Os Ormosils pertencem aos sistemas nanoestruturados, apresentando uma grande diversidade de estruturas e permitindo o controle das propriedades dos materiais obtidos. Os Ormosils contribuem ao desenvolvimento de materiais multifuncionais pela sua estrutura flexível (matriz hospedeira), que permite a oclusão de diversas espécies (moleculares, iônicas), a qual pode ser ajustada pela mudança dos grupos funcionais dos silanos precursores. Os filmes dos Ormosils têm potencial aplicação em fitas dosimétricas, janelas inteligentes, selos antifraude, dispositivos fotônicos, filmes fotocatalíticos e dispositivos fotocrômicos. Esta Tese abordou a determinação qualitativa, semiquantitativa e quantitativa dos filmes dos Ormosils (contendo nanopartículas de TiO2, ZnO e Fosfotungstatos ([PW12O40]3)) e aqueles constituídos por uma rede interpenetrante de sílica, sesquisiloxano e hidroxiuretana de poli(dimetilsiloxano) contendo Fosfotungstatos, com potencial aplicação em membranas para células combustíveis e na produção de janelas fotocrômicas. Outro dos materiais analisados constituíram Ormosils ocluídos na matriz de Poli(imidas), com potencial aplicação no armazenamento de Hidrogênio, membranas para células combustíveis e revestimentos isolantes e anticorrosivos.<br /><br /> A quantificação e mapeamento dos elementos fotoativos são relevantes para a melhoria no desenvolvimento destes materiais, entretanto, esta não é uma tarefa trivial devido à natureza intrínseca destes materiais híbridos em que a fase orgânica e a inorgânica estão intimamente ligadas e devido à presença de um grande número de elementos químicos que muitas vezes interferem na análise. Desta forma, estes materiais híbridos se constituem em matrizes complexas de análise e há necessidade de se desenvolver e estudar métodos analíticos específicos. A fim de melhor compreender as propriedades fotocrômicas, anticorrosivas e mecânicas destes materiais, é importante conhecer a distribuição dos silicatos e dos fosfotungstatos no interior dos filmes.<br /><br /> Os Estudos de Interferência da Autoabsorção da Fluorescência de Tungstênio pelos demais elementos nos filmes dos Ormosils, nos induziram a abordar a quantificação por XRF, não somente pelo ponto de vista atômico, senão complementar com a abordagem molecular. O Espalhamento Raman Ressonante de RaiosX mostrouse igualmente importante para entender os fenômenos de interferência observados nestes sistemas complexos. <br /><br /> Foi possível identificar e detectar o dopante Ti na faixa de dezenas de mg.Kg1 , mediante análises de Fluorescência de RaiosX em ângulo rasante (GIXRF) assistida por Radiação Síncrotron. De maneira complementar, análises de Microfluorescência de RaiosX (&micro;XRF) assistida por Radiação Síncrotron possibilitaram conhecer a distribuição espacial do Titânio e Zinco nos Ormosils. Nestas análises XRF não se empregaram materiais certificados para validação, contudo fora preparados no nosso laboratório materiais de referência, com procedimento de preparo similar àquele das amostras usando o método de semiquantificação baseado em Parâmetros Fundamentais. Os resultados de Fluorescência de RaiosX foram validados pelos resultados das análises por ICPOES e Ativação por Nêutrons (INAA). Os diferentes métodos de análise empregados (&micro;XRF, GIXRF, EDXRF, ICPOES, AAS) foram efetivos em precisão e em exatidão na quantificação de Tungstênio e Zinco. Entretanto para o caso de Titânio, somente puderam se considerar os resultados de &micro;XRF e ICPOES. Portanto, serão necessários métodos analíticos adicionais para validar os resultados da concentração deste elemento nos Ormosils. ICPOES e INAA demonstraram serem métodos de referência para os resultados XRF (Laboratório, Radiação Síncrotron) nossos materiais.<br /><br /><br /><br /> / Organically modified silicates or Ormosil are nanostructured systems displaying a wide range of structures, which facilitates the control of properties of materials obtained from them. Ormosil contribute to the development of multifunctional materials because of their flexible structure (matrix host), which allow the occlusion of various species (ionic, molecular), can be adjusted by changing functional groups of precursor silanes. Ormosil films have potential for application to dosimetric tapes, smart windows, antifraud sealing, photonic devices, photocatalytic films, and photochromic devices. In this thesis was investigated qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative determination of ormosil films (containing TiO2 nanoparticles, ZnO, and phosphotungstates ([PW12O40]3))and those composed of an interpenetrating network of silica, sesquisiloxane, and polydimethylsiloxane hydroxyurethane containing phosphotungstate for use in fuel cell membranes, and production of photochromic windows. It also investigated Ormosil containing phosphotungstate occluded in a polyimide matrix with potential application to hydrogen storage, fuel cell membranes, and insulating and anticorrosion coatings.<br /><br /> Quantification and mapping of photoactive elements are important to promote the development of these materials. However, these are not trivial tasks due to the intrinsic nature of these hybrid materials in which organic and inorganic phases are closely linked and the presence of a large number of chemicals elements interferes with the analysis. Since these hybrid materials constitute complex matrices to analyze, it is necessary to develop and examine specific analytical methods. In order to better understand the photochromic, anticorrosive, and mechanical properties of these materials, it is important to identify the distribution of silicates and phosphotungstates inside the films.<br /><br /> Selfabsorption interference studies of Tungsten XRay fluorescence by the others constituents in the Ormosil films led us to approach quantification by XRF, not only from the atomic perspective, but also to supplement with the molecular approach. XRay Resonant Raman Scattering (XRS) was equally important to explain interference phenomena observed in these complex systems. <br /><br /> It was possible to identify and detect Ti dopant in the range of tens of mg.Kg1 by means of Grazing Incidence XRay Fluorescence (GIXRF) analysis assisted by Synchrotron Radiation. In addition, Microscopic Xray Fluorescence analysis (&micro;XRF) assisted by Synchrotron Radiation enabled the identification of spatial distributions of Titanium and Zinc within ormosils. Since these XRF analyses did not employ certified materials for validation, standards were prepared at our laboratory following a similar protocol to that used to prepare the samples. The semiquantification method based on fundamental parameters was also used, which demonstrated be very useful and efficient. Xray fluorescence results were validated by those obtained from Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The different methods of analysis employed (&micro;XRF, GIXRF, EDXRF, ICPOES, AAS) were effective regarding precision and accuracy in Tungsten and Zinc quantification. In the case of Titanium, however, only &micro;XRF and ICPOES results could be taken into account. Therefore, there is the need for additional analytical methods to validate concentration results for this element in ormosils. ICPOES and INAA proved to be reference methods for results obtained through XRF (Laboratory and assisted by Synchrotron Radiation) for our materials.

Os Ormosils pertencem aos sistemas nanoestruturados, apresentando uma grande diversidade de estruturas e permitindo o controle das propriedades dos materiais obtidos. Os Ormosils contribuem ao desenvolvimento de materiais multifuncionais pela sua estrutura flexível (matriz hospedeira), que permite a oclusão de diversas espécies (moleculares, iônicas), a qual pode ser ajustada pela mudança dos grupos funcionais dos silanos precursores. Os filmes dos Ormosils têm potencial aplicação em fitas dosimétricas, janelas inteligentes, selos antifraude, dispositivos fotônicos, filmes fotocatalíticos e dispositivos fotocrômicos. Esta Tese abordou a determinação qualitativa, semiquantitativa e quantitativa dos filmes dos Ormosils (contendo nanopartículas de TiO2, ZnO e Fosfotungstatos ([PW12O40]3)) e aqueles constituídos por uma rede interpenetrante de sílica, sesquisiloxano e hidroxiuretana de poli(dimetilsiloxano) contendo Fosfotungstatos, com potencial aplicação em membranas para células combustíveis e na produção de janelas fotocrômicas. Outro dos materiais analisados constituíram Ormosils ocluídos na matriz de Poli(imidas), com potencial aplicação no armazenamento de Hidrogênio, membranas para células combustíveis e revestimentos isolantes e anticorrosivos.<br /><br /> A quantificação e mapeamento dos elementos fotoativos são relevantes para a melhoria no desenvolvimento destes materiais, entretanto, esta não é uma tarefa trivial devido à natureza intrínseca destes materiais híbridos em que a fase orgânica e a inorgânica estão intimamente ligadas e devido à presença de um grande número de elementos químicos que muitas vezes interferem na análise. Desta forma, estes materiais híbridos se constituem em matrizes complexas de análise e há necessidade de se desenvolver e estudar métodos analíticos específicos. A fim de melhor compreender as propriedades fotocrômicas, anticorrosivas e mecânicas destes materiais, é importante conhecer a distribuição dos silicatos e dos fosfotungstatos no interior dos filmes.<br /><br /> Os Estudos de Interferência da Autoabsorção da Fluorescência de Tungstênio pelos demais elementos nos filmes dos Ormosils, nos induziram a abordar a quantificação por XRF, não somente pelo ponto de vista atômico, senão complementar com a abordagem molecular. O Espalhamento Raman Ressonante de RaiosX mostrouse igualmente importante para entender os fenômenos de interferência observados nestes sistemas complexos. <br /><br /> Foi possível identificar e detectar o dopante Ti na faixa de dezenas de mg.Kg1 , mediante análises de Fluorescência de RaiosX em ângulo rasante (GIXRF) assistida por Radiação Síncrotron. De maneira complementar, análises de Microfluorescência de RaiosX (&micro;XRF) assistida por Radiação Síncrotron possibilitaram conhecer a distribuição espacial do Titânio e Zinco nos Ormosils. Nestas análises XRF não se empregaram materiais certificados para validação, contudo fora preparados no nosso laboratório materiais de referência, com procedimento de preparo similar àquele das amostras usando o método de semiquantificação baseado em Parâmetros Fundamentais. Os resultados de Fluorescência de RaiosX foram validados pelos resultados das análises por ICPOES e Ativação por Nêutrons (INAA). Os diferentes métodos de análise empregados (&micro;XRF, GIXRF, EDXRF, ICPOES, AAS) foram efetivos em precisão e em exatidão na quantificação de Tungstênio e Zinco. Entretanto para o caso de Titânio, somente puderam se considerar os resultados de &micro;XRF e ICPOES. Portanto, serão necessários métodos analíticos adicionais para validar os resultados da concentração deste elemento nos Ormosils. ICPOES e INAA demonstraram serem métodos de referência para os resultados XRF (Laboratório, Radiação Síncrotron) nossos materiais.<br /><br /><br /><br /> / Organically modified silicates or Ormosil are nanostructured systems displaying a wide range of structures, which facilitates the control of properties of materials obtained from them. Ormosil contribute to the development of multifunctional materials because of their flexible structure (matrix host), which allow the occlusion of various species (ionic, molecular), can be adjusted by changing functional groups of precursor silanes. Ormosil films have potential for application to dosimetric tapes, smart windows, antifraud sealing, photonic devices, photocatalytic films, and photochromic devices. In this thesis was investigated qualitative, semiquantitative and quantitative determination of ormosil films (containing TiO2 nanoparticles, ZnO, and phosphotungstates ([PW12O40]3))and those composed of an interpenetrating network of silica, sesquisiloxane, and polydimethylsiloxane hydroxyurethane containing phosphotungstate for use in fuel cell membranes, and production of photochromic windows. It also investigated Ormosil containing phosphotungstate occluded in a polyimide matrix with potential application to hydrogen storage, fuel cell membranes, and insulating and anticorrosion coatings.<br /><br /> Quantification and mapping of photoactive elements are important to promote the development of these materials. However, these are not trivial tasks due to the intrinsic nature of these hybrid materials in which organic and inorganic phases are closely linked and the presence of a large number of chemicals elements interferes with the analysis. Since these hybrid materials constitute complex matrices to analyze, it is necessary to develop and examine specific analytical methods. In order to better understand the photochromic, anticorrosive, and mechanical properties of these materials, it is important to identify the distribution of silicates and phosphotungstates inside the films.<br /><br /> Selfabsorption interference studies of Tungsten XRay fluorescence by the others constituents in the Ormosil films led us to approach quantification by XRF, not only from the atomic perspective, but also to supplement with the molecular approach. XRay Resonant Raman Scattering (XRS) was equally important to explain interference phenomena observed in these complex systems. <br /><br /> It was possible to identify and detect Ti dopant in the range of tens of mg.Kg1 by means of Grazing Incidence XRay Fluorescence (GIXRF) analysis assisted by Synchrotron Radiation. In addition, Microscopic Xray Fluorescence analysis (&micro;XRF) assisted by Synchrotron Radiation enabled the identification of spatial distributions of Titanium and Zinc within ormosils. Since these XRF analyses did not employ certified materials for validation, standards were prepared at our laboratory following a similar protocol to that used to prepare the samples. The semiquantification method based on fundamental parameters was also used, which demonstrated be very useful and efficient. Xray fluorescence results were validated by those obtained from Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES) and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The different methods of analysis employed (&micro;XRF, GIXRF, EDXRF, ICPOES, AAS) were effective regarding precision and accuracy in Tungsten and Zinc quantification. In the case of Titanium, however, only &micro;XRF and ICPOES results could be taken into account. Therefore, there is the need for additional analytical methods to validate concentration results for this element in ormosils. ICPOES and INAA proved to be reference methods for results obtained through XRF (Laboratory and assisted by Synchrotron Radiation) for our materials.

Ancient harbour sediment archives can provide long-term records of changes in coastal palaeoenvironments, settlement history, and anthropogenic impacts on coastal systems. In this study, multi-proxy geoarchaeological investigations were conducted at two long-occupied coastal archaeological sites (Liman Tepe-Clazomenae, western Anatolia, Turkey; Lechaion, northeast Peloponnese, Greece) to document coastal palaeoenvironmental change and harbour basin evolution. Multi-proxy core analyses (micropalaeontology, sedimentary facies) were integrated with geophysical mapping and micro-XRF core scanning (chemofacies) to investigate harbour sediment archives and to reconstruct coastal palaeoenvironments. At Liman Tepe-Clazomenae, the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (ca. 6700-3000 BCE) coastal palaeogeography was reconstructed using a large subsurface database (>20 cores, ~600-line km geophysical surveys) to determine palaeoshoreline positions and potential locations of prehistoric proto-harbour basins. Geophysical mapping revealed a submerged palaeolandscape with relict river channels and shorelines recording inundation of a middle Neolithic coastal plain. A transgressive systems tract was identified by marine foreshore and shoreface deposits overlying paleosol and lagoonal sediments. Shoreline positions were estimated by back-strip analysis of the de-compacted sediment thickness from the marine transgressive surface. During the middle Neolithic (ca. 6700 BCE) the shoreline was >500 m seaward of the modern shore and transgressed to its maximum extent (~1 km inland) during the Chalcolithic (ca. 4000 BCE). After 4000 BCE, sea level decelerated and the coastline prograded under a high-stand systems tract by barrier accretion. The transition from a Late Bronze Age (LBA) proto-harbour to Iron Age semi-enclosed harbour basin was recorded by shifts in geochemical proxies (Ti/Ca, Si, Br), foraminifera, and sedimentary facies. Shifts in Ti/Ca record potential signals of land clearance and evidence for a 300-year LBA drought period (“Greek Dark Age”). Geophysical mapping of Clazomenae’s Archaic (ca. 7th-6th c. BCE) harbour basin revealed two rubble-constructed breakwater structures and a submerged headland separating east and west basins. Linear magnetic anomalies within the eastern mole indicate a buried (LBA?) pier or breakwater within the rubble mass. At Lechaion, a multi-proxy analysis was conducted on seven cores to determine the timing and causes of the Roman harbour decline and abandonment. Coring identified a basin-wide paraconformity surface separating harbour sediments and overlying marl deposits, which records a rapid transition from a marine-estuarine to restricted evaporitic lake environment. Rapid basin restriction was indicated by a decrease in terrigenous elements (Si, Ti, K, Fe), increased Sr and δ18O, and a shift from marine-estuarine to marsh-freshwater taxa. The event records the 6th c. CE tectonic uplift and destruction of the harbour basin, linked with uplift on the nearby Perachora Peninsula (~1.1 m) during destructive earthquakes in 524 and 551/552 CE. No evidence was found for tsunami events proposed in previous work. This study has documented the development, evolution, and abandonment of harbour basins on two tectonically active coastlines with complex relative sea level histories. Palaeogeographic mapping at Liman Tepe has identified a drowned palaeolandscape with areas of high archaeological potential for submerged prehistoric sites and proto-harbour anchorage areas. At Lechaion, multi-proxy analysis has resolved a long-standing debate, demonstrating that the harbour basin decline in the 6th c. CE was caused by coastal tectonic uplift and rapid basin restriction. / Dissertation / Doctor of Science (PhD)