The study whose results are presented here was carried out in support of an ongoing larger effort to investigate and understand the impact of coherence and polarization on the performance of instruments intended to monitor the Earth's radiant energy budget. The visibility of fringes produced by a Michelson interferometer is known to be sensitive to the degree to which the incident light beam is monochromatic. Therefore, the Michelson interferometer has significant potential as a tool for quantifying the degree of temporal coherence of a quasi-monochromatic light beam. Simulation of the performance of an optical instrument using the Monte-Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method has been shown to be an efficient method for transferring knowledge of the coherence state of a beam of light from one instrument to another. The goal of the effort reported here is to create and experimentally validate an MCRT model for the optical performance of a Michelson interferometer. The effort is motivated by the need to consolidate the knowledge and skills of the investigator in the realm of physical optics, and by the need to make a useful analytical tool available to other investigators in the larger effort. / Master of Science / The purpose of this study is to investigate and understand the effects of coherence and polarization on the performance of instruments used to monitor and measure the Earth’s radiant energy budget. Coherence and polarization effects need to be understood because they have the potential to produce erroneous radiant energy budget data. Coherence is a measurable parameter describing the correlation between the electrical field phase of a single wave, or between several waves. Polarization is a measurable parameter that describes the orientation of the oscillating electric field of a propagating wave. One of the simplest ways to measure the effects of coherence and polarization is through the use of a Michelson Interferometer. Michelson Interferometers are sensitive machines that are able to produce interference patterns using a single beam of light. The clarity of the produced interference pattern is directly related to the amount of coherence and polarization present in the beam of light under examination. This is why a Michelson Interferometer is perfect for this application. A Michelson Interferometer created in a virtual workspace that utilized the Monte-Carlo ray-trace (MCRT) method has been shown to be an efficient method for transferring knowledge of the coherence state of a beam of light from one instrument to another. The Monte-Carlo ray-trace is an algorithm that facilitates the creation of virtual light rays that behave like natural light rays. The goal in using MCRT is to create and experimentally validate the level of accuracy of the virtual Michelson interferometer. The effort is motivated by the need to consolidate the knowledge and skills of the investigator in the realm of physical optics, and by the need to make a useful analytical tool available to other investigators in the larger effort.

The thesis deals with a design of a comparing interferometer. It concerns a setup of two interferometers, one of them is a Michelson and another a Fabry-Pérot type. This set-up is made to compare results of length measurements simultaneously performed by each of them. In the Theory, basic principles of Michelson and Fabry-Pérot interferometers are described. A special attention is paid to an innovative method of length measurement with tunable lasers and optical frequency comb. In the Practical Part, so-called Pilot Experimental Setup is described. It is a prototype that has been used to perform basic experiments on comparing of the two above mentioned methods. Based on experimental results and practical experience with the Pilot Experimental Setup, a Final Setup is designed. It comes in a form of a stand-alone instrument.

Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines zielgruppenübergreifenden Buch-Konzeptes im Open-Source-Gedanken und die kritische Diskussion der Vor- und Nachteile des Konzeptes. Den Ausgangszustand dieser Arbeit bilden drei zielgruppenspezifische Konzepte (Maker-Konzept, schulisches Konzept, wirtschaftliches Konzept), die kritisch bewertet werden. Sowohl das Maker-Konzept als auch das schulische und das wirtschaftliche Konzept weisen Stärken und Schwächen auf. Die besondere Neuerung und ein Hauptpunkt des Konzeptes ist die Verwendung von LEGO®-Bausteinen für den Aufbau eines Michelson-Interferometers. Das Interferometer erweist sich dadurch als geeignetes Experiment zur Nachwuchsförderung im Bereich der Optik und Photonik. Die positiven Resultate hinsichtlich der Nachwuchsförderung werden zusätzlich durch den Einsatz von Open-Source-Ansätzen, wie z. B. das Veröffentlichen von Bau- und Justageanleitungen, verstärkt. Schwächen offenbart die Divergenz der Konzepte. Es werden unterschiedliche Aufbauten des Michelson-Interferometers verwendet und an verschiedene Zielgruppen adressiert. Ein Lösungsansatz zur Zusammenführung der verschiedenen Konzepte und Zielgruppen ist das zielgruppenübergreifende Buch-Konzept. Unter Beachtung des Open-Source-Gedanken und der verschiedenen Zielgruppen wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein Buch konzipiert, welches die Lösung der Forschungsfrage darstellen soll: „Ist es möglich, ein Konzept zu entwickeln, welches mehrere Zielgruppen anspricht und gleichzeitig dem Open-Source-Gedanken folgt?“ Hierfür wird der Aufbau des Michelson-Interferometers dahingehend geändert, dass er den Ansprüchen mehrerer Zielgruppen genügt und zudem durch die einheitliche Verwendung von LEGO®-Bausteinen eine einfache Aufbauweise besitzt. Darüber hinaus wird das Buch-Konzept mit einem didaktischen Grundkonzept zur Bild- und Textgestaltung versehen, um eine verständliche, strukturierte und gleichzeitig anschauliche Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung zu garantieren. Um ein möglichst positives Resultat im Sinne der Forschungsfrage und dadurch auch einen größtmöglichen Erfolg des Buch-Konzeptes zu gewährleisten, wird das Buch-Konzept in dieser Arbeit selbstkritisch reflektiert, sodass wissenschaftlich begründet geschlossen werden darf: Das Buch trägt zur Nachwuchsgewinnung und –förderung im Bereich der Optik und Photonik bei und wird der Förderidee der zu Grunde liegenden Förderungen des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung gerecht.

This thesis presents the characterization process of an imaging device for a satellite. The camera system was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory (SDL) and will be used in the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument for National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Ionospheric Con- nection Explorer (ICON) satellite. This mission will further scientists' understanding of the connection between the Earth's weather and ionospheric conditions. The ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere, interferes with satellite communications, causing disturbances and disruptions. By learning more about the ionosphere through the data collected by this instrument, scientists will better understand its effects on our communications.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valter Alnis Bezerra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014.

In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers. ¶ We report the first experimental demonstration of a Sagnac interferometer with resonant sideband extraction (RSE). We measure the frequency response to modulation of the length of the arms and demonstrate an increase in signal bandwidth of by a factor of 6.5 compared to the Sagnac with arm cavities only. We compare Sagnac interferometers based on optical cavities with cavity-based Michelson interferometers and find that the Sagnac configuration has little overall advantage in a cavity-based system. ¶ A system for the control and signal extraction of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with RSE is presented. This control system employs a frontal modulation scheme requiring a phase modulated carrier field and a phase modulated subcarrier field. The system is capable of locking all 5 length degrees of freedom and allows the signal cavity to be detuned over the entire range of possibilities, in principle, whilst maintaining lock. We analytically investigate the modulation/demodulation techniques used to obtain these error signals, presenting an introductory explanation of single sideband modulation/demodulation and double demodulation. ¶ This control system is implemented on a benchtop prototype interferometer. We discuss technical problems associated with production of the input beam modulation components and present several solutions. Operation of the interferometer is demonstrated for a wide range of detunings. The frequency response of the interferometer is measured for various detuned points and we observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ability of the control system to maintain lock as the interferometer is detuned is experimentally demonstrated. ¶ Tilt locking, a new technique to obtain an error signal to lock a laser to an optical cavity, is presented. This technique produces an error signal by efficient measurement of the interference between the TEM00 and TEM10 modes. We perform experimental and theoretical comparisons with the widely used Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. We derive the quantum noise limit to the sensitivity of a measurement of the beam position, and using this result calculate the shot noise limited sensitivity of tilt locking. We show that tilt locking has a quantum efficiency of 80%, compared to 82% for the PDH technique. We present experimental demonstrations of tilt locking in several applications including frequency stabilisation, continuous-wave second harmonic generation, and injection locking of a Nd:YAG slab laser. In each of these cases, we demonstrate that the performance of tilt locking is not the limiting factor of the lock stability, and show that it achieves similar performance to the PDH based system. ¶ Finally, we discuss how tilt locking can be effectively applied to two beam interferometers. We show experimentally how a two beam interferometer typically gives excellent isolation against errors arising from changes in the photodetector position, and experimentally demonstrate the use of tilt locking as a signal readout system for a Sagnac interferometer.

Les contraintes imposées par les environnements extrêmes dans lesquels nous désirons aujourd'hui employer les spectromètres par transformation de Fourier, notamment pour la télédétection et l'exploration spatiale, motivent la mise au point d'algorithmes de traitement des données qui permettent de tirer profit au mieux des technologies en constante évolution. Cette thèse vise donc à faire progresser davantage la modélisation et l'algorithmique en spectrométrie par transformation de Fourier. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous sommes intéressé aux effets physiques et aux algorithmes ayant une incidence sur le profil d'une raie spectrale tel qu'il est restitué par l'instrument. Nous avons commencé notre étude en nous penchant sur le principal effet de convolution intervenant dans le traitement algorithmique des données: les fenêtres d'apodisation. Nous exposons une nouvelle méthode de contrôle flexible du profil spectral des fonctions d'apodisation. Nous introduisons ensuite les concepts propres à la déconvolution à l'aide de la correction de phase et de l'étalonnage complexe. Un modèle radiométrique rigoureux de la fonction d'appareil (ILS) de la source jusqu'au détecteur est présenté, tenant compte des pupilles du système optique. Il permet de déduire les conditions pour lesquelles la fonction d'appareil obéira à l'effet d'échelle, c'est-à-dire un élargissement de l'ILS au fur et à mesure que le nombre d'onde augmente. Nous établissons la forme discrète des équations liant la fonction d'appareil et les mesures sous une forme matricielle en tenant compte de la fonction de résolution sinus cardinal. Les propriétés propres à cette forme discrète mèneront à la construction efficace et précise d'une matrice d'ILS et à l'établissement des conditions d'inversion de la fonction d'appareil. Nous avons développé également un algorithme rapide qui permet d'intégrer numériquement la fonction d'appareil à une densité spectrale théorique pour reproduire la mesure d'un spectromètre. Finalement, nous poursuivons la modélisation de la fonction d'appareil par une étude de cas: le spectromètre par transformation de Fourier non compensé. Cette configuration de spectromètre nous permet d'introduire la phase due à la dispersion comme nouvelle caractéristique de la fonction d'appareil.

This research work has been conducted to introduce a novel class of Fabry-Perot (FP) resonators : curved FP cavity based on coating-free Bragg mirrors of cylindrical shape, obtained by silicon micromachining. Another specificity is the rather large cavity lengths (L>200 µm) combined with high quality factor Q (up to 104), for the purpose of applications requiring cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, in which the product Q.L is a figure of merit. In this contest, the basic architecture has been modeled analytically to know the high order transverse modes supported by such cavities. Hence, the experimental conditions which lead to preferential excitation (or rejection) of these modes have been tested experimentally leading to the validation of our theoretical model and to a better understanding of the cavity behaviour. A second architecture, based on the curved FP together with a fiber rod lens has been developed for the purpose of providing stable designs. It was also modeled, fabricated and characterized leading to the expected performance improvements. On another side, a highlight on one of the potential applications that we identified for the curved cavities is presented by inserting the cavity into an electro-mechanical system. It consists of exciting and measuring tiny vibration through opto-mechanical coupling in a MEMS mechanical resonator embedding an FP cavity.Finally, as a complement to our study on resonators, we started exploring applications of optical interferometers based on similar micromachined silicon Bragg mirrors. For this purpose, an optical measurement microsystem was designed, fabricated and characterized ; it consists of an optical probe for surface profilometry in confined environments, based on an all-silicon Michelson interferometer

The aim of this work is to design fully working measuring system for the reactive ion etching system (RIE). The Michelson interfometer, previously developed in Ústav přístrojové techniky, v.v.i., is used in this work. The theoretical part is aimed at description of interferometric methods for precise measuring of length. In next part the etching proces with RIE is described. In practical part the testing system was constructed from the parts of Thorlabs company . The functionality was controlled with this system and the results of measuring were compared with the profilometer. In next step technical drawings were created and the whole system was made.

Submitted by Luciclea Silva (luci@ufpa.br) on 2018-10-04T13:19:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Portaslogicastotalmente.pdf: 3765525 bytes, checksum: 00ab972c28d64b7d082664048cbab9c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciclea Silva (luci@ufpa.br) on 2018-10-04T13:19:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Portaslogicastotalmente.pdf: 3765525 bytes, checksum: 00ab972c28d64b7d082664048cbab9c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T13:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Portaslogicastotalmente.pdf: 3765525 bytes, checksum: 00ab972c28d64b7d082664048cbab9c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / Neste trabalho, propõe-se a estrutura do dispositivo de portas lógicas totalmente ópticas baseada em um interferômetro Michelson (MI) composto de amplificador óptico semicondutor (SOA) formando uma estrutura de dispositivos lógicos SOA-MI com grade de Bragg de Fibra (FBG) simetricamente idêntica na saída de cada um de seus braços, para simulação numérica das portas lógicas AND, OR e NOR de dois sinais de entrada binários com diferentes números de bit usando a técnica de modulação de ganho cruzado (XGM) a 10 Gb/s de taxa de bits limita a largura de banda em 10, 20 e 40 GHz usando o software OptiSystem 15.0 da OptiWave Corporation para demonstrar e extrair regras simples de projeto para processamento óptico de alta velocidade e análise de propriedades não lineares induzidas por SOA. Além disso, este trabalho inclui o estudo do efeito da largura de banda e número de bits na potência recebida, taxa de erro mínimo (BER), fator máximo de qualidade (fator-Q), relação sinal-ruído óptico (OSNR) e espectro óptico, que demonstra portas de alta velocidade e desempenho. Executou-se as portas lógicas baseadas em SOA-MI com alguns parâmetros e os resultados podem demonstrar uma estrutura de dispositivos lógicos ópticos de alto desempenho com alta velocidade. / In this work, proposes all-optical logic gates device structure based on a Michelson interferometer (MI) composed of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) forming a structure of SOA-MI logic devices with symmetrically identical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) at the output of each of its arms, for numerical simulation of the all-optical AND, OR and NOR logic gates of two binary input signals with different bit numbers using the cross-gain modulation (XGM) technique at 10 Gb/s bit rate and filter bandwidth at 10, 20 and 40 GHz using OptiSystem 15.0 software by OptiWave Corporation, to demonstrate and extract simple design rules for high-speed optical processing and analysis of non-linear SOA-induced properties. In addition, this work includes the study of the effect of bandwidth and number of bits on received power, minimum bit error rate (BER), maximum quality factor (Q-factor), Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) and optical spectrum, which demonstrates high-speed gates and performance. Were run the SOA-MI-based logic gates with some parameters and the results can demonstrate a structure of high-performance optical logic devices with high speed. / IFPA - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará