L’intéraction entre la biologie et l’électronique est une discpline en pleine essort. De nom-breux systèmes électroniques tentent de s’interconnecter avec des tissus ou des cellules vivantesafin de décoder l’information biologique. Le Potentiel d’action (PA) est au coeur de codagebiologique et par conséquent il est nécéssaire de pouvoir les repérer sur tout type de signal bio-logique. Par conséquent, nous étudions dans ce manuscrit la possibilité de concevoir un circuitélectronique couplé à un système de microélectrodes capable d’effectuer une acquisition, unedétection des PAs et un enregistrement des signaux biologiques. Que ce soit en milieu bruitéou non, nous considérons le taux de détection de PA et la contrainte de temps réel commedes notions primordiales et la consommation en silicium comme un prix à payer. Initialementdéveloppés pour l’étude de signaux neuronaux et pancréatiques, ces systèmes conviennent par-faitement pour d’autres type de cellules. / Interaction between biology and electronic is in expansion. Many electronic systems aretrying to interconnect with tissues or living cells to decode biological information. The ActionPotential (AP) is the heart of biological coding and therefore it is necessary to be able to locateit from any type of biological signal. Therefore, we study in this manuscript the possibility ofdesigning an electronic circuit coupled to microelectrodes capable of acquisition, detection ofPAs and recording of biological signals. Whether or not in a noisy environment, we consider thedetection rate of PA and the real time-computing constraint as an hard specificationand andsilicon area as a price to pay. Initially developed for the study of neural signals and pancreatic,these systems are ideal for other types of cells.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à la modélisation, à la simulation et à l’analyse des signaux contenant des potentiels d’action extracellulaires (EAPs), tels que mesurés in-vivo par des microélectrodes implantées dans le cerveau. Les modèles actuels pour la simulation des EAPs consistent soit en des modèles compartimentaux très détaillés et lourds en calcul, soit en des modèles dipolaires jugés trop simplistes. Dans un premier temps, une approche de simulation des EAPs se situant entre ces deux extrêmes est proposée, où la somme des contributions des compartiments du neurone est traitée comme une convolution, appliquée aux courants membranaires d’un seul compartiment actif. L'analyse des EAPs passe par une étape de classification des potentiels d'action détectés dans le signal enregistré, qui consiste à discriminer les formes de potentiels d’action et ainsi à identifier l'activité de neurones uniques. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle approche basée sur l’inférence bayésienne est développée permettant l'extraction et la classification simultanées des EAPs. La méthode est appliquée à des signaux générés à l'aide de l'approche de simulation proposée plus haut, confirmant la qualité de la méthode de classification introduite et illustrant la capacité de la méthode de simulation à générer des EAPs réalistes de formes diverses et discriminables. Nous avons enrichi une modélisation de l’activité hippocampique réalisée dans l’équipe permettant de reproduire des oscillations dans ces bandes fréquentielles spécifiques en introduisant les EAPs, ceci afin d’évaluer les contributions de l'activité synaptique et celle des potentiels d’action à certaines bandes de fréquence des signaux enregistrés. Finalement, une étude sur signaux réels enregistrés dans le cadre de l'étude de la perception des visages chez l'homme a été menée, illustrant les performances de la méthode de spike sorting proposée dans un cadre réel et ouvrant la discussion sur les perspectives qu'offrent ces travaux de thèse pour l'étude de questions neuroscientifiques basées sur l'analyse de signaux multi-échelle. / The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the modelling, simulation and analysis of signals containing extracellular action potentials (EAPs), as measured in vivo by microelectrodes implanted in the brain. Current models for the EAPs simulation consist either of very detailed and computationally heavy compartmental models or dipole models considered too simplistic. An EAP simulation approach between these two extremes is proposed, where the sum of the contributions of the neuron compartments is treated as a convolution, applied to the membrane currents of a single active compartment. The analysis of EAPs involves a step of classifying the action potentials detected in the recorded signal, which consists in discriminating the forms of action potentials and thus identifying the activity of single neurons In this thesis, a new approach based on Bayesian inference is developed allowing the simultaneous extraction and classification of EAPs. The method is applied to signals generated using the simulation approach proposed above, confirming the quality of the sorting method introduced and illustrating the ability of the simulation method to generate realistic EAPs of various and discriminatory forms. We modified a model of hippocampal activity previously proposed in our team, able to reproduce oscillations in specific frequency bands, by including the EAPs model, which allowed to evaluate the contributions of synaptic activity and that of action potentials the recorded signals. Finally, a study on real signals recorded as part of the study of face perception in humans is conducted, illustrating the performance of the proposed spike sorting method in a real setting and opening the discussion on the perspectives offered by this thesis work for the study of neuroscientific questions based on multiscale signal analysis.

This thesis addresses simulation of electrochemical experiments, with an emphasis on processes of diffusional mass transport to electrode surface. Following system has been studied: • Applying theoretical modeling and experimentation is shown that even significant surface roughness produced by deliberate polishing or scratching is not sufficient to be distinguished in cyclic voltammetry experiments conducted under the usual conditions. In stripping voltammetry experiment the shape of the voltammograms strongly depends on the model of the electron transfer but is not always sensitive to the precise model of the electrode surface; the conditions under which this is the case are identified, and generic roughness effects on stripping voltammetry are quantified. Electrode roughness can have a significant effect on the stripping of the metals from the solid electrode especially in respect of the voltammetric waveshape. • We first consider two different models of electrodes covered with electroinactive layers: the electrode is covered with a uniform layer and the layer contains pinholes. Both models are simulated and then compared to identify conditions under which they can be distinguished. Next we propose generic model to predict the influence of electroactive layer on the cyclic voltammetric. The conditions under which deviation from the behavior of a planar electrode are predicted. • We first consider one electron, one proton and next two electron, two proton reduction of surface bound species. Two mechanisms of reaction are considered: stepwise and concerted. Voltammetry studied under the three regimes of protons mass transport: infinitely fast (fully buffered solution), infinitely slow (infinitely high surface coverage of electrode) and intermediate case of finite rate of diffusional mass transport to electrode surface. Types of voltammograms observed in each case are presented and discussed. • Theory of chronoamperometry on disc and ring-recessed microelectrodes and their arrays is reported. Three and four different regimes of transient current versus time can be observed at microelectrode arrays of disc and ring electrodes, accordingly. A generic, accurate and easy to use method of experimental chronoamperometric data analysis is proposed. It is shown that the method can be applied to the simultaneous measurement of D and nC in solution. • The fabrication, characterization, and use of arrays of ring-recessed disk generator-colector microelectrodes are reported. Experiments and simulations relating to time- of-flight experiments in which material electrogenerated at a disk is diffusionally transported to the ring are reported. We further study voltammetry of electrochemically active species which undergoes first and second order chemical reactions. Current transients are found to be sensitive to the diffusion coefficient of both the reduced and oxidised species as well as to the rate of the chemical reaction and its mechanism.

Study of biosensors has become an essential part of research in biotechnology. Biosensors as fast, portable, highly sensitive, and low-cost bioanalytical detection devices have been utilized in many fields of human activity. The first part of the presented work focuses on electrochemical biosensors for rapid environmental screening of herbicides as water pollutants. A sol-gel immobilization method for a photosystem II (PSII) complex is studied in order to enhance the sensitivity and the signal strength and stability of a PSII-based biosensor. Computer simulations of a PSII biosensor are employed with the aim to find out how the immobilization membrane properties influence the biosensor parameters. Newly developed immobilization by a thin-layer membrane based on the results of computer simulations and revised measurement protocols are presented. The second part of the work is devoted to synthesis and electrochemical detection of newly developed metal labels for electrochemical immunosensors. The synthesis of dendrimer-encapsulated silver nanoparticles and biorecognition properties of biotin-nanocomposite conjugates are discussed. For detection of synthesized labels, a microfluidic detector was manufactured and tested and different approaches to packing of a microfluidic chip employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were investigated. Newly designed microstructures for a microfluidic separator of magnetic beads (MBs) were studied by computer simulations. The separator was made and trapping of MBs for the further employment in MBs-based immunoassays are presented

Dans cette mémoire nous discutons l´élaboration d´électrodes poreuses par un processus de type “template” et leur application potentielle dans le domaine de l´analyse environnementale et neurobiologique. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à l'élaboration d’électrodes poreuses de bismuth et d'antimoine. Ces électrodes montrent des limites de détection améliorées par rapport à des électrodes non poreuses, ouvrant ainsi des applications prometteuses dans le domaine de l'analyse de trace. La deuxième partie vise à surmonter des facteurs limitants de micro-électrodes dans le cadre de l'enregistrement de signaux extracellulaires et la stimulation de réseaux neuronaux en culture, qui peut donner des informations sur des interactions et des phénomènes synergétiques dans les systèmes nerveux. / In the present dissertation thesis the elaboration of porous electrodes via templating methods and their potential application in the field of environmental and neurobiological analysis are discussed. The electrodes of controlled porosity are characterized by an increased internal electroactive area and thus they can be used to enhance significantly the electrochemical performance. High surface area materials are promising for biosensing and more generally in electrochemical experiments. The first part of this work is focused on the elaboration of porous bismuth and antimony film electrodes. These porous electrodes show improved detection limits compared to non-porous one and thus open up promising applications in the field of trace analysis. The second part deals with overcoming limiting factors of microelectrode arrays in the context of extracellular recording and stimulating cellular neuronal networks or neural tissues in culture that can reveal information about interactions and synergetic features of nervous systems.