Medical lab work, such as blood testing, will one day be near instantaneous and inexpensive via capabilities enabled by the fast growing world of microtechnology. In this research study, sorting and separation of different ABO blood types have been investigated by applying alternating and direct electric fields using class=SpellE>dielectrophoresis in microdevices. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microdevices, fabricated by standard photolithography techniques have been used. Embedded perpendicular platinum (Pt) electrodes to generate forces in AC dielectrophoresis were used to successfully distinguish positive ABO blood types, with O+ distinguishable from other blood types at >95% confidence. This is an important foundation for exploring DC dielectrophoretic sorting of blood types. The expansion of red blood cell sorting employing direct current insulative class=SpellE>dielectrophoresis (DC-iDEP) is novel. Here Pt electrodes were remotely situated in the inlet and outlet ports of the microdevice and an insulating obstacle generates the required dielectrophoretic force. The presence of ABO antigens on the red blood cell were found to affect the class=SpellE>dielectrophoretic deflection around the insulating obstacle thus sorting cells by type. To optimize the placement of insulating obstacle in the microchannel, COMSOL Multiphysics® simulations were performed. Microdevice dimensions were optimized by evaluating the behaviors of fluorescent polystyrene particles of three different sizes roughly corresponding to the three main components of blood: platelets (2-4 µm), erythrocytes (6-8 µm) and leukocytes (10-15 µm). This work provided the operating conditions for successfully performing size dependent blood cell insulator based DC dielectrophoresis in PDMS microdevices. In subsequent studies, the optimized microdevice geometry was then used for continuous separation of erythrocytes. The class=SpellE>microdevice design enabled erythrocyte collection into specific channels based on the cell’s deflection from the high field density region of the obstacle. The channel with the highest concentration of cells is indicative of the ABO blood type of the sample. DC resistance measurement system for quantification of erythrocytes was developed with single PDMS class=SpellE>microchannel system to be integrated with the DC- class=SpellE>iDEP device developed in this research. This lab-on-a-chip technology application could be applied to emergency situations and naturalcalamities for accurate, fast, and portable blood typing with minimal error.

No description available.

Yes / Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become a powerful tool for detecting various diseases due to its high sensitivity and specificity. However, the long thermocycling time and the bulky system have limited the application of PCR devices in Point-of-care testing. Herein, we have proposed an efficient, low-cost, and hand-hold PCR microdevice, mainly including a control module based on water-cooling technology and an amplification module fabricated by 3D printing. The whole device is tiny and can be easily hand-held with a size of about 110 mm × 100 mm × 40 mm and a weight of about 300 g at a low cost of about $170.83. Based on the water-cooling technology, the device can efficiently perform 30 thermal cycles within 46 min at a heating/cooling rate of 4.0/8.1 ℃/s. To test our instrument, plasmid DNA dilutions were amplified with this device; the results demonstrate successful nucleic acid amplification of the …

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Kezia Gomes de Oliveira - 2016.pdf: 1770872 bytes, checksum: de67c9847e819d3256098ae1514be2d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-07 / Outro / The several advantages of miniaturization of DNA amplification and coupling with sample preparation and detection steps on the same chip are well known. Currently, most miniaturized systems for nucleic acids analysis are based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplification requires precise temperature control, switching between heating and cooling solution in three specific temperatures. Therefore, the adaptation of PCR for microchip is relatively complex and presents some limitations particularly for use in remote locations. Without the need for heating cycles, isothermal microsystems for DNA amplification can be designed to be simple and low energy consumption and hence can overlap the portable PCR detection systems. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel technique which has emerged as a simple and fast tool for DNA amplification which can be used for the detection and identification of several pathogens. The LAMP using Bst DNA polymerase enzyme which is an enzyme having strand displacement activity and uses a set of four primers designed from six individual segments of the sequence to be amplified. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid LAMP reaction for the E. coli malB gene amplification in the reaction was thermally controlled with a thermoblock for 60 minutes at 66 ° C. The PeT microdevices demonstrated compatibility with all reagents used in the LAMP and the success of the isothermal amplification was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis, yielding detectable amount amplicons as few as starting with 1 copy of DNA. Moreover, the success of the nucleic acid amplification reaction was evaluated by visual detection of the amplicons in the microchip by the use of fluorescent DNA intercalators, which yielded fluorescence in positive reactions. The LAMP in PeT microdevice is a simple and inexpensive method, that allowed a rapid detection (62 minutes) of E. coli. Because of simple operation and without the need for sophisticated instrumentation, LAMP held in microchip PeT has proven to be a valuable tool for molecular diagnostics, with great potential for applications in point-of-care. / As diversas vantagens da miniaturização das reações de amplificação de DNA e o acoplamento com as etapas de preparo da amostra e de detecção no mesmo chip já são bem conhecidas. Até o presente momento, a maioria dos sistemas miniaturizados para a análise de ácidos nucleicos são baseados na reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A PCR necessita de controle preciso de temperatura, alternando entre aquecimento e resfriamento da solução em três temperaturas específicas. Desta forma, a adaptação da PCR em microchips é relativamente complexa apresentando algumas limitações relacionadas principalmente a utilização em lugares remotos. Sem a necessidade de ciclos de aquecimento, os microssistemas isotérmicos podem ser projetados para serem simples e de baixo consumo de energia e, portanto, pode sobrepor a PCR em sistemas de detecção portáteis. A amplificação isotérmica mediada por loop (LAMP) é uma técnica recente e inovadora que surgiu como uma ferramenta simples e rápida de amplificação de DNA que pode ser utilizada para detecção e identificação de diversos patógenos. A LAMP utiliza a enzima Bst DNA polimerase que é uma enzima com atividade de deslocamento de fita e utiliza um conjunto de quatro iniciadores desenhados a partir de seis segmentos específicos da sequência a ser amplificada. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia simples e rápida para detecção de E.coli através da amplificação isotérmica do gene malB em dispositivos descartáveis de poliéster-toner (PeT) contendo um microcâmara com capacidade para 5 μL, e a reação foi incubada a 66 ºC em um termobloco por 60 minutos. Os microchips de PeT demonstraram compatibilidade com todos os reagentes utilizados na LAMP e o sucesso da amplificação isotérmica foi observado por eletroforese em gel de agarose, obtendo quantidade de amplicons detectáveis no gel em reações que partiram de 1 cópia de DNA. Além disso, o sucesso da reação de amplificação do ácido nucleico também foi avaliado através da detecção visual dos produtos amplificados no microchip através do uso de intercaladores fluorescentes de DNA, que produziram fluorescência nas reações positivas. A LAMP realizada em microdispositivos de PeT representa um método simples e de baixo custo, que permitiu a detecção rápida (62 minutos) da E.coli. Devido a simples operação, e sem a necessidade de instrumentação sofisticada, a LAMP realizada no microchip de PeT demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa para diagnósticos moleculares, apresentando grande potencial para aplicações no point-of-care.

L’émergence de nouvelles technologies basées sur la microfluidique de gouttes offre l’espoir de développer des immuno-essais complexes consommant peu d’échantillon. Cette thèse est dédiée d’une part au développement d’une plateforme d’analyse qui consiste au fractionnement d’un mélange de peptides amyloïdes par focalisation isoélectrique (IEF) pour ensuite procéder à l’immuno-détection en gouttes des différentes fractions. Une méthode d’IEF en capillaire a été développée et a permis la séparation des peptides Aβ 1-40, Aβ 2-40 et Aβ 5-40 ainsi que leur collecte dans des solutions individuelles. Ces solutions de collectes ont été analysées par Elisa sur particules magnétiques. L’immuno-essais a permis de déterminer la distribution des peptides dans les différentes collectes. Ces analyses ont d’abord été réalisées en « batch » où les particules magnétiques sont en suspension dans une solution non-confinée. Ensuite, un dispositif permettant de réaliser des immuno-essais en gouttes a été utilisé. Cette plateforme a été adaptée et optimisée pour le dosage des peptides Aβ 1-40 et Aβ 1-42 standard en vue de doser ces peptides dans le LCR et d’étendre l’analyse aux autres peptides (Aβ 2-40 et Aβ 5-40). D’autre part, une partie de la thèse a été dédiée à un travail sur micro-puce en vue de la conception d’un microsystème d’analyse totale intégrant en ligne les trois étapes majeures (séparation, compartimentalisation, immuno-détection en gouttes) de la plateforme d’analyse recherchée. Pour cette partie nous avons choisi le THV Dyneon qui a déjà servi au transport de bio-molécules en gouttes. Une première étude a consisté pour la première fois à réaliser des séparations électrocinétiques de protéines et de fluorophores hydrophobes dans les puces en THV Dyneon en utilisant deux modes de séparation (ECZ et NACE, respectivement). Ceci a permis de démontrer que ce nouveau matériau constitue un candidat prometteur pour le futur microsystème couplant séparation et compartimentalisation en gouttes. Une dernière étude a consisté au développement d’une méthode de marquage des peptides amyloïdes par un nouvel agent fluorescent, le Chromeo P540, particulièrement adapté pour des analyses IEF. Cet agent de marquage permettra de détecter les peptides durant la conception de l’interface de couplage (IEF/gouttes). / Emerging droplet-based microfluidic platform provide new opportunities to develop complex immunoassay with low sample consumption. This manuscript is dedicated on the development of an analytical platform for isoelectric focusing of amyloid peptides followed by their detection by immunoassay droplet-based microfluidic platform. A capillary isoeletric focusing method was developed first and allowed separation and collection of Aβ 1-40, Aβ 2-40 and Aβ 5-40 peptides in individual solutions. The fractions collected were analyzed off-line by Elisa on magnetic beads in batch-wise. This immune-detection allows the determination of peptide distribution in the different fractions collected. Then, we used a droplet-based microfluidic platform for immunoassay on magnetic beads. This platform was adapted and optimized to quantify standard Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 peptides. The next step will rely on the quantification of amyloid peptides on cerebrospinal fluid. In parallel, a study dedicated on microchip analyses to design a total-analysis-system has been performed. The final purpose is to integrate on-line three main steps; separation, compartmentalization and immune-detection in droplet. For this study, THV Dyneon has been chosen since this material was also used for the droplet-based microfluidic platform. A first study demonstrated for the first time electrokinetic separation, of biomolecules (proteins) and hydrophobic dyes in Dyneon THV chip using two separations modes (CZE and NACE respectively). This work highlighted the THV Dyneon micro-chip versatility. We can concluded that this new material is promising for further development dedicated to micro system combining separation and compartmentalization in droplet. A last work aimed to develop a labeling method for amyloid peptides with a new dye, the Chromeo P540, which is adapted for isoeletric focusing (IEF) analysis. This dye will allow peptides monitoring during the development of IEF/droplet interface.

Polymeric materials have seen increasing use as microfluidic device substrates due to their low cost and the simplicity of templated fabrication procedures. I showed that poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microdevices could be enclosed in a boiling water bath, which allowed the seal to form more quickly than in conventional approaches, and enabled microchannels to remain hydrated throughout the bonding process. Microchip capillary electrophoresis (µ-CE) devices were fabricated using water-based enclosure, and a mixture of fluorescently labeled amino acids was separated in 30 s in these microchips. To create more robust capillary electrophoresis (CE) microdevices with improved separation performance, phase-changing sacrificial materials were developed for solvent bonding of polymer microchips. Devices were fabricated by filling channels in embossed PMMA with a heated liquid that formed a solid sacrificial layer at room temperature. The sacrificial material prevented the bonding solvent and softened PMMA from filling the channels. Once the sealing step was finished, the sacrificial layer was melted and removed, leaving enclosed microchannels. These solvent-welded devices withstood internal pressures >2,200 psi, and 300 CE runs were performed on a single microchip without any loss of separation performance. Furthermore, CE separations of peptides and amino acids were completed in ~10 s, with peak efficiencies of 43,000 theoretical plates. Electric field gradient focusing (EFGF), which uses a combination of pressure-driven flow and an electric field gradient to separate charged species according to their electrophoretic mobilities, was explored for protein analysis. Capillary-based EFGF devices were characterized; mixtures of four proteins were resolved, band focusing dynamics were studied, and analytes were enriched 10,000-fold. EFGF was miniaturized further to a microfluidic platform. Phase-changing sacrificial layers were employed to interface an electric field gradient enabling semi-permeable copolymer with microchannels. Because of decreased channel dimensions, EFGF microchips produced narrower bands and yielded threefold higher resolution compared with capillary-based devices. Beyond providing improved performance for polymer-based µ-CE and EFGF, the advances in microchip fabrication technology presented here should be applicable broadly in interfacing microfluidics with hydrogel structures, for example in sample pretreatment.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23752号 / 医博第4798号 / 新制||医||1055(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 潤, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

La thermoélectricité est un phénomène physique permettant la conversion directe de l’énergie thermique en énergie électrique, ou inversement. Cependant l’augmentation du rendement des modules thermoélectriques passe par un défi de taille : optimiser les propriétés électroniques du matériau pour obtenir un coefficient Seebeck élevé et une résistivité électrique faible, tout en minimisant la conductivité thermique. Une des voies d'optimisation consiste à réduire la dimensionnalité des matériaux afin de diminuer la contribution des phonons dans le transport thermique. Les matériaux siliciures sont prometteurs en raison de leur faible toxicité et coût. Parmi eux, le disiliciure de chrome, CrSi2, possède des propriétés de transport électronique intéressantes, mais ses performances sont limitées par une conductivité thermique trop élevée. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les propriétés thermoélectriques de ce composé sous différentes formes, monocristal, couche mince et nanofil. Dans ce but, le disiliciure de chrome a été élaboré sous formes de monocristal par la méthode Bridgman, de couche mince par pulvérisation cathodique, et de nanofil par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur. Ces différentes techniques d'élaboration ont été associées à des techniques de caractérisation spécifiques à chacune de ces formes afin d'étudier la relation entre les propriétés physiques et la microstructure du matériau. En couplant des modèles théoriques aux mesures thermoélectriques, les mécanismes de transport électronique et thermique ont été mis en évidence. L’étude de dynamique du réseau a été complétée par la première mesure de diffusion inélastique des neutrons sur monocristal et sur poudre nanométrique de CrSi2. Dans le cas des couches minces, l'effet de l'état de cristallinité et de l'épaisseur a été étudié. Enfin, dans le cas des nanofils, un microdispositif de mesure des propriétés thermoélectriques sur nanofil isolé a été conçu. L’ensemble des résultats présentés ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour aborder l’amélioration des propriétés thermoélectriques de CrSi2. / Thermoelectricity is a physical effect related to the direct conversion between thermal and electrical energy. To improve the thermoelectric efficiency, the electronic properties of the materials must be optimized to get a large Seebeck coefficient and a low electrical resistivity while lowering the thermal conductivity. One of the optimization ways is to reduce the dimensionality of the materials to decrease the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity. Silicides are promising materials because of their low toxicity and cost. Among them, chromium disilicide, CrSi2, shows interesting electronic transport properties, but a too high thermal conductivity, limiting its performance. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermoelectric properties of this compound with various forms, single crystal, thin film and nanowire.For this purpose, the chromium disilicide was elaborated in the forms of single crystal by the Bridgman method, thin film by sputtering, and nanowires by chemical vapor deposition. These elaboration routes have been associated with characterization techniques specific to each form in order to study the relationship between the physical properties and the microstructure of the material. By coupling theoretical models with thermoelectric measurements, the mechanisms of electronic and thermal transports have been determined. The vibrational study was completed by the first inelastic neutron scattering measurement on CrSi2 single crystal and nano-powder. In the case of thin films, the effect of the crystallinity state and the thickness has been studied. Finally, in the case of nanowires, a micro-device has been designed to measure the properties of a single nanowire. The presented results open interesting perspectives to improve the thermoelectric properties of CrSi2.

La voie pulmonaire suscite un intérêt grandissant pour l’administration systémique des peptides et protéines thérapeutiques, aujourd’hui encore administrés essentiellement par voie parentérale. Un microsystème a été conçu pour permettre de faciliter et accélérer les études in vitro de criblage de différentes biomolécules actives et de sélectionner les formulations les plus adaptées à leur pénétration à travers l’épithélium pulmonaire, en vue de sélectionner les meilleurs candidats à une administration par voie pulmonaire. Organisé en deux configurations distinctes, ce microsystème permet dans un premier temps d’obtenir des barrières épithéliales pulmonaires polarisées et jointives (cellules Calu-3) en seulement 7 jours dans des micropuits de 1mm², sans avoir à renouveler le milieu nutritif ni avoir recours à un appareillage externe associé au microsystème. Grâce à la mise au point d’une technique simple de fabrication, des plateformes de culture contenant jusqu’à 12 micropuits en parallèle sont aujourd’hui fabriquées de manière standardisée. L’évaluation du passage de molécules est ensuite réalisée sous une deuxième configuration dédiée à la mesure de la perméabilité des barrières épithéliales cultivées en micropuits. La capacité de différents candidats (nanoparticules et biomolécules) à traverser l’épithélium pulmonaire a été étudiée. Le passage de nanoparticules de PLGA revêtues de chitosane ainsi que le passage de l’insuline ont été démontrés avec succès. Enfin, l’électrophorèse capillaire couplée à une détection par fluorescence induite par laser (EC-LIF), compatible avec les faibles volumes manipulés dans ce microsystème, a été exploitée pour la détection et la quantification de l’insuline après passage des barrières pulmonaires miniaturisées. A cette fin, l’insuline a soit été marquée par le FITC, soit complexée à un anticorps ou a un aptamère fluorescents. A l’heure actuelle, seule la méthode développée pour le marquage de l’insuline par le FITC est utilisable à des fins de quantification, mais le recours à un aptamère a montré des premiers résultats encourageants. / The pulmonary route is of increasing interest for the systemic administration of therapeutic proteins and peptides, still largely administered parenterally. A microdevice was designed to facilitate and accelerate the in vitro screening studies of various active biomolecules and to select the most suitable formulations for penetration through the lung epithelium, in order to select the best candidates for an administration via the lungs. Organized in two distinct configurations, this microdevice allows as a first step the culture of tight polarized bronchial epithelial barriers (Calu-3 cells) in 7 days in 1 mm² microwells, without the need for medium renewal or the use of an external apparatus. A simple manufacturing technique was developed and glass culture platforms containing 12 parallel microwells can be obtained in a standardized manner. The ability of molecules to cross the pulmonary barrier is then performed in the second configuration of the microdevice, which is dedicated to the permeability measurement of the tight epithelial Calu-3 barriers cultured in microwells. Among the different candidates studied (nanoparticules and biomolecules), the pulmonary barrier permeability regarding PLGA nanoparticules coated with chitosan and regarding insulin has been successfully demonstrated. Finally, capillary electrophoresis with laser induced-fluorescence (CE-LIF), a technique compatible with the low volumes handled in this microdevice, has been exploited for insulin detection and quantification after its transport across the miniaturized pulmonary barriers. To this end, insulin was either FITC-labeled or complexed with a fluorescent antibody or aptamer. Currently, only the derivatization method can be used for a quantification purpose, but the use of an aptamer to indirectly quantitate insulin has shown encouraging results.