Introduction: Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic metabolic disease of skeleton. It is characterized by reduced amounts of bone mass and degradation of bone tissue microarchitecture with increased chances of fractures occurring. Women after menopause are affected by lack of estrogen and therefore have increased risk of osteoporosis. Goal: The goal of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the nutritional state of women after menopause with osteoporosis (With OP) and without osteoporosis (Without OP) focusing on calcium, proteins and nutrients which are affecting gut microbiota (prebiotics and probiotics). Methods: Nutritional state was evaluated based on three-day diet analysis and questionnaire about dietary preferences. Amounts of particular nutrients in respondents diets were obtained by using web page www.kaloricketabulky.cz. Bone material densities were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Nutritional breakdown of diets did not show any statistically significant differences in most of the cases. The only exception was protein and fiber intake, where the group without OP reported higher intake. Both sets of respondents reported higher intake of calories, fats and proteins then recommended. On the other hand, low intake of carbs, fiber, calcium and probiotics was discovered...

Aging is associated with natural biological changes, which result in a decrease in the functional capacity of the body, which is also accompanied by an increased incidence of inflammatory processes that contribute to the development of neurodegeneration. The intestinal microbiota and its interaction with the intestine and the central nervous system play a key role in maintaining the function of biological homeostatic systems at an older age. This opens the possibility of influencing or modifying human microbiota for the development of therapeutic strategies. Based on the analysis of stool samples by HPLC MS / MS, the study confirmed the effect of selected probiotics on the modification of metabolic pathways and the proper functioning of the microbiota per se. The greatest effects were observed on tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis metabolism. A positive effect of selected probiotic bacteria was found in the memory component of cognitive functions. Significant improvements were observed in verbal learning and verbal memory. In subjects with mild cognitive impairment, the progression of cognitive deficit has been slowed. Significant improvement was also observed for executive functions. These findings were not followed by a subjective...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第12822号 / 論農博第2795号 / 新制||農||1025(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4817(農学部図書室) / 31309 / 京都大学農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 喜多 恵子, 教授 三上 文三, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Its pathogenesis is associated with dysregulated cooperation among keratinocytes, innate and adaptive immune cells, coupled with environmental triggers, including microbiota. The aim of our study was to describe the microbiota composition in psoriasis and explore the role of bacteria and fungi in the pathogenesis of this disease. We used a mouse model of psoriasis induced by topical application of imiquimod (IISI) in both germ-free (GF) mice and conventional (CV) mice with microbiota manipulated by administration of a mixture of broad-spectrum antibiotics (ATB). ATB treatment markedly changed the intestinal but not the skin bacterial diversity and led to higher resistance to IISI in CV mice. Metronidazole was the most effective antibiotic, alleviating IISI symptoms in CV, but not in GF mice. This confirms that the effect of metronidazole on IISI was microbiota- dependent. Additionally, we characterized the microbiota composition of psoriatic lesions and unaffected skin in psoriatic patients compared to healthy controls, as well as the impact of different sampling approaches on uncovering cutaneous microbiota composition. We observed significant differences in α- and β-diversities when comparing identical samples sequenced on V1V2...

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Introduction: Physiological microflora is characterised by wide diversity. The microbial community is mostly composed of bacteria, but also includes fungi, archaea and viruses. Anaerobic commensal bacteria (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) dominate 90% of the colon. The composition and products of the gut microbiota have a significant effect on an individual's immune system, and their interactions may ultimately promote immune tolerance or inflammatory immune response. Blood cell transplantation (HSCT) and its associated standard procedures of conditioning, antibiotic exposure and dietary prophylaxis represent modification and disruption of the gut microbiota leading to the development of some serious post-transplant complications affecting the OS (overall survival) and TRM (treatment related mortality) of patients. Objectives: The aim of this work was to investigate the representation of individual bacterial strains in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT, as well as the effect of transplantation on the composition and diversity of their gut microbiota. Methods: Stool samples were obtained from 52 patients who underwent an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Prague. A cut-off date for the first sample was set for the start of...

Det är välkänt att riskerna att drabbas av fysisk och mental ohälsa minskar med hälsosam mat, motion, att vistas utomhus i naturen och att leva med husdjur. En faktor tros vara via mikrobiotan men teorierna om hur dessa faktorer påverkar mikrobiotan är många. Det har länge varit känt att mat med mycket fibrer är positivt för mikrobiotans diversitet, och att leva med husdjur samt att vara fysiskt aktiv anses också ha en positiv effekt.  Denna litteraturstudie söker svar på om trädgårdsarbete kan påverka mikrobiotan. En litteratursökning via Onesearch i januari 2023 gav efter sortering, uteslutande och urval fem studier att granska. Studierna har olika infallsvinklar, studiedesign och syfte, vilket gjorde det svårt att jämföra dem rakt av. Det gav samtidigt insikt i komplexiteten att genomföra studier på hur omgivningen påverkar mikrobiotan. Genomgången indikerar att interaktion med jord, natur, växter och odlade vegetabilier påverkar den mänskliga mikrobiotan positivt genom att öka diversiteten och därmed främja människors hälsa. Men man drar olika slutsatser vad det är som påverkar. Faktorer som diskuteras är bland annat att trädgårdsarbete påverkar genom att man vistas i en miljö med riklig växtlighet, att man äter av de odlade grödorna, att man är fysiskt aktiv samt att själva arbetet med jorden påverkar. I en av studierna som undersökte trädgårdsarbete såg man att de familjer där någon arbetade i trädgården hade högre diversitet i mikrofloran såväl innan som efter trädgårdssäsongen jämfört med kontrollfamiljerna. De bakterier som ökade vid trädgårdsarbete eller vistelse utomhus i en miljö rik på växtlighet var bland andra de inom fylumet Firmicutes, bakterier som associerats med hälsoeffekter. / It is well known that healthy food, exercise, spending time outdoors interacting with animals and nature can reduce the risk of suffering from physical and mental illness. The microbiota is one factor, but a variety of theories conflicts as to why. It has long been known that food with a lot of fiber is positive for the diversity of the microbiota, and living with pets and being physically active are also considerde to have a positive effect.This literature study seeks answers to whether gardening can affect the microbiota or not. A literature search conducted on Onesearch in January 2023 yielded, after sorting, exclusion and selection, five studies to review. The studies have different approaches, study design and purpose, which made it difficult to compare them directly. At the same time it gave insight into the complexity of conducting studies on how the environment affects the microbiota. The review gives an indication that interaction with soil, nature, plants and cultivated crops has a positive effect on the human microbiota and thus promotes human health.  In one of the studies that investigated gardening, it was seen that the families where someone worked in the garden had higher diversity in the microflora both before and after the gardening season compared to the control families. The bacteria that increased during gardening or being outdoors in an environment rich in vegetation included those within the phylum Firmicutes, bacteria associated with health effects.

As one of the most common medications, it is reasonable to assume that the adverse effects from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well understood. While this is the case for NSAID-induced gastropathy, NSAID-induced enteropathy is often clinically overlooked and has a pathogenesis that is incompletely understood. The goal of this study was to determine how alterations in the microbiota impact NSAID-induced intestinal injury. Initial studies explore how gastric acid secretion suppression substantially decreases Bifidobacteria in the small intestine, and emphasize how replenishment of these bacteria results in an amelioration of NSAID-induced enteropathy. Follow-up studies involved pretreating rats with specific bacteria that have conferred protection in other models of small intestinal injury. We examined the role that acetate may play in reducing the damage by evaluating bacteria that had an acetate production gene knocked out via homologous recombination. Protection levels were similar between wildtype and knockout bacteria, and it did not appear that acetate had a key role in damage reduction. Moreover, we found that changes in intestinal damage were dependent not only on the strain of bacteria used but also on the NSAID administered. None of the bacterial pretreatments tested protected against indomethacin- or diclofenac-induced small intestinal injury, and pretreatment with one specific bacterial strain resulted in a significant worsening of damage. To gain further insight as to the potential role of the microbiota in exacerbation of injury, we conducted studies using single antibiotics and antibiotic cocktails. No single antibiotic treatment conferred protection against naproxen-induced small intestinal injury, but an antibiotic cocktail decreased damage scores by ~46%. Furthermore we explored the effects of L-lactic acid supplementation of drinking water but this was unable to reduce naproxen-induced intestinal damage. Collectively, the work presented in this thesis provides novel insights on the relationship between alterations in the microbiota and susceptibility to NSAID-induced enteropathy. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (Medical Science)

Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.

Plant-derived protein has gained popularity in recent years due to its health and environmental impact. Studies comparing the health benefits of animal and plant protein have mostly focused on soy as a plant protein representative due to its popularity. Demand for other protein sources such as peas and fava beans has been increasing; thus, the health impact of plant protein sources other than soy must be assessed. Evidence has shown that diet influences the gut microbiota and the metabolites in the body. Metabolites associated with amino acids are strong contributors to the metabolite distinction between dietary animal and plant foods. Certain gut bacteria are also known to be able to metabolize amino acids, thus influencing their survival in the gut. To discern the impact of plant and animal-based proteins, namely soy, pea, faba bean, beef, chicken, and pork, on the host gut microbiota as well as the metabolic profile, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with the proteins for 8 weeks. Results showed that each protein source influenced the gut microbiota and metabolic profile differently. However, these impacts were not caused by the amino acid profile alone. Other factors, such as myoglobin in meats and phenolic compounds in plant proteins, also play a role.