The 2+1-road is a specific three lane road which aims to increase the safety of the predecessor 13 meter wide four lane roads. As a lane is removed and a weaving section is introduced the capacity is severely lowered, sometimes halved. A very demanding part of the traffic system with regards to capacity are heavy vehicles, especially in conjunction with the 2+1-roads. However, exactly how the share of heavy vehicles impacts the traffic system with regards to 2+1 roads and freeways is not previously studied, which grants the opportunity of this work. The work has been carried out in connection with an assignment from The Swedish Transport Administration of analyzing the E4 going north from Gävle. This study analyzes how the share of heavy vehicles and level of service affect the speed on the two types of roads. The Swedish Transport Administration currently bases their current relationships on speed, capacity, and level of service on a share of heavy vehicles of 12%, which may give slightly wrong results depending on which system is being analyzed. The study has been carried out through micro simulation, which is a method that is very dependent on what data it is given, such as behavioral parameters and other input. The results of the study show how the relationship between share of heavy vehicles and level of service affect the speed, and that the 2+1-roads are highly dependent on the share of heavy vehicles, whereas the freeways have much larger tolerances. / Den mötesfria vägen (s.k. 2+1-väg) tillkom på 90-talet och gav upphov till mycket mer trafiksäkra vägar än sina föregångare 13-metersvägarna från mitten av 1900-talet. Till följd av säkerhetsökningen kom uppoffringar i kapacitet i och med vävningssträckor, som mer än halverar kapaciteten i jämförelse med en tvåfilig väg. En mycket kapacitetskrävande del av trafiksystemet är lastbilar, framförallt i dessa vävningssträckor. Men exakt hur lastbilsandelar påverkar systemet är inte riktigt bearbetat än, vilket ger upphov till detta examensarbete. Studien har utförts i samband med ett uppdrag från Trafikverket angående simulering av E4:an norr om Gävle. Detta examensarbete granskar alltså hur lastbilsandelen och belastningsgraden påverkar punkthastigheten på de två vägtyperna mötesfri väg och motorväg. Trafikverket baserar sina effektsamband på en lastbilsandel på 12 %, vilket kan ge både för låga och för höga värden beroende på vilken plats som man granskar. Arbetet har genomförts med hjälp av mikrosimuleringsmodeller, vilka är mycket beroende av vilka parametrar och indata de får. Resultatet av studien visar hur punkthastigheten beror på lastbilsandel och belastningsgrad, och visar på att de mötesfria vägarna är mycket beroende av lastbilsandelen, medan motorvägar har betydligt större tolerans.

This thesis explores how revenue management (RM) principles would integrate into a parking system, and how advanced reservation-making, coupled with dynamic pricing (based on booking limits) could be used to maximize parking revenue. Detailed here is a comprehensive RM strategy for the parking industry, and an integer programming formulation that maximizes parking revenue over a system of garages is presented. Furthermore, an intelligent parking reservation model is developed that uses an artificial neural network procedure for online reservation decision-making. Next, the work evaluates whether the implementation of a parking RM system in a dense urban parking district (and thus avoiding "trial-and-error" behaviors exhibited by drivers) mitigates urban congestion levels. In order to test this hypothesis, a parallel modeling structure was developed that uses a real-time decision-making model that either accepts or rejects requests for parking via a back-propagation neural network. Coupled with the real-time decision-making model is a micro-simulation model structure used to evaluate the policy's effects on network performance. It is clear from the results that the rate at which parkers renege is a primary determinant of the value of the implementation of RM. All other things being equal, the RM model in which the majority of parkers is directed to their precise parking spot via the most direct route is much more robust to the random elements within the network that can instigate extreme congestion. The thesis then moves from micro-evaluation to macro-evaluation by measuring the performance of the urban parking system from the perspective of the set of relevant stakeholders using the hyperbolic DEA model within the context of the matrix DEA construct. The stakeholder models, including that of the provider, the user, and the community, have defined inputs/outputs to the hyperbolic DEA model, which allows for the inclusion of undesirable outputs such as network delay and incidence of extreme congestion. Another key contribution of this work is that of identifying design issues for current and future dense urban parking districts. Clearly, reneging rate and the tenacity of perspective parkers is a key consideration in cases where RM policy is not implemented. / Ph. D.

The thesis provides a comprehensive overview of key issues affecting practice, policy and patients, in current efforts for colorectal cancer (CRC) disease control. The global burden of CRC is expected to increase by 60% to more than 2.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths by 2030. CRC incidence and mortality rates vary up to 10-fold worldwide, which is thought to reflect variation in lifestyles, especially diet. Better primary prevention, and more effective early detection, in screening and surveillance, are needed to reduce the number of patients with CRC in future1. The risk factors for CRC development include genetic, behavioural, environmental and socio-economic factors. Changes to surveillance, which offer non-invasive testing and provide primary prevention interventions represent promising opportunities to improve outcomes and personalise care in those at risk of CRC. By systematic review of the literature, I highlight the gaps in comparative effectiveness analyses of post-polypectomy surveillance. Using micro-simulation methods I assess the role of non-invasive, faecal immunochemical testing in surveillance programmes, to optimise post-polypectomy surveillance programmes, and in an accompanying sub-study, I explore the value of adding an adjunct diet and lifestyle intervention. The acceptability of such revisions is exposed to patient preference evaluation by discrete choice experiment methods. These preferences are accompanied by evidence generated from the prospective evaluation of the health literacy, numeracy, sedentary behaviour levels, body mass index (BMI) and information provision about cancer risk factors, to highlight the potential opportunities for personalisation and optimisation of surveillance. Additional analysis examines the optimisation of a screening programme facing colonoscopy constraints, highlighting the attendant potential to reduce costs and save lives within current capacity.