This study explores resolution mechanisms for all types of medical malpractice cases with a special focus on the patients and their families¡¦ subjective experiences in such disputes, as well as the relevant factors that influence the process of decision-making and the relevant results. The previous studies on patients¡¦ actions to medical disputes in the literature assumed that patients and their families took certain actions due to monetary reasons or discriminated status under a restricted medical system. Most studies simply state the variables that led the patients and their families to certain resolution mechanism. Nevertheless, not many researchers have explored the micro experiences of meaning construction during the process to resolve malpractice cases. Neither did they study how the patients interpret the cultural and structural variables, which might result in different dispute resolution mechanism being used. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a tentative approach to integrate macro and micro analyses and take the advantage of the procedure of grounded theory to explore the dynamic process in the resolution of disputes over medical malpractice. In-depth interviews were applied in the study involving 16 patients and their family members, 13 third party groups and two physicians for a total of 31 people. Among the 16 patients and their family members, there were 14 cases of medical treatment dispute. It was found that the core concept of ¡§admitting a mistake was made¡¨ is the main goal of patients and their family members when dealing with the dispute. If the injury is not critical, normally the physician will admit his/her mistake in the beginning of the dispute. If the injury is critical, since the patients and their family members not having professional knowledge regarding medical injury and their social economical status as well as lower mobilization capabilities than physicians, they do not get an apology or the truth regarding the medical injury. They only receive compensation at most. There are two key causes of providing compensation: (a) crisscrossed interpersonal connection between patient, physician and the third party, such as a civil representative, who plays the role of coordinator; (b) after litigation, usually the court prosecutor or the judge will mediate between the patient and physician, so that compensation can be made. No direct judgment is made. Yet the patients and their family members are not satisfied because they do not receive a response from the involved physician regarding their request about ¡§admitting mistake was made¡¨ which is terminated since their is no money for further litigation, pressure from the civil representative or other objections of the family members. Furthermore, the interview of the third party and the involved physician show that public hospitals are more afraid of irrational acts from patients and their family members or the intervention of the civil representative when dealing with medical disputes. Even if there is no medical negligence, they still submit to the requests of the patients and their family members.

Self-Assembly in the context of micro-scale integration refers to a developing set of techniques which exploit phenomena resulting in the spontaneous integration of micro-scale components into designed systems. Self-Assembly may be leveraged most effectively in parallel assembly processes. This thesis studies the modeling of micro-scale self-assembly processes as stochastic processes. The researchers propose that self-assembly processes may be modeled as Markov chains. In order to develop these models a Self-Assembly test system was created and trials were conducted using this system. Initial tests into the hypothesis that variables contributing to the transition probabilities include the kinetic energy of the assembly interaction, the energy minimized during assembly, and the area fraction of bonding sites on the assembly surface are tested.

Optische Frequenzkämme (OFC) haben eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen in den angewandten Wissenschaften und der Grundlagenforschung, die auf der Bestimmung von absoluten Frequenzen und Frequenzdifferenzen beruhen, revolutioniert. Für letzteres wird nur die Stabilisierung des spektralen Abstandes der individuellen Kammlinien des OFCs benötigt, was erlaubt, den OFCG auf die Anwendung anzupassen und die Systemkomplexität zu reduzieren. Eine solche Anwendung ist der Quantentest der Universalität des Freien Falls (UFF) im Rahmen der Experimentserie QUANTUS. Mit diesem Test soll der Freie Fall zweier atomarer Spezies, Rubidium (Rb) und Kalium (K), in Mikrogravitation vergleichen werden. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war die Entwicklung eines hochkompakten, robusten, und weltraum-tauglichen diodenlaser-basierten OFCG mit einem modengekoppelten optischen Spektrum im Wellenlängenbereich um 780 nm. Es wurde ein diodenlaser-basierter OFCG entwickelt, der mit einer spektrale Bandbreite von mehr als 16 nm bei 20 dBc, einer optischen Leistung der Kammlinien > 650 nW (bei 20 dBc), einer Pulswiederholrate von 3.4 GHz, und einer RF-Linienbreite der frei-laufenden Pulswiederholrate < 10 kHz die Anforderungen übertrifft. Um ein Proof-of-Concept Demonstratormodul zu realisieren, wurde der diodenlaser-basierte OFCG in eine weltraum-taugliche Technologieplattform, die für die Anwendung in zukünftigen QUANTUS-Experimenten entwickelt wurde, hybrid-integriert. Der Nachweis einer ausreichend hohen RF-Stabilität des OFCGs wurde durch Stabilisierung der Pulswiederholrate auf eine externe RF Referenz erbracht. Dies ermöglichte eine stabilisierte Pulswiederholrate mit einer RF-Linienbreite von weniger als 1.4 Hz (auflösungsbegrenzt), was die die Anforderung übertrifft. Der entwickelte diodenlaser-basierten OFCG ist wichtiger Schritt in Richtung eines verbesserten Vergleichs des Freien Falls von Rb- und K-Quantengasen innerhalb der QUANTUS-Experimente in Mikrogravitation. / Optical frequency combs (OFC) have revolutionized various applications in applied and fundamental sciences that rely on the determination of absolute optical frequencies and frequency differences. The latter requires only stabilization of the spectral distance between the individual comb lines of the OFC, allowing to tailor and reduce system complexity of the OFC generator (OFCG). One such application is the quantum test of the universality of free fall within the QUANTUS experimental series. Within the test, the rate of free fall of two atomic species, Rb and K, in micro-gravity will be compared. The aim of this thesis was the development of a highly compact, robust, and space-suitable diode laser-based OFCG with a mode-locked optical spectrum in the wavelength range around 780 nm. A diode laser-based OFCG was developed, which exceeds the requirements with a spectral bandwidth > 16 nm at 20 dBc, a comb line optical power > 650 nW (at 20 dBc), a pulse repetition rate of 3.4 GHz, and an RF linewidth of the free-running pulse repetition rate < 10 kHz. To realize a proof-of-concept demonstrator module, the diode laser-based OFCG was hybrid-integrated into a space-suitable technology platform that has been developed for future QUANTUS experiments. Proof of sufficient RF stability of the OFCG was provided by stabilizing the pulse repetition rate to an external RF reference. This resulted in a stabilized pulse repetition rate with an RF linewidth smaller than 1.4 Hz (resolution limited), thus exceeding the requirement. The developed diode laser-based OFCG represents an important step towards an improved comparison of the rate of free fall of Rb and K quantum gases within the QUANTUS experiments in micro-gravity.