andere, ebenfalls äquidistante Zirkel ersetzt. Es entstehen symmetrische Tonsysteme, an die später u.a. Olivier Messiaen anknüpft. Als entscheidend gilt dem Autor die Idee der ›Verdichtung‹ – ein Begriff, den Sigmund Freud in seiner Theorie der Traumdeutung ausgearbeitet hat. In dessen Sinne wird die Klangsprache Skrjabins als Verdichtungsarbeit interpretiert. / This article traces the development of Scriabin’s harmonic practice from his early work to his late work. Proceeding from the structure of individual chords (e.g., the “Chopin chord,” the “Scriabin chord”), tendencies will be shown that consequently lead to a new system of harmonic progression: the equidistant circle of fifths is replaced by other circles that are also equidistant. The result is symmetrical tone-systems that later influence Olivier Messiaen, among others. The author places special emphasis on the idea of “condensation” (Verdichtung), a term developed by Sigmund Freund in his theorizing of the interpretation of dreams. In this sense Scriabin’s harmonic language is thus interpreted as a process of condensation.

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Bruhn (2008) and Griffiths (1978) have referred in passing to Messiaen's use of non-Western content as an appropriation, but a consideration of its potential moral and aesthetic failings within the scope of modern literature on artistic cultural appropriation is an underexplored topic. Messiaen's first encounter with India came during his student years, by way of a Sanskrit version of Saṅgītaratnākara (c. 1240 CE) written by the thirteenth-century Hindu musicologist Śārṅgadeva. I examine Messiaen's use of Indian deśītālas within a cultural appropriation context. Non-Western music provided a safe space for him to explore the familiar, and served as validation for previously held creative interests, prompting the expansion and development of rhythmic techniques from the unfamiliar. Chapter 1 examines the different forms of artistic cultural appropriation, drawing on the ideas of James O. Young and Conrad G. Brunk (2012) and Bruce H. Ziff and Pratima V. Rao (1997). I consider the impact of power dynamic inequality between 'insider' and 'outsider' cultures. I evaluate the relation between aesthetic errors and authenticity. Chapter 2 considers the internal and external factors and that prompted Messiaen to draw on non-Western rhythm. I examine Messiaen's appropriation of Indian rhythm in relation to Bloomian poetic misreading, and whether his appropriation of Indian rhythm reveals an authentic intention. Chapter 3 analyses Messiaen's interpretation of Śārṅgadeva's 120 deśītālas and its underlying Hindu symbolism. Chapter 4 contextualises Messiaen's Japanese poem Sept haïkaï (1962) in relation to other European Orientalist artworks of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and also in relation to Michael Sullivan's (1987: 209) three-tiered definitions of japonism.

Treize Etudes Pour L?Orchestre is a thirteen-movement symphonic work for full contemporary orchestra. The purpose of this work has been to develop a sonic exploration of textural possibilities through the orchestral medium. The motivic materials of the whole piece were first utilized in pieces for one piano, piano and cello and two pianos combinations These smaller pieces ahs been included in the appendix section of this work. The orchestral work does not represent an orchestration of the smaller pieces, but an expansion of the material into different textural studies. Preparation for this work includes the study of twelve different bird sounds, first recorded and later musically transcribed to create thematic materials and secondary materials for this work; the study of production of fabric of sounds representing color spectrums and intensity through sound tapestries, and the sonic representation of water, a starry dark night and the jungle. The Treize Etudes Pour L?Orchestre is formally a through-composed work. The different musical materials created as motive unity of the whole work have been developed throughout it by means of using a variety of compositional devices and techniques including Schoenberg?s Klangfarbenmelodie, Messiaen?s ?Language Musicale?, Ives? quadraphonic effect, and Samuel Adler?s sound curtain technique, and, the use of folk-like materials; all within the parameters of acoustic instrumentation.

Terra Mirabilis is a three-movement musical composition for symphony orchestra with piano solo inspired by natural landscapes photographed by the composer. The three movement composition and its corresponding landscapes portray three times of a day: early morning (I. The Mists), evening (II. Oceanus), and late night (III. Nocturne). Each chapter is devoted to the discussion of one movement, wherein overall concept and form are addressed, followed by detailed analyses of harmonic structure, motivic and thematic development, orchestration, and representational elements. As a complement to the score and the text, a CD-R audio recording of orchestral mock-ups accompanies this dissertation.

Orientadores: Maria Lucia Senna Machado Pascoal, Mauricy Matos Martin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_AdrianaLopesdaCunha_D.pdf: 12909119 bytes, checksum: c1054275001f99a287c35ac9a21a5138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma associação de técnicas de análise musical desenvolvidas durante os séculos XX e XXI aos conceitos teóricos proferidos por Olivier Messiaen no livro Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a e 1944b) e nos três primeiros volumes do Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b e 1994c). Para tanto, nos dois Capítulos que o compõem, inter-relaciona tais conceitos teóricos a técnicas de análise apresentadas por autores como Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) e Felix Salzer (1982); e demonstra a eficiência do procedimento, através da apresentação de cinco análises de peças para piano compostas por Olivier Messiaen, contextualizadas tanto por dados biográficos do compositor, como por artigos anteriormente escritos por pesquisadores teoricamente relevantes. O trabalho justifica-se por contribuir para a bibliografia sobre análise musical em língua portuguesa, bem como por constituir um trabalho de análise musical que amplia a vertente teórica do compositor. Nos cinco Anexos que completam o exemplar, destaca declarações inéditas na literatura mundial, proferidas pelo compositor Almeida Prado, a respeito de planos não concretizados para a composição de um segundo Catalogue d'oiseaux. Na Conclusão, foram traçadas vertentes, tanto em relação às técnicas de análise utilizadas, como à obra para piano de Olivier Messiaen como um todo. / Abstract: This work proposes an association between musical analysis techniques developed during the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries and the musical theory concepts presented by Olivier Messiaen in his Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a and 1944b) and Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b and 1994c), first, second and third volumes. For this purpose, it relates Messiaen's theory concepts to analysis techniques presented by authors like Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) and Felix Salzer (1982). Trough the analysis of five piano pieces by Olivier Messiaen the efficiency of this process is demonstrated. The analyses are supported by the composer's biography, as well as by articles previously written by prestigious researchers. It adds to the musical analysis bibliography in Portuguese language and it contributes to broaden the theory concepts presented by the composer. The five Annexes that complement this work bring new revelations by Brazilian composer Almeida Prado, about an Olivier Messiaen's project, never made concrete, to compose a second Catalogue d'oiseaux. In the Conclusion we trace lines of conduct concerning the musical analysis techniques as well as Olivier Messiaen's piano work as a whole. / Doutorado / Doutor em Música