Zugl.: Bonn, University, Diss., 2007.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

The widespread use and subsequent release of pesticides into aquatic environments have sparked concerns about how organisms within these aquatic systems are affected by pesticide pollution. While many studies have examined the effects of pesticides on individual organisms, in a series of experiments, I investigated the effects of a pesticide mixture on members of a complex host-parasite system and on host susceptibility to infection. In my first experiment in the laboratory, I examined changes in survivorship when trematode parasites (Echinostoma trivolvis) and their first intermediate host, Planorbella trivolvis snails, were exposed to a low concentration (10 ppb: 15 ppb) and high concentration (85 ppb: 100 ppb) mixture of atrazine and metolachlor, respectively. There was a significant decline in parasite survivorship in the high concentration treatment at 14 hours, while snail survivorship was unaffected across all treatments. In my second experiment, prior to infection, I exposed the parasites and/or second intermediate hosts, Rana clamitans and Rana sylvatica tadpoles, to the pesticide mixtures and examined subsequent infection levels in the tadpoles. The atrazine and metolachlor mixtures had no significant effects on parasite load in the laboratory. Newly shed parasites were more likely than 10 hours old parasites to infect tadpoles, regardless of pesticide exposure. In my final experiment, I utilized outdoor mesocosms to expose parasites, snail hosts, and Rana sylvatica tadpoles to the pesticide mixture, and I examined differences in parasite load within the tadpoles after two weeks. The pesticides had no significant effect on parasite loads in the field. Overall, my findings suggest the atrazine and metolachlor mixtures used in this study had no significant effects on disease dynamics in a system involving Echinostome parasites, snails, and tadpoles. / Master of Science

No description available.

O aumento da produção de espécies ativas de oxigênio (EAOs) é observado em resposta a uma variedade de agentes estressantes, incluindo herbicidas. Alguns estudos relacionam o sistema antioxidante com a proteção celular e a resistência aos agroquímicos. O s-metolachlor é um herbicida chloroacetanilida, de alta toxicidade e um dos agroquímicos mais freqüentemente detectados em estudos de contaminação ambiental. Esse trabalho objetivou estudar a relação entre a toxicidade do herbicida e a resposta do sistema antioxidante em três bactérias isoladas de solo agrícola. Os microrganismos foram cultivados em meio nutritivo com doses crescentes de herbicida (0, 34 e 340 mM). Na maior dose de s-metolachlor, foi observada alta taxa de peroxidação lipídica, a qual reflete os danos causados pelo estresse oxidativo. O perfil protéico foi diferente entre as espécies bacterianas em análise de SDS-PAGE, porém não foi observada nenhuma diferença significativa entre as doses de s-metolachlor. As enzimas superóxido dismutase e catalase apresentaram indução da atividade na presença do herbicida a 34 mM, o que pode estar relacionado ao aparecimento de uma nova isoforma de CAT em análise de PAGE nativo. Para a enzima glutationa-redutase (GR), houve o aparecimento de novas isoformas na presença do herbicida, principalmente na concentração de 340 mM em PAGE. Já a atividade da glutationa S-transferase e da GR, em espectrofotômetro, refletiram a toxicidade do herbicida, apresentando queda em meio com maior dose de s-metlachlor. A variedade de respostas encontradas entre as bactérias foi muito maior do que o fator que produziu a resposta, sendo que esta diversidade pode condicionar o encontro de uma espécie bacteriana com vantagens na resistência ao herbicida. Os resultados sugerem que em baixas doses (34 mM), o herbicida pode induzir a atividade de algumas enzimas antioxidantes, porém, em doses maiores (340 mM) ele é tóxico para as bactérias. / The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is observed in response to a variety of stressful agents, such as herbicides. Some studies can associate the antioxidant system with cell protection and resistance to agrochemicals. S-metolachlor is a chloroacetanilide herbicide of high toxicity and one of the most commonly detected agrochemicals in studies concerning environmental contamination. The objective of this work was to investigate the relation between the herbicide toxicity and the oxidative responses in three bacteria isolated from an agricultural soil. These microorganisms were cultivated in nutritive media in the presence of increasing herbicide concentrations (0 mM, 34 mM and 340 mM). At the high concentration of smetolachlor, 340mM, lipidic peroxidation was observed, reflecting the damage caused by the oxidative stress. The protein profile was different among bacterial species in SDS-PAGE analyze, but no significant difference occurred between the different s-metolachlor dosages. The superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes showed activity induction in the presence of 34 mM of s-metolachlor, which can be related to the emergence of a new CAT isoform in native PAGE analyze. In the case of glutathione-reductase (GR) it was also observed the induction of new isoforms in the presence of the herbicide, mainly in the 340 mM PAGE concentration. The activity of glutathione S-transferase and GR in spectrophotometer reflected the herbicide toxicity, it decreased in the media with the 340 mM of s-metolachlor. The variety of responses showed among the bacterias was much higher than the factor that induced the response. This diversity can lead to found bacterial species with advantages in herbicide resistance. The results suggest that at low doses (34 mM), the herbicide may induce the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, but in larger doses (340 mM) it is toxic to the bacteria.

Much is known about natural attenuation of contaminants in granular aquifers because many contaminant plumes in these aquifers have been intensively monitored with detailed sampling along cross sections positioned across the plumes (i. e. transects). However, little is known about natural attenuation of contaminant plumes in fractured rock. In this thesis study, strong natural attenuation of a persistent co-mingled plume of trichloroethylene (TCE) and an herbicide (metolachlor) in a 100 <em>m</em> thick dolostone aquifer used for municipal water supply in Cambridge, Ontario is shown based on detailed delineation of groundwater contaminant concentrations along a single transect located 150 <em>m</em> downgradient from the area where the metolachlor entered the dolostone and 300 <em>m</em> downgradient from the TCE source area. This delineation was accomplished using depth-discrete, multilevel groundwater monitoring systems in five cored holes and detailed analyses of contaminant concentration in rock cores. The maximum metolachlor concentration on the transect is a factor of 20 below the maximum concentration in the metolachlor source area and the maximum TCE concentration on the transect is lower by a factor of 100 from the TCE source area. <br /><br /> Matrix diffusion and strong temporal variability of the groundwater flow system caused by pumping of nearby municipal wells have likely caused strong natural attenuation of metolachlor and TCE and degradation has likely contributed to even stronger TCE attenuation. The transect shows rock core concentrations much higher than the groundwater concentrations in the multilevel systems at the same locations and in the conventional monitoring wells, which indicates that plume persistence is likely maintained by back diffusion from the rock matrix, which has very low hydraulic conductivity but substantial porosity, into the active groundwater flow in the fractures. <br /><br /> Metolachlor has been observed at very low concentrations and has persisted at these concentrations in the nearest municipal pumping well located approximately 780 <em>m</em> downgradient of the transect, however this well shows no detectable TCE. The relatively low concentrations along the transect and the replenishment of the plume by back diffusion suggests that a substantial increase of metolachlor or TCE in the municipal well is unlikely.

Much is known about natural attenuation of contaminants in granular aquifers because many contaminant plumes in these aquifers have been intensively monitored with detailed sampling along cross sections positioned across the plumes (i. e. transects). However, little is known about natural attenuation of contaminant plumes in fractured rock. In this thesis study, strong natural attenuation of a persistent co-mingled plume of trichloroethylene (TCE) and an herbicide (metolachlor) in a 100 <em>m</em> thick dolostone aquifer used for municipal water supply in Cambridge, Ontario is shown based on detailed delineation of groundwater contaminant concentrations along a single transect located 150 <em>m</em> downgradient from the area where the metolachlor entered the dolostone and 300 <em>m</em> downgradient from the TCE source area. This delineation was accomplished using depth-discrete, multilevel groundwater monitoring systems in five cored holes and detailed analyses of contaminant concentration in rock cores. The maximum metolachlor concentration on the transect is a factor of 20 below the maximum concentration in the metolachlor source area and the maximum TCE concentration on the transect is lower by a factor of 100 from the TCE source area. <br /><br /> Matrix diffusion and strong temporal variability of the groundwater flow system caused by pumping of nearby municipal wells have likely caused strong natural attenuation of metolachlor and TCE and degradation has likely contributed to even stronger TCE attenuation. The transect shows rock core concentrations much higher than the groundwater concentrations in the multilevel systems at the same locations and in the conventional monitoring wells, which indicates that plume persistence is likely maintained by back diffusion from the rock matrix, which has very low hydraulic conductivity but substantial porosity, into the active groundwater flow in the fractures. <br /><br /> Metolachlor has been observed at very low concentrations and has persisted at these concentrations in the nearest municipal pumping well located approximately 780 <em>m</em> downgradient of the transect, however this well shows no detectable TCE. The relatively low concentrations along the transect and the replenishment of the plume by back diffusion suggests that a substantial increase of metolachlor or TCE in the municipal well is unlikely.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-06T10:37:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2336482 bytes, checksum: fe19ba8aabb673b8cb74a41d750829af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T10:37:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2336482 bytes, checksum: fe19ba8aabb673b8cb74a41d750829af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-08-02 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência da aplicação de herbicidas via água de irrigação (herbigação) na cultura de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivado em dois sistemas de plantio, foi conduzido um estudo (três experimentos) em Coimbra, MG, entre junho e novembro de 1999. Foram estudados os herbicidas metolachlor (pré-emergência) e fomesafen (pós-emergência), aplicados isoladamente ou em seqüência (metolachlor + fomesafen), via água de irrigação por aspersão. Esses tratamentos foram distribuídos ao acaso, com três repetições, nas seguintes lâminas de água: 3 e 5 mm, 6 e 10 mm, 9 e 15 mm. O primeiro número de cada par de lâminas correspondeu à lâmina usada para distribuição do fomesafen, e o segundo para a distribuição do metolachlor. Ademais, dentro de cada par de lâminas, foi incluída uma parcela dos seguintes tratamentos: pulverização convencional com metolachlor, pulverização convencional com fomesafen, pulverização convencional com metolachlor e fomesafen, testemunha capinada, e testemunha sem capina e sem aplicação de herbicida, totalizando 14 parcelas. Cada um dos três pares de lâminas ocupou uma cunha do pivô com um ângulo de 30 o . Em cada cunha onde os tratamentos foram aplicados, estruturas metálicas cobertas com plástico foram colocadas sobre parcelas, quando necessário, visto que todas elas estavam sujeitas a receber os dois herbicidas via água de irrigação. Esses tratamentos foram testados em plantio convencional e em plantio direto, sendo que cada um dos sistemas de preparo do solo ocupou metade do pivô. No plantio convencional, foi realizada uma aração e duas gradagens; no plantio direto sobre palhada de milho, aplicaram-se, em mistura, os herbicidas não-seletivos glifosate e 2,4-D, 15 dias antes do plantio. Foi utilizado um pivô central de baixa pressão, que ocupava área de 2,9 ha. As irrigações foram manejadas, utilizando-se o programa de computador SISDA. Para efetuar as herbigações, utilizou-se uma bomba hidráulica do tipo diafragma. Para as pulverizações convencionais, foi utilizado um pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO 2 e equipado com bicos Teejet 110.03, aplicando-se o equivalente a 200 L ha -1 de calda à pressão de 300 kPa. O metolachlor foi aplicado no dia seguinte ao plantio, e o fomesafen quando as plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas apresentavam-se com 2 a 3 pares de folhas e as gramíneas com 1 a 3 perfilhos. Durante as herbigações, foram feitas avaliações de uniformidade de aplicação de água. Após as aplicações dos herbicidas, a área só voltou a ser irrigada quatro dias depois. Os efeitos dos herbicidas foram avaliados com base na biomassa seca das plantas daninhas cortadas rente ao solo, logo após a colheita do feijão, e na produtividade da leguminosa. As plantas daninhas que ocorreram com maior freqüência na área experimental, foram a losna (Artemisia verlotorum) e o picão-preto (Bidens pilosa). Os CUCs médios ficaram entre 87,1% e 91,8%. O plantio direto, por si só, proporcionou melhor controle da losna e das monocotiledôneas, enquanto o plantio convencional proporcionou melhor controle das outras dicotiledôneas. No plantio direto, o rendimento médio do feijão foi de 2.323 kg ha -1 , sendo 25,4% superior ao alcançado no plantio convencional. A aplicação do metolachlor numa lâmina de 15 mm proporcionou melhor controle das plantas daninhas que a aplicação convencional, independentemente do sistema de plantio. No entanto, essa diferença no controle não refletiu-se no rendimento do feijão. Quanto ao fomesafen, a aplicação convencional foi ligeiramente mais eficiente que a herbigação, mas também, não teve reflexo no rendimento. A aplicação seqüencial do fomesafen ao metolachlor, via água de irrigação, foi tão eficiente quanto a aplicação com pulverizador costal, independentemente da lâmina de água e do sistema de plantio. / Aiming at evaluating the efficiency of the herbicide applications through irrigation water (herbigation) in beans crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under two planting systems, a study consisting of three experiments was carried out from June to November 1999 in Coimbra county, MG. The herbicides metolachlor (pre- emergency) and fomesafen (post-emergency), applied separately or in sequence (metolachlor + fomesafen) together with sprinkler-irrigated water, were studied. These treatments were randomly distributed with three replicates at the following water depths: 3 and 5 mm, 6 and 10 mm, and 9 and 15 mm. The first number of each water depth pair corresponded to the water depth used to distribute the fomesafen, and the second number to the distribution of the metolachlor. Also, within each water depth pair a plot of the following treatments were included: conventional spraying with metolachlor, conventional spraying with fomesafen, conventional spraying with metolachlor and fomesafen, weeded control, and non-weeded control without herbicide application, totalizing 14 plots. Each one of the three water depth pairs occupied an area corresponding to a 30 o sector of the wet area under the pivot. In each wet area where treatments were applied, some metallic plastic-covered structures were placed above the plots when necessary, since all wet areas were subjected to receive both herbicides together with irrigation water. These treatments were tested in both conventional and no-till plantings; each one of the soil preparing systems occupied half pivot. In the conventional planting, one tillage and two harrowing were performed; in the no-till planting on cornstraw, the no-selective herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D were mixed and applied at 15 days before planting. A central low-pressured pivot occupying an area of 2.9 ha was used. Irrigation were managed, using the computer program SISDA. To perform the herbigations, a hydraulic diaphragm-type pump was used. For the conventional sprayings, a CO 2 - pressured backpack sprayer equipped with nozzles Teejet 110.03 was used, by applying 200 L ha -1 of the herbicide solution under a pressure of 300 kPa. The metolachlor was applied to the planting on the next day, while fomesafen was applied when the dicotyledonous weeds showed 2 to 3 leaf pairs and the gramineous showed 1 to 3 tillers. During herbigations, some evaluations for uniformity of the water application were performed. After herbicide applications, the area was irrigated again at four days later. The effects of the herbicides were evaluated, based on dry biomass of the weeds cut close to the soil soon after harvesting the beans, as well as on this leguminous productivity. The weeds occurring at a higher frequency in the experimental area were the wormwood (Artemisia verlotorum) and the black beggar-ticks (Bidens pilosa). The average CUCs ranged from 87.1% to 91.8%. The proper no-till planting provided a better control of the wormwood and monocotyledonous, whereas the conventional planting provided a better control of the other dicotyledonous. In no-till planting, the average beans productivity were 2,323 kg ha -1 , which showed to be 25.4% higher than that attained in the conventional planting. The application of the metolachlor together with a 15mm- water depth provided a better control of the weeds than the conventional application, independently of the planting system. However, this difference in control did not reflected on beans productivity. In relation to fomesafen, the conventional application was lightly more efficient than herbigation, but again this had no reflection on productivity. The sequential application of fomesafen following metolachlor together with irrigation water was as efficient as the application by backpack sprayer, independently of the water depth and the planting system. / Tese importada do Alexadria

Submitted by ALESSANDRO NASCIMENTO null (nascimentoagro@gmail.com) on 2016-02-19T00:00:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-Alessandro-Nascimento (2).pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-19T18:18:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_a_me_ilha.pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-19T18:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_a_me_ilha.pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Para o controle eficaz de plantas daninhas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar é pouco provável que uma única aplicação de herbicida em pré-plantio incorporado seja suficiente para manter a cultura no limpo até o seu fechamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi averiguar a eficácia (ou ineficácia) de herbicidas aplicados uma única vez em pré-plantio-incorporado para o controle de plantas daninhas em cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições com parcelas de 30 m2. A eficiência dos herbicidas no controle das plantas daninhas foi avaliada aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a aplicação (DAA), por meio de uma escala visual, onde 0% = nenhum controle e 100% = controle total das plantas daninhas, considerando-se como eficiente o controle igual ou superior a 80%. Concluiu-se que todos os tratamentos (s-metolachlor a 1,5 e 3,0 L p.c./ha; s-metolachlor+atrazin a 1,5 e 3,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha; trifluralin a 2,0 L p.c./ha e trifluralin+atrazin a 2,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) foram altamente seletivos para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 86-5453 e foram ineficazes para as dicotiledôneas Calopogonium muconoides (aos 150 DAA) e Amaranthus deflexus (aos 120 DAA) e, os tratamentos s-metolachlor+atrazin (1,5 e 3,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) e trifluralin+atrazin (2,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) foram eficientes para a espécie Panicum maximum. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram menor crescimento e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em relação à testemunha no limpo. Entre as testemunhas observou-se reduções no crescimento e principalmente na produtividade (55%) da testemunha sem capina em relação à capinada. Uma única aplicação dos herbicidas trifluralin, s-metolachlor, atrazin e suas combinações em pré-plantio incorporado, não foram suficientes para manter a cultura de cana-de-açúcar livre de mato-competição até o seu fechamento, indicando a necessidade de outros métodos de controle subsequentes. / To the weeds control in the sugarcane is unlikely that a single application of herbicide in pre-planting-incorporated is sufficient to maintain the culture in clean until its closing. The objective of the work was to determine the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of herbicides applied only once in pre-plant-incorporated for weed control in sugar cane. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and four replications with plots of 30 m2. The herbicides efficiency in weed control was assessed at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after application, through a visual scale, where 0% = no control and 100% = full control of plants weeds, considering how efficient control than or equal to 80%.It was concluded that all treatments (1.5 and 3.0 Lc.p./ha of s-metolachlor; 1.5 and 3.0 L + 3.0 Lc.p./ha of s-metolachlor+atrazin; 2.0 Lc.p./ha of trifluralin and 2.0+3.0 Lc.p./ha of trifluralin+atrazin) were highly selective for the culture of sugar cane, variety RB 86-5453 and were ineffective for the dicotyledons Calopogonium muconoides (at 150 DAA) and Amaranthus deflexus (at 120 DAA) and, the treatments s-metolachlor + atrazin (1.5 and 3.0 + 3.0 Lc.p./ha) and trifluralin + atrazin (2.0 L + 3.0 c.p./ha) were effective for the species Panicum maximum. All treatments showed lower growth and yield compared to the control in the clean. Among the controls was observed reductions in growth and 55% reduction in the productivity of the treatment without controlling weeds in relation to treatment weeded. A single application of trifluralin herbicides, s-metolachlor, atrazine and their combinations in corporate pre-planting, were not enough to keep the culture of sugarcane free of weed competition until its closure, indicating a need for other methods subsequent control.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jrv_dr_botfca.pdf: 224920 bytes, checksum: feedce0be6455ed4487da1cf912bf881 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do safener fluxofenim no tratamento de sementes de sorgo (DKB510 e SCG340), trigo (Avante e Ônix) e arroz (Bonanza e Aimoré), para o aumento da seletividade a aplicação do herbicida Smetolachlor em pré-emergência e determinar a atividade da enzima de detoxificação glutationa S-transferase (GST). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas. A primeira etapa constou da avaliação em campo da eficiência do safener em reduzir sintomas visuais de fitointoxicação causados pelo herbicida. Esta etapa foi conduzida na Estação Experimental pertencente à Syngenta Seeds no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Na segunda etapa foi determinada a atividade da GST, no Laboratório de Xenobióticos, do Departamento de Química e Bioquímica do Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo. Foram comparadas a suscetibilidade ao herbicida por meio da avaliação visual de injúrias aos 3, 7, 15 e 30 dias após a emergência (DAE), massa seca de raiz e parte aérea aos 10 DAE, além da determinação da atividade da GST. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aplicação ou não do safener na dose de 40mL por 100 kg... / This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fluxofenim used for seed treatment as safener for sorghum, wheat and rice treated with the herbicide S-metolachlor applied in preemergence. The study was divided in two steps. In the first step it was measured the fluxofenim safener potential to reduce visual symptoms of S-metolachlor injury in the field. This phase was conducted in Uberlandia city, Minas Gerais, at Syngenta Experimental Station, and treatments were followed by S-metolachlor at 1.440 and 2.880 mL i.a. ha-1, and fluxofenim at 0, and 40 mL per 100 kg of seeds, and a check without treatment. The second phase was set up at Chemistry and Biochemistry Departament in Botucatu, UNESP, São Paulo, to evaluated glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) in the crops that responded to field treatments with safener. It was used two varieties/hybrids per crop and it was measured herbicide phytotoxity as visual symptoms at 3, 7, 15 and 30 days after emergence, dry matter at 10 DAE, and gluthationa S-transferase activity. Fluxofenim increased S-metolachlor tolerance for both sorghum hybrids, but best results were observed at 1.440 mL i.a. ha-1. Wheat varieties showed low tolerance to S-metolachlor in both rates, and fluxofenim increased S-metolachlor selectivity to wheat but not sufficient, reducing plant population to a non acceptable level. Seed treatment with fluxofenim for both rice varieties had no effect, and both S-metolachlor rates increased killed all plants treated with or without fluxofenim. Gluthationa S-transferase activity for sorghum and wheat increased when seeds treated with fluxofenim were submitted to S-metolachlor at 1.440 mL a.i. ha-1.