Due to the increasing of substitution and competition of products, the life cycle of products is shorter than previous time and the perishable has becoming visible for service industry and other related manufacturing industries. Wrong strategy and management of pricing make many companies lose the right opportunity to invest and even trapped in the bad financial structure with the apparent character. More and more private club managers use the concept of yield management to deal with their problems and maximize their benefits because of the property of perishable in recent years. However most researchers study about ways to improve the performance and to understand the distribution of consumers¡¦ recognition instead of realizing the factors impacting the products¡¦ pricing. I will develop an initial pricing model and find out how the relationship among the factors which influence the products¡¦ pricing interacts by this model

Sankt Gallen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

The main task of this diploma thesis is a possibility of using revenue yield management (RYM) techniques in small and medium-sized accommodation establishments (SMAE). This thesis includes an analysis of current situation in tourism and current using RYM techniques in Czech Republic. Next the data from the particular guest house are analyzed and its guest perception is found out. The particular guest house situation is used for demonstrating of application RYM techniques and for proposing a new trade policy. After that recommendations and generalization for all SMAE are given.

Tourism trade as well as hotel industry plays an important role in the services sector of the national economy of many countries, including the Czech Republic. The success of the whole branch is significantly influenced by demand fluctuations which usually occur in seasonal terms. Nowadays, however, when the world economy is afflicted by economical crisis, the demand downturns are apparent even in the times of high season. That is why the companies search for methods which would help to soften the impact of the crisis. Yield management appeared in hotel industry more than 20 years ago and is now used in many hotel chains and even small independent hotels. Its goal is to eliminate the demand fluctuation through an effective use of the hotel capacity. In practice it means to ensure that the right rooms are sold to the right customer for the right price. The aim of this thesis is a presentation of an application of Yield management theory in practice, in case of Hilton Prague hotel and to find out the opportunities of the Yield management to reduce the impact of economical crisis. First, we will need to define the base and principals of Yield management. Then we will apply them in practice to the Hilton Prague hotel. Finally, for the use of this hotel, we will examine the methods of smoothing the stroke of the crises.

No description available.

[pt] Como conseqüência da desregulamentação da indústria aérea americana nos anos 70, Yield Management YM foi criado como uma ferramenta gerencial para maximizar os lucros e manter as vantagens competitivas de empresas do setor. Com o tempo, essa ferramenta passou a ser utilizada por diversas empresas prestadoras de serviço, quando existe uma demanda variável para uma capacidade fixa e elevado custo de ociosidade, ajudando os gerentes a maximizar as receitas das suas operações. Basicamente, YM é o processo de alocação do tipo certo de capacidade, para cada tipo de cliente, ao preço certo, para que se maximizem os lucros. Pode-se ainda dizer que YM é uma forma sistemática de realizar um tipo de preço discriminatório em função de dados de demanda, de ocupação e dos custos marginais de utilização do recurso (avião, hotel, ou outro sistema prestador de serviço). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar como os maiores hotéis turísticos do Rio de Janeiro se utilizam desta ferramenta em suas operações de reservas e vendas. Para atingir tal objetivo, selecionou-se uma amostra de onze hotéis na orla marítima. Entrevistas foram realizadas com os respectivos gerentes responsáveis pelo processo de reservas e/ou vendas, que responderam a um sobre a atual aplicação dos elementos de YM dentro da organização. Os resultados indicaram que o uso de YM é ainda muito pouco difundido entre esses hotéis, sendo reconhecido e de aplicação incipiente apenas em hotéis de maior porte pertencentes a cadeias, sobretudo internacionais. Alguns impedimentos indicados pelos respondentes e inferidos de suas respostas são comentados. / [en] As a consequence of the deregulation of the American airline industry in the 70 s, Yield Management was created as a managerial tool in order to maximize the profits and to keep the competitive advantages of companies of the sector. With time, this tool was adopted by other service companies, where a flexible demand for a fixed capacity and high under utilization costs exist, helping the managers to maximize their operations revenues. Yield Management (YM), or Revenue Management, is the allocation process of the right type of capacity to each type of customer at the proper price to maximize the sales revenues of services, or of highly perishable goods. It can still be said that YM is a systematic form to carry out a type of discriminatory price to meet demand taking into account occupation data and the marginal cost of resource utilization (airplane, hotel, or another service rendering system). The study presented in this thesis aimed at verifying how the main tourist hotels of Rio de Janeiro are taking advantages of this tool within their reservation and sales processes. To accomplish this objective, a sample of eleven hotels was selected amongst the fifteen more important hotels of the main touristic area of Rio de Janeiro City. Interviews were carried out with the managers responsible for the reservation and, or sales, departament, who answered a questionnaire about the current application of YM elements within the organization. The results have indicated that YM is still very little spread out among these hotels, being recognized and of incipient application, only in large hotel chains, mainly, the international ones. Some obstacles pointed out by the respondents and inferred from their responses are commented.

This Master thesis deals with the yield management evaluation and malting quality of chosen varieties of the spring malting barley in terms of half-working experiment in company "Kantor Václav - Agricultural businessman". There was chosen a stand of experiment and the values of yield management were observed, especially the number of plants, their offshoots and spikes per square unit, the quantity of grains in spikes, the weight of a thousand seeds and the yield. In case of the grain quality elements was rated a content of nitrogen substances, the drop above the sieve 2,8, 2,5, 2,2 mm and under the sieve 2,2 mm, then the content of amyloid, germination and its energy as well as the grain moisture. Among the rated varieties were placed: Malz, Sebastian, Laudis 550, Kangoo, Xanadu, Sunshine, Bojos, KWS Irina and Pionier. The results were filed in the tables and charts. The influence of variety on a different yield element was found out in the final comparison of all parameters. According to the aspect of the yield elements as well as the quality, the best values in this year taking experiment were reached by the Kangoo variety.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi verificar se a flexibilidade característica dos modelos baseados em agentes (Agent Based Models ABM) representa adequadamente mercados em concorrência imperfeita, identificando novos elementos referentes ao comportamento e adaptabilidade dos agentes econômicos não identificados em pesquisas anteriores. Para tal, foram propostos dois modelos distintos aplicados aos mercados de passagens aéreas e sucroalcoleiro. A complexidade dos mercados analisados deve-se à forma não trivial com que é descrita a estrutura de disposição dos agentes e a maneira como estes se relacionam e tomam suas decisões, tornando infactível a aplicação de soluções analíticas. Tal fato justifica o emprego dos modelos baseados em agentes devido a sua alta flexibilidade para adequação ao ambiente simulado. O fator comum aos dois modelos propostos foi a incorporação de incertezas e expectativas nos cenários avaliados pelos agentes para sua tomada de decisão. Ao considerar as incertezas dos cenários prospectivos, os modelos simulados mostraram-se aderentes à natureza probabilística encontrada nos mercados reais, permitindo obter resultados com tendências semelhantes aos mercados estudados. A complexidade dos mercados em concorrência imperfeita analisados foi, dessa maneira, bem representada pelos modelos sugeridos. O processo adaptativo dos agentes às mudanças de mercado mostrou que os modelos baseados em agentes são ferramentas adequadas para o estudo dos mesmos e permitem captar peculiaridades dos mercados não incorporadas em outras pesquisas, revelando, inclusive características não aparentes e não incluídas em estudos anteriores. / The objective of this research was to investigate if imperfect competitive markets are well represented by the flexibility of the Agent Based Models (ABM). Therefore, it is expected that the ABM allows identifying agents new behaviour element, as well as incorporating agents adaptability processes not previously described by the other researches. Two distinct models were developed. The first one refers to the airfare prices, while the second one aims to simulate the ethanol market. The high complexity of the studied markets due to their non-trivial structure regarding the way the agents relate to each other and take their decisions justifies the employment of ABM, since ABMs are remarkably characterized by their flexibility. The common factor among the models is the incorporation of uncertainties and expectations in the models when the economic scenarios are considered by the agents for decision making. The results showed that the simulated models reached the same tendency of prices and production observed by the real data, respectively to the airfare and ethanol models. The adaptive process of the agents to the market conditions showed that ABMs are adequate tools for the study of imperfect markets, since for both models non-apparent characteristics have emerged.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions la problématique d’un fournisseur d’électricité qui souhaite à la fois réguler la demande et créer du revenu dans un environnement potentiellement compétitif (PRMDS). Nous proposons des modèles bi-niveaux pour représenter l’interaction hiérarchique entre le fournisseur d’électricité (le meneur) et ses clients (le suiveur). L’objectif du meneur est de maximiser son revenu en décroissant la valeur de pointe de la demande alors que l’objectif du suiveur est de minimiser la somme des coûts des clients. Nous supposons que les clients résidentiels sont inter-connectés entre eux via un réseau de communication bi-directionnel ce qui permet un pilotage de la demande par rapport aux prix par un agrégateur de réseau intelligent. Dans cette thèse nous avons proposé plusieurs modèles de programmation mathématique à deux niveaux bilinéaire bilinéaire pour le PRMDS. Ces modèles peuvent être reformulés sous forme de problèmes linéaire avec variables mixte (MIP) en utilisant les conditions de KKT. Ces modèles sont résolus de façon exacte sur des instances de taille moyenne via un logiciel commercial. Afin de résoudre des instances de plus grande taille, des heuristiques ont été proposées. Deux d’entre elles ont prouvé leur efficacité en terme de qualité de solution obtenue et de temps de calcul. Finalement nous avons considéré une version robuste du problème de programmation mathématique à deux niveaux. Des propriétés préliminaires ont été prouvées. / This thesis is concerned with revenue optimization of an energy provider. A bilevel programming approach is proposed to model the relationship between the energy provider (leader) and power users (follower). The leader intends to achieve an optimal trade-off between revenue and peak load whereas the follower minimizes total cost of users to achieve system optimality. A smart grid structure that allows two-way communication is assumed to interconnect users and to schedule their demand regarding the prices. Day-ahead real-time prices are read by each customer's smart meter and the response is coordinated. In this thesis, we propose several bilinear bilevel programs that are presented and reformulated as single-level mixed integer problems using the KKT conditions of the follower's problem. These MIPs are solved to optimality for randomly generated instances using a commercial software. Different versions of the models are tested and compared. In order to solve large instances, several heuristics are developed. Two of these methods are shown to be efficient and solve large instances that cannot be solved within a reasonable time interval using exact method. Their outputs are compared to the exact solutions for small instances and their performances are evaluated. Finally, we address the robust bilevel optimization problem, discuss existing approaches, give illustrative examples, and propose avenues for future research.

Recently, a new e-commerce business model is booming. It is an electronic-coupon based group-buying model. Its prosperous development has formed a big online group-buying market in which many new websites run similar electronic-coupon based group-buying models. This new electronic-coupon based group-buying model is very different from the traditional one. It is not only that the main type of the products is service-oriented, but also that the object of transaction is electronic coupons which provide the consumers privileges of getting the services in a limited time period. It completely changes consumer behaviors. For these reasons, this study explores how the electronic-coupon based group-buying model succeeds by reviewing the literature and analyzing the data collected from the online website. The results show that both the promotion price and discount rate impact the group-buying performance but the discount rate will have more impact than the promotion price. Further, the limited sale is a good strategy to improve the group-buying performance. Overall, the electronic-coupon based group-buying model performs well in restaurants, cinemas and entertainment industries.