This thesis describes the hydrochemistry of three sub-catchments of the Uda Walawe basin, Sri Lanka. The basin is underlain by crystalline hard rocks and parts of the sub-catchments have been developed under an irrigation scheme. Groundwater is used for agricultural and drinking water purposes, but is vulnerable to poor water quality, particularly from high fluoride (F) concentrations and microbiological contamination. Dental fluorosis is endemic in the basin where F concentrations reach 9 mg/L. The Uda Walawe basin is marked by two major geological zones, the Highland Series and the Eastern Vijayan Complex. Highland Series rocks are subjected to a greater fracture network density and have higher yields and transmissivities compared to the Eastern Vijayan Complex. Groundwater is found in the alluvial soils, weathered regoliths and in the fractured layers of the crystalline rocks. Shallow wells are recharged by water leakage from irrigation canals and provide significant amounts of groundwater. Groundwater movement is southwards and discharges to the River Walawe and the southern coast of Sri Lanka. A detailed hydrochemical survey of dug wells and tube wells completed as part of this thesis showed that a Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type is present in shallow and deep groundwaters and a Na- Cl type in a few shallow wells in southern coastal districts. Prevalence of HC03" with high pCO2 indicates H2CO3 as the main acid for silicate weathering and release of major cations (Ca2+, Mg 2+ and Na) and F. Biotite and hornblende are the commonly occurring F bearing silicate minerals in the study area, as seen in other parts of the world. The occurrence of accessory minerals such as carbonates, apatites and fluorite are very limited and are not considered an important source releasing F to groundwater. Groundwater in the discharge areas of the study area is saturated with respect to these accessory minerals indicating controls of mixing of different waters and an increase in dissolved constituents, but not providing a control on F concentrations. Of secondary importance, F concentrations are higher in areas where there is limited recharge that may result in a longer residence time that promotes greater rock-water interactions. F concentrations show a positive correlation with weathered depths in shallow and deep wells. High evaporation in the downstream catchment areas concentrates fluoride ions in the shallow waters but, in the upstream areas, F concentrations are additionally controlled by dilution effects. Nitrate (up to 136 mg/L) and phosphate (up to 116 mg/L) are contributed from fertiliser or sewage sources but only occur in high concentrations in a few shallow well localities in those areas with low recharge and less dilution, and where favourable oxidising conditions exist. Nitrate is generally reduced in paddy fields and the risk of contamination in this situation is limited. Arsenic occurs in high concentrations (up to 0.36 mg/L) in a few shallow well localities, also in areas with low recharge. Sulphide oxidation is likely to favour arsenic release in the study area. Total coliforms and E. coli. levels are high in the surface waters and shallow groundwaters. The presence of E. coll. bacteria in the groundwaters suggests the predominance of point sources of contamination. In general, areas under irrigation in both geological regions show low and medium groundwater This thesis describes the hydrochemistry of three sub-catchments of the Uda Walawe basin, Sri Lanka. The basin is underlain by crystalline hard rocks and parts of the sub-catchments have been developed under an irrigation scheme. Groundwater is used for agricultural and drinking water purposes, but is vulnerable to poor water quality, particularly from high fluoride (F) concentrations and microbiological contamination. Dental fluorosis is endemic in the basin where F concentrations reach 9 mg/L. The Uda Walawe basin is marked by two major geological zones, the Highland Series and the Eastern Vijayan Complex. Highland Series rocks are subjected to a greater fracture network density and have higher yields and transmissivities compared to the Eastern Vijayan Complex. Groundwater is found in the alluvial soils, weathered regoliths and in the fractured layers of the crystalline rocks. Shallow wells are recharged by water leakage from irrigation canals and provide significant amounts of groundwater. Groundwater movement is southwards and discharges to the River Walawe and the southern coast of Sri Lanka. A detailed hydrochemical survey of dug wells and tube wells completed as part of this thesis showed that a Ca-Mg-HCO3 water type is present in shallow and deep groundwaters and a Na- Cl type in a few shallow wells in southern coastal districts. Prevalence of HC03" with high pCO2 indicates H2CO3 as the main acid for silicate weathering and release of major cations (Ca2+, Mg 2+ and Na) and F. Biotite and hornblende are the commonly occurring F bearing silicate minerals in the study area, as seen in other parts of the world.

Este estudo teve como finalidade, testar uma barreira contra a contaminação microbiológica em placas de contato, utilizadas em monitoramento de salas limpas para fabricação de produtos farmacêuticos estéreis. Durante o ano de 2007, foram realizados testes de contato com a utilização da mencionada barreira, e os resultados foram comparados com dados dos anos de, 2004, 2005 e 2006, quando a barreira não foi utilizada. Os ambientes utilizados para os testes foram duas salas limpas de uma planta farmacêutica localizada no Rio de Janeiro. Nos mencionados ambientes é necessário o uso de uma vestimenta especial, de forma a evitar que partículas do corpo dos operadores, bactérias e fungos, migrem para a superfície externa do uniforme e coloquem em risco a esterilidade dos produtos. Sendo assim, foi proposta a colocação de uma camiseta diretamente sobre a pele do operador durante todo o ano de 2007 de forma a evitar ou reduzir a possibilidade de migração dessas partículas; e os resultados foram comparados com os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, quando a camiseta não foi usada. Os testes demonstraram que houve uma redução de cerca de 50% na ocorrência de placas contaminadas. Com relação ao número total de colônias formadas, a redução foi de 75% na comparação com os anos de 2004 e 2005 e de 50% com relação ao ano de 2006 / This study had as objective to test a barrier against microbiological contamination in contact plates that are used in sterile pharmaceutical products clean rooms monitoring. During 2007 the tests were performed and compared with data from, 2004, 2005 and 2006, when the mentioned barrier was not used. The test environments were two clean rooms from a pharmaceutical plant located at Rio de Janeiro. In the mentioned environments the use of special garments is necessary for avoiding that particles from operators bodies, bacteria and most remain in contact with the room environment, adding risk to the sterilized products. So, it was proposed the use of undershirt between the garment and the operator skin for reducing the contact plates contamination during the regular rooms monitoring. This undershirt was used during 2007 and the results were compared with the samples of 2004, 2005 and 2006 when the undershirt was not used. The results demonstrated that it was obtained a reduction of about 50% in relation to contaminated plates. In relation to the total number of colonies the reduction was 75% in comparison with 2004 and 2005, and 50% in comparison with 2006

Este estudo teve como finalidade, testar uma barreira contra a contaminação microbiológica em placas de contato, utilizadas em monitoramento de salas limpas para fabricação de produtos farmacêuticos estéreis. Durante o ano de 2007, foram realizados testes de contato com a utilização da mencionada barreira, e os resultados foram comparados com dados dos anos de, 2004, 2005 e 2006, quando a barreira não foi utilizada. Os ambientes utilizados para os testes foram duas salas limpas de uma planta farmacêutica localizada no Rio de Janeiro. Nos mencionados ambientes é necessário o uso de uma vestimenta especial, de forma a evitar que partículas do corpo dos operadores, bactérias e fungos, migrem para a superfície externa do uniforme e coloquem em risco a esterilidade dos produtos. Sendo assim, foi proposta a colocação de uma camiseta diretamente sobre a pele do operador durante todo o ano de 2007 de forma a evitar ou reduzir a possibilidade de migração dessas partículas; e os resultados foram comparados com os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, quando a camiseta não foi usada. Os testes demonstraram que houve uma redução de cerca de 50% na ocorrência de placas contaminadas. Com relação ao número total de colônias formadas, a redução foi de 75% na comparação com os anos de 2004 e 2005 e de 50% com relação ao ano de 2006 / This study had as objective to test a barrier against microbiological contamination in contact plates that are used in sterile pharmaceutical products clean rooms monitoring. During 2007 the tests were performed and compared with data from, 2004, 2005 and 2006, when the mentioned barrier was not used. The test environments were two clean rooms from a pharmaceutical plant located at Rio de Janeiro. In the mentioned environments the use of special garments is necessary for avoiding that particles from operators bodies, bacteria and most remain in contact with the room environment, adding risk to the sterilized products. So, it was proposed the use of undershirt between the garment and the operator skin for reducing the contact plates contamination during the regular rooms monitoring. This undershirt was used during 2007 and the results were compared with the samples of 2004, 2005 and 2006 when the undershirt was not used. The results demonstrated that it was obtained a reduction of about 50% in relation to contaminated plates. In relation to the total number of colonies the reduction was 75% in comparison with 2004 and 2005, and 50% in comparison with 2006

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do Ãcido acÃtico 1% sobre a microbiota da carne ovina maturada. Foram utilizados 5 animais ovinos machos castrados do tipo Sem RaÃa Definida (SRD), com idade aproximada de 1 ano, provenientes do interior do estado do CearÃ. ApÃs o abate as carcaÃas dos animais foram refrigeradas por 12 horas a 0ÂC e em seguida foram coletadas amostras da superfÃcie dos seguintes locais: paleta, pescoÃo, peito, lombo, coxÃo e cavidade abdominal. Nessas amostras foram realizadas anÃlises microbiolÃgicas de contagem padrÃo em placas de bactÃrias mesÃfilas, pesquisa de coliformes totais e fecais. As paletas foram entÃo retiradas das carcaÃas e cortadas em fatias de peso similar, da porÃÃo proximal para a porÃÃo distal desse corte. As fatias das paletas direitas foram submetidas a tratamento de imersÃo em soluÃÃo de Ãcido acÃtico a 1% por 1 minuto e as fatias esquerdas foram imersas em Ãgua potÃvel (controle). Todas as fatias foram em seguidas embaladas individualmente à vÃcuo em filme flexivel, impermeÃvel ao oxigÃnio e armazenadas para maturaÃÃo a 1ÂC. Para as anÃlises microbiolÃgicas da carne de paleta, foram coletadas fatias nos dias 3, 13, 23, 33 e 48 de armazenamento. Em cada dia foram coletadas fatias, sendo 5 de cada tratamento de imersÃo. As anÃlises realizadas foram contagem padrÃo em placa (mesÃfilos e psicrofilos), contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de clostridios sulfito-redutores, pesquisa de coliformes totais e fecais e pesquisa de Salmonella. NÃo houve diferenÃas significativas (P>0,05) na contagem de bactÃrias entre os diferentes locais da carcaÃa ovina analisada. Em relaÃÃo ao estudo de armazenamento da carne, foi observada uma reduÃÃo (P<0,05) da contagem de bactÃrias mesÃfilas nas carnes tratadas com Ãcido nos dias 13 e 23 de estocagem. Com 3 e 13 dias de armazenamento houve uma reduÃÃo significativa (P<0,05) na microbiota de psicrÃfilos na carne da paleta ovina tratada com Ãcido. Entretanto nos dias 23, 33 e 48 de armazenamento esse comportamento nÃo foi observado. Em relaÃÃo a bolores e leveduras, houve uma reduÃÃo (P<0,05) da microbiota das amostras tratadas em relaÃÃo a das nÃo tratadas. Este efeito foi evidente atà o dia 13 de armazenamento. Somente no 3 dia de armazenamento, as amostras tratadas apresentaram contagens de coliformes totais significativamente (P<0,05) menores que as nÃo tratadas. Tal comportamento, porÃm, nÃo foi verificado nos dias 13, 23, 33 e 48 de estocagem. As amostras tratadas com Ãcido acÃtico 1% apresentaram valores menores (P<0,05) de coliformes fecais do que as nÃo tratadas. Observou-se ausÃncia de clostrÃdios sulfito-redutores em todas as amostras, independente do tratamento e do tempo de maturaÃÃo. A pesquisa de Salmonella, indicou presenÃa deste microrganismo em 20 e 24%, das amostras tratadas com Ãcido acÃtico 1% e nÃo tratadas, respectivamente. Os valores de pH foram significativamente menores (P<0,05) nos dias 3, 23 e 33 que nos dias 13 e 48 de armazenamento. Os resultados sugerem que o abate cuidadoso de animais ovinos nas condiÃÃes ambientais do Nordeste Brasileiro, permite obter carcaÃas com nÃveis aceitÃveis de microrganismos na superfÃcie. A imersÃo das carnes em Ãcido acÃtico 1% seguida de estocagem a vÃcuo permite manter as carnes refrigeradas (1ÂC) por 13 dias, com controle eficiente da microbiota deteriorativa, mantendo um padrÃo higiÃnico-sanitÃrio adequado, mas nÃo à suficiente para inibir o crescimento de Salmonella. / The objective of this study was to verify the effect of 1% acetic acid on the microbial condition of aged lamb meat. The experiment used five undefined breed (SRD) wethers, with 1 year of age. After slaughter the carcasses were chilled at 0ÂC and kept for 12 h. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected from the surface of shoulder, neck, breast, loin, leg and the ventral side of the flank. These surfaces were evaluated for mesophiles and total and fecal coliform microrganisms. Shoulders were then separated from the carcass and cut to standard weight slices, from the proximal to the distal region of the cut. The right side shoulder slices were dipped in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 min and the left side shoulder slices were dipped in distilled water (control). The slices were individually vacuum packaged in a film, with low permeability to oxygen and then stored at 1ÂC. On days 3, 13, 23, 33 and 48 of the aging period samples (5 trated with 1% acetic acid and 5 control) were collected, to be analyzed for total plate count, mould and yeast, sulfite-reduzing clostridia, total and fecal coliforms and Salmonella. There was no difference (P>0.05) in surface microrganism counts among different locations in the lamb carcass. Related to the aging of meat trated with acetic acid it was observed a decrease (P<0.05) in mesophiles count on trated samples with 13 and 23 days of aging. At 3 and 13 days of aging occurred a significant (P<0.05) decrease of psicrophylic organisms in meats treated with acetic acid. However at 23, 33 and 48 days of storage this effect was not observed. There were a decrease (P<0.05) in moulds and yeast counts is samples treated with acid. Mould andyeast counts were smaller (P<0.05) at day 13 than those at days 33 and 48 days of aging. Only at day 3 of aging treated samples showed lower (P<0.05) total coliform counts than samples with no acid. Meat samples treated with 1% acetic acid showed lower (P<0.05) fecal coliform counts than samples with no acid. It was observed absence of sulfite-reduzing clostridia in all samples independent of acid treatment or aging time. The presence of Salmonella detected in 20% of the treated samples and in 24% of the untreated ones. Meat pH values were lower (P<0.05) on days 3, 23 and 33 than on days 13 and 48 of aging. Results suggest that proper slaughter conditions in Northeast Brasil produce lamb carcasses with acceptable counts of microrganisms. Deeping of meat cuts in 1% acetic acid solution followed by vacuum packazing is appropriate to age meat at 1ÂC for 13 days. This treatment keeps low levels of psicrofilic counts, allows a sound higienic condition of the meat but it is not enough to inhibit the presence of Salmonella.

VASCONCELOS, Elayne Cardoso de. Determinação da microbiota da carne ovina tratada com ácido acético, embalada à vácuo e maturada. 2000. 85 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2000 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T13:23:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2000_dis_ecvasconcelos.pdf: 288719 bytes, checksum: e3069178e516b102c9f149e4370c0c0e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T13:23:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2000_dis_ecvasconcelos.pdf: 288719 bytes, checksum: e3069178e516b102c9f149e4370c0c0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T13:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2000_dis_ecvasconcelos.pdf: 288719 bytes, checksum: e3069178e516b102c9f149e4370c0c0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / The objective of this study was to verify the effect of 1% acetic acid on the microbial condition of aged lamb meat. The experiment used five undefined breed (SRD) wethers, with 1 year of age. After slaughter the carcasses were chilled at 0ºC and kept for 12 h. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected from the surface of shoulder, neck, breast, loin, leg and the ventral side of the flank. These surfaces were evaluated for mesophiles and total and fecal coliform microrganisms. Shoulders were then separated from the carcass and cut to standard weight slices, from the proximal to the distal region of the cut. The right side shoulder slices were dipped in 1% acetic acid solution for 1 min and the left side shoulder slices were dipped in distilled water (control). The slices were individually vacuum packaged in a film, with low permeability to oxygen and then stored at 1ºC. On days 3, 13, 23, 33 and 48 of the aging period samples (5 trated with 1% acetic acid and 5 control) were collected, to be analyzed for total plate count, mould and yeast, sulfite-reduzing clostridia, total and fecal coliforms and Salmonella. There was no difference (P>0.05) in surface microrganism counts among different locations in the lamb carcass. Related to the aging of meat trated with acetic acid it was observed a decrease (P<0.05) in mesophiles count on trated samples with 13 and 23 days of aging. At 3 and 13 days of aging occurred a significant (P<0.05) decrease of psicrophylic organisms in meats treated with acetic acid. However at 23, 33 and 48 days of storage this effect was not observed. There were a decrease (P<0.05) in moulds and yeast counts is samples treated with acid. Mould andyeast counts were smaller (P<0.05) at day 13 than those at days 33 and 48 days of aging. Only at day 3 of aging treated samples showed lower (P<0.05) total coliform counts than samples with no acid. Meat samples treated with 1% acetic acid showed lower (P<0.05) fecal coliform counts than samples with no acid. It was observed absence of sulfite-reduzing clostridia in all samples independent of acid treatment or aging time. The presence of Salmonella detected in 20% of the treated samples and in 24% of the untreated ones. Meat pH values were lower (P<0.05) on days 3, 23 and 33 than on days 13 and 48 of aging. Results suggest that proper slaughter conditions in Northeast Brasil produce lamb carcasses with acceptable counts of microrganisms. Deeping of meat cuts in 1% acetic acid solution followed by vacuum packazing is appropriate to age meat at 1ºC for 13 days. This treatment keeps low levels of psicrofilic counts, allows a sound higienic condition of the meat but it is not enough to inhibit the presence of Salmonella. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do ácido acético 1% sobre a microbiota da carne ovina maturada. Foram utilizados 5 animais ovinos machos castrados do tipo Sem Raça Definida (SRD), com idade aproximada de 1 ano, provenientes do interior do estado do Ceará. Após o abate as carcaças dos animais foram refrigeradas por 12 horas a 0ºC e em seguida foram coletadas amostras da superfície dos seguintes locais: paleta, pescoço, peito, lombo, coxão e cavidade abdominal. Nessas amostras foram realizadas análises microbiológicas de contagem padrão em placas de bactérias mesófilas, pesquisa de coliformes totais e fecais. As paletas foram então retiradas das carcaças e cortadas em fatias de peso similar, da porção proximal para a porção distal desse corte. As fatias das paletas direitas foram submetidas a tratamento de imersão em solução de ácido acético a 1% por 1 minuto e as fatias esquerdas foram imersas em água potável (controle). Todas as fatias foram em seguidas embaladas individualmente à vácuo em filme flexivel, impermeável ao oxigênio e armazenadas para maturação a 1ºC. Para as análises microbiológicas da carne de paleta, foram coletadas fatias nos dias 3, 13, 23, 33 e 48 de armazenamento. Em cada dia foram coletadas fatias, sendo 5 de cada tratamento de imersão. As análises realizadas foram contagem padrão em placa (mesófilos e psicrofilos), contagem de bolores e leveduras, contagem de clostridios sulfito-redutores, pesquisa de coliformes totais e fecais e pesquisa de Salmonella. Não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) na contagem de bactérias entre os diferentes locais da carcaça ovina analisada. Em relação ao estudo de armazenamento da carne, foi observada uma redução (P<0,05) da contagem de bactérias mesófilas nas carnes tratadas com ácido nos dias 13 e 23 de estocagem. Com 3 e 13 dias de armazenamento houve uma redução significativa (P<0,05) na microbiota de psicrófilos na carne da paleta ovina tratada com ácido. Entretanto nos dias 23, 33 e 48 de armazenamento esse comportamento não foi observado. Em relação a bolores e leveduras, houve uma redução (P<0,05) da microbiota das amostras tratadas em relação a das não tratadas. Este efeito foi evidente até o dia 13 de armazenamento. Somente no 3º dia de armazenamento, as amostras tratadas apresentaram contagens de coliformes totais significativamente (P<0,05) menores que as não tratadas. Tal comportamento, porém, não foi verificado nos dias 13, 23, 33 e 48 de estocagem. As amostras tratadas com ácido acético 1% apresentaram valores menores (P<0,05) de coliformes fecais do que as não tratadas. Observou-se ausência de clostrídios sulfito-redutores em todas as amostras, independente do tratamento e do tempo de maturação. A pesquisa de Salmonella, indicou presença deste microrganismo em 20 e 24%, das amostras tratadas com ácido acético 1% e não tratadas, respectivamente. Os valores de pH foram significativamente menores (P<0,05) nos dias 3, 23 e 33 que nos dias 13 e 48 de armazenamento. Os resultados sugerem que o abate cuidadoso de animais ovinos nas condições ambientais do Nordeste Brasileiro, permite obter carcaças com níveis aceitáveis de microrganismos na superfície. A imersão das carnes em ácido acético 1% seguida de estocagem a vácuo permite manter as carnes refrigeradas (1ºC) por 13 dias, com controle eficiente da microbiota deteriorativa, mantendo um padrão higiênico-sanitário adequado, mas não é suficiente para inibir o crescimento de Salmonella.

The pervious pavement system has been identified as an effective source control device capable of removing urban stormwater pollution by trapping pollutants within the system and biodegradation. Recent studies have further demonstrated that the pervious pavement system could be used as a source of renewable energy capable of reducing household energy bill by about 80%. In view of ever increasing demand for water and the continued reduction in available fresh water resources in the world, stormwater has been recognized as a potential valuable source of water which could be harnessed. The overall aim of this multi disciplinary research was to evaluate the suitability of a modified pervious pavement system (PPS) for water harvesting and re-use, particularly focussing on potential third world applications and taking advantage of the latest developments in materials that are available for such applications. The aim was a holistic one in which water re-use was examined in terms of both the potential advantages from an irrigation point of view without ignoring the very important public health concerns that are often of concern when water is stored in circumstances which do not fit the normally used criteria for potable supplies. The results of this study confirmed the pollution control capability of the porous pavement system as earlier determined by previous studies. Also, a novel experimental rig was designed to reproducibly create very high and realistic rainfall events over model pavement structures. Furthermore, the performance of a new geotextile, Inbitex Composite® in the pervious pavement system was determined for the first time. Furthermore, this study also tested for the first time, the performance of a pervious pavement system modified by the incorporation of Inbitex Composite® geotextile with slits and made prescriptions as to how this new geotextile could be best installed in a modified pervious pavement system in order to achieve high infiltration without compromising pollution control. This study tested the practical use of the pervious pavement system for water harvesting and storage for reuse in irrigation. In order to achieve this, the author took what could be considered as a holistic approach to water quality issues and determined the chemical, electrochemical and microbiological quality of water stored in the system as well as investigated the public health concern of the potential of pathogenic organisms in waters stored in unconventional water storage system as the pervious pavement system. It also determined that the pervious pavement system have the capability to recycle water with physical, chemical and microbiological qualities that will meet international standards for irrigation and that the system does not offer a conducive environment for potential pathogenic organisms if contamination incident occurs from adjoining areas. This study also became the first to practically relate Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) to agricultural benefit by demonstrating how a SUDS device (pervious pavement system) could be used in addition to its urban drainage control role, as a source of supply of high quality irrigation water to cultivate crops fit for human and animal consumption despite high application of pollutants. This study determined contrary to the observation of earlier studies that the use of slow-release iv fertilizer could lead to eutrophication problems in cases where the water is channeled to natural water courses. Furthermore, active response of potential pathogenic bacteria to the presence of slow-release fertilizer was observed in this study. This raises a huge question on the need to add fertilizer to the pervious pavement system. Coupe, (2004) had demonstrated that oil degrading microbes would respond positively to food sources in the system and hence, there was no significant need for simulation by nutrient addition, the author concluded in the study presented here that fertilizer addition should only be conducted if the waters are to be used for irrigation where the nutrients would be beneficial to the plants and that even in this case, the microbiological water quality should be constantly monitored and the addition suspended if the risk of contamination from adjoining areas is high.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito inibitório de Lactobacillus rhamnosus sobre as contagens de Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes, aspergidos isoladamente ou em combinação sobre a superfície de queijo Minas Frescal, durante armazenamento por 21 dias a 7ºC. O delineamento consistiu em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, sendo 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições. As características físico-químicas (pH, atividade de água, umidade, teor de gordura, proteína e perfil de textura) foram determinadas nos queijos dos tratamentos sem adição de L. rhamnosus ou contendo este probiótico (T1 e T2, respectivamente). Verificaramse as contagens de L. rhamnosus, S. aureus e L. monocytogenes nos queijos de todos os tratamentos nos dias 1, 7, 14 e 21 de armazenamento. Foram também analisados os percentuais de sobrevivência dos microrganismos submetidos a condições de simulação do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) utilizando ensaios in vitro. Não houve efeito significativo (P&gt;0,05) entre os parâmetros físico-químicos dos queijos dos tratamentos T1 e T2. As contagens de L. rhamnosus aumentaram (P&lt;0,05) em todos os tratamentos a partir do dia 7 de armazenamento, estabilizando ao redor de 108 UFC/g, sendo que a presença concomitante de L. monocytogenes e/ou S. aureus nos queijos não influenciou a contagem de L. rhamnosus. L. rhamnosus diminuiu em cerca de 1 ciclo log as contagens de L. monocytogenes, e não exerceu efeito inibitório sobre S. aureus após 21 dias. S. aureus não sobreviveu ao teste de simulação ao TGI. No entanto, L. rhamnosus e L. monocytogenes apresentaram percentuais de sobrevivência entre 74,6% a 86,4%, e entre 75,8% a 94,1%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição de L. rhamnosus não alterou as características físico-químicas dos queijos Minas frescal, porém exerceu efeito inibitório sobre L. monocytogenes, mas nenhum efeito sobre S. aureus. A utilização de L. rhamnosus como probiótico apresenta um potencial para inibição de L. monocytogenes na fabricação de queijos Minas frescal. São necessários estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na competição entre as bactérias por substratos no alimento, bem como sua sobrevivência nas condições do TGI em ensaios in vivo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in Minas frescal cheese during 21 days of storage at 7ºC. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement with 8 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment. Physical chemical parameters such as pH, moisture, water activity, fat, protein and texture profile analysis were carried out in cheeses where no microorganism were inoculated (T1) and in the cheeses inoculated with the probiotic bacteria, L. rhamnosus (T2). The counts of L. rhamnosus, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were examined on days 1, 7, 14, 21 of storage. Survival percentage of the bacteria after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions was studied in vitro. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant differences (P&gt;0,05) among the means of the physical chemical parameters analyzed in treatments 1 and 2. From day 7 on, the counts of L. rhamnosus increased (P&lt;0,05) in all treatments, stabilizing and reaching up to 108 CFU/g. It was noticed that the concurring presence of L. monocytogenes and/or S. aureus in the cheese samples did not show influence in the counts of the probiotic bacteria. The L. rhamnosus caused about 1 log cycle reduction in the counts of L. monocytogenes, but showed no inhibitory effect on S. aureus at the end of the period of storage. S. aureus did not survive the exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. However, L. rhamnosus and L. monocytogenes showed survival percentages varying from 74,6% to 86,4%, and from 75,8% to 94,1%, respectively. The results showed that the addition of L. rhamnosus had no influence on the physical chemical characteristics of the Minas frescal cheese and no inhibitory effect on S. aureus, nevertheless demonstrated inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes. The addition of probiotic strains of L. rhamnosus in Minas frescal cheese represents potential for L. monocytogenes inhibition. It is essential to carry out studies on the mechanisms involved in the competition for substrate by bacteria, as well as their survival to simulated gastrointestinal conditions in in vivo experiments.

A fim de garantir a qualidade final de produtos os laboratórios de análise microbiológica fornecem dados sobre a qualidade dos mesmos em todas as suas etapas de produção. A crescente preocupação com a saúde dos pacientes conduz à busca de métodos que forneçam resultados precisos e rápidos, pois possibilitam que ações corretivas sejam tomadas em tempo real. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de tecnologia alternativa no monitoramento de endotoxina bacteriana na água tratada para diálise e dialisato e avaliar o potencial da citometria de fluxo na análise de água. Para isso utilizou-se Portable Test System (PTS®) como método alternativo para detecção de endotoxina bacteriana no monitoramento da água tratada para diálise e dialisato, o qual foi validado frente ao método convencional farmacopeico. Paralelamente realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura a fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade da citometria de fluxo em análises de água. A análise dos diferentes parâmetros de validação para endotoxina bacteriana no método alternativo mostrou que, exceto para a menor diluição analisada, houve linearidade e precisão nos resultados. Por outro lado a concentração de 0,25 UE/mL foi a menor que apresentou exatidão e especificidade. Observou-se ainda, que o limite de detecção foi de 0,125UE/mL e o de quantificação de 0,25 UE/mL, portanto o intervalo foi de 0,25-1,0 UE/mL. Adicionalmente pela análise de resistência pode-se perceber que ao variar analistas não houve diferença significativa. Em relação ao tempo de análise em uma condição de rotina laboratorial com muitas amostras, o PTS® mostrou-se demorado. Ressalta ainda, que seria importante que a legislação vigente deternimasse a análise mensal de endotoxinas no dialisato. A revisão da literatura evidencia o potencial da tecnologia de citometria de fluxo, pois a mesma mostrou-se satisfatória quando comparada a metodologias convencionais para análise de água. O trabalho desenvolvido permitiu concluir que o PTS®) mostrou-se adequado para analisar amostras in loco, permitindo análises em tempo real, que para as quais haja a expectativa de ausência de endotoxinas ou de concentração respeitando o intervalo de 0,25 UE/mL a 1,0 UE/mL. Quanto a citometria de fluxo, esta mostrou-se uma tecnologia promissora em analisar amostras de água, sendo portanto recomendável proceder a estudos de validação e aplicabilidade. / In order to guarantee the final quality of products, the microbiological analysis laboratories provide data about their quality at all production stages. The growing concern for patients\' health leads to the search for methods that provide accurate and fast results, as they enable corrective actions to be taken in real time. The present work aimed to evaluate the alternative technology potential in the monitoring of bacterial endotoxin in treated water for dialysis and dialysate and to evaluate the potential of flow cytometry in water analysis. The different validation parameters analysis for bacterial endotoxin in alternative method showed that, except for the lowest dilution analyzed, there was linearity and precision in the results. On the other hand, the concentration of 0.25 EU / mL was the lowest that presented accuracy and specificity. It was further observed that the detection limit was 0.125UE / mL and the quantification limit was 0.25 EU / mL, so the range was 0.25-1.0 EU / mL. Additionally by the ruggedness analysis it was possible to perceived that when varying analysts there was no significant difference. Regarding the analysis time in a laboratory routine condition with many samples, the PTS® was was time consuming. It was also observed that it would be important to determine monthly analysis of endotoxins in dialysate. The literature review evidence the flow cytometry technology potential of the because it was satisfactory when compared to conventional methodologies for water analysis. The research showed that the PTS® was suitable for analyzing samples in loco, allowing real-time analyzes, for which there is expectation of endotoxins absence or concentration respecting the range of 0.25 EU / mL to 1.0 EU / mL. For the flow cytometry, it was shown to be a promising technology for analyzing water samples, and it is therefore advisable to carry out validation and applicability studies.

Darbo tikslas: įvertinti Lietuvos rinkoje esančių razinų mikrobinę taršą. Tyrimo objektas: buvo tiriamos šešių skirtingų gamintojų (importuotojų) Sultana rūšies razinos. Iš viso surinkti 42 razinų mėginiai, iš kurių 28 mėginiai buvo paimti iš supakuotų razinų ir 14 razinų mėginiai sudarė sveriamos razinos. Mielių ir pelėsinių grybų skaičiui (KSV/g) nustatyti naudotas YGC (Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol) agaras. E.coli auginimui naudota chromogeninė terpė Chromocult coliform agar. Visuose tirtų skirtingų gamintojų (importuotojų) razinų mėginiuose buvo aptikta mielių ir pelėsinių grybų tarša. / The aim of work: to analyze micriobiological contamination in raisins of Lithuanian market. The object of work: six different Sultana raisin producers were examined. 42 samples were collected, 28 were collected from packed raisins and 14 from unpacked. YGC (Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol) agar was used to count yeasts and molds number. For E. coli identification was used Chromocult coliform agar. In every raisin sample yeasts and molds were identified.

The World Health Organization defines malnutrition as a variety of pathological conditions that arise as a result of deficiency of supply, transportation or use of nutrientes by the body s cells. Associated with energy and protein deficiency found in malnourished children there is a lack of vitamins and minerals. Currently, iron deficiency and vitamin A have been gaining importance as well as public health problem. Therefore, a balanced diet of macro and micronutrients such certainly decrease the rates of nutritional deficiencies. An alternative would be to include regional foods with nutritional value-added and low cost. One of these options would be the mussels (Mytella falcata) kind enough cultivated on the Brazilian coast and especially in Alagoas in the Estuarine Complex Mundaú-Manguaba (CEMM). On this basis it is proposed to examine the profile of micronutrients (vit. A, Fe and Zn) in mussels and their safety for consumption. For this, we evaluated the degree of contamination by heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb and Cd) from samples of fresh mussels, using the methodology of the AOAC, 2005, the hygienic and sanitary preparations of mussels, with and without milk coconut through microbiological parameters recommended by Ordinance 12/2001 of the Ministry of Health, according to AOAC methodology, 2005, APHA, 2004 and BAM / FDA, 2006 and the profile of micronutrients (vit. A, Fe and Zn) using methodology AOAC, 2005. The results indicated that the contamination levels for heavy metals were determined by the Division under the National Health Surveillance of Food (Decree 685/98) and the hygienic and sanitary preparations of mussels with and without coconut milk were considered satisfactory according to law. The concentrations of vit. A, Fe and Zn showed that the mussels, with and without coconut milk, have higher levels of iron than meat, besides being a good source of zinc, although their levels are lower than observed in the meat. Both preparations of mussels were not considered sources of vitamin A. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Organização Mundial da Saúde define a desnutrição como uma pluralidade de condições patológicas que surgem em conseqüência de uma deficiência de aporte, transporte ou utilização de nutrientes pelas células do organismo. Associada a deficiência energética - protéica observada em crianças desnutridas verifica-se a carência de vitaminas e minerais. Atualmente a deficiência de ferro e de vitamina A vêm ganhando importância também como problema de saúde pública. Portanto, uma dieta balanceada em macro e nesses micronutrientes certamente diminuiria os índices de agravos nutricionais. Uma alternativa seria a inclusão de alimentos regionais com valor nutricional agregado e de baixo custo. Uma dessas opções seria o sururu (Mytella falcata) espécie bastante cultivada no litoral brasileiro e especialmente em Alagoas no Complexo Estuarino Mundaú-Manguaba (CEMM). Com base no exposto é que se propôs estudar o perfil de micronutrientes (vit. A, Fe e Zn) do sururu bem como sua inocuidade para consumo. Para tanto, foi avaliado o grau de contaminação por metais pesados (As, Hg, Pb e Cd) de amostras de sururu in natura, através da metodologia da AOAC, 2005, as condições higiênico-sanitárias das preparações de sururu, com e sem leite de coco, através de parâmetros microbiológicos recomendados pela Portaria 12/2001 do Ministério da Saúde, segundo metodologia AOAC, 2005, APHA, 2004 e BAM/FDA, 2006 e o perfil de micronutrientes (vit. A, Fe e Zn) através de metodologia da AOAC, 2005. Os resultados indicaram que os índices de contaminação para os metais pesados estavam abaixo do determinado pela Divisão Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária de Alimentos (Portaria 685/98) e as condições higiênico-sanitárias das preparações de sururu com e sem leite de coco também foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a legislação em vigor. As concentrações de vit. A, Fe e Zn demonstraram que o sururu, com e sem leite de coco, apresentam teores de ferro superiores ao da carne bovina, além de ser uma boa fonte de Zn, apesar de seus teores serem menores que o observado na carne. Ambas as preparações de sururu não foram consideradas fontes de vitamina A.