La problématique concernant la présence et les risques potentiels liés aux micropolluants dans l'environnement est devenue une préoccupation d'actualité. Aujourd'hui, les stations d'épuration ne sont pas en mesure de traiter de manière adéquate ce nouveau type de pollution. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'application de la technologie des bioréacteurs à membrane a été envisagée afin d'évaluer leur potentiel pour la dégradation d'un médicament anticancéreux : le cyclophosphamide (CP). Les objectifs de cette étude sont d'une part évaluer le potentiel des bioréacteurs à membrane pour la dégradation du cyclophosphamide, ainsi que pour l'élimination de sa toxicité, d'autre part rechercher l'effet du CP et de ses métabolites sur les performances globales du procédé et sur l'activité de la biomasse épuratrice ainsi que sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de la liqueur mixte et les conséquences sur le colmatage. Deux âges de boues ont été évalués, 50 jours lors de la première campagne et 70 jours lors de la deuxième. L'élimination du CP et du métabolite 4-Keto-CP durant les deux campagnes expérimentales est d'environ 80% pour les deux composés. Les processus d'adsorption et de biodégradation contribuent à l'élimination du CP de l'eau résiduaire traitée. Le cocktail de CP et ces métabolites aux conditions opératoires étudiées n'a pas d'influence significative sur l'élimination globale de la DCO et de l'azote total. Cependant, la toxicité du cocktail des composés pharmaceutiques sur la boue activée modifie les caractéristiques de la matrice biologique : Une diminution de la production de boues du BÀM R1 CP par rapport au BÀM R2 contrôle est observée. La présence du CP et ses principaux métabolites stimule les mécanismes de survie et de production des EPS avec une production légèrement plus forte des polysaccharides que des protéines. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la réponse des boues activées des BÀM au cisaillement est dépendante de la présence de ces molécules. Cette étude démontre au final l'intérêt des BÀM pour traiter ce type d'effluents, et limiter la pollution relarguée dans le milieu naturel. / In hospital or pharmaceutical discharges, but also in wastewater treatment plants and more generally in the aquatic environment, toxics pollutants have been identified. Some pharmaceuticals are not completely eliminated in the municipal wastewater treatment plants and are discharged as contaminants into receiving waters. The application of membrane bioreactor process is investigated here with the aim of evaluating the potential for removal of cyclophosphamide (CP). In this study, two membrane bioreactors (MBR) were operated: one of the MBR served as a control, whereas to the other CP and its main metabolites were continuously added. Two sludge retention times were assessed, 50 days and 70 days. Removal of CP in a MBR and its effects on the membrane performance, COD and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency were studied. CP and 4-Ketocyclophosphamide removals up to 80% were achieved under studied operating conditions. The sludge adsorption and biodegradation (cometabolism) play an important role in the process of CP removal. CP and its metabolites toxicity do not alter COD and total nitrogen removal efficiency of MBRs. However, it induces a modification of the biological suspended solids and in doing so a modification on the membrane fouling: a decrease in the production of sludge MBR CP compared to MBR control is observed; the presence of CP and its main metabolites stimulates mechanisms of protection and production of EPS with a slightly higher production of polysaccharides than proteins. The results underline that the response of activated sludge to shear stress is dependent on the presence of these molecules. This study demonstrates the interest of MBR to treat this type of effluent and reduce the pollution released into the environment

No description available.

Les ouvrages de biofiltration, systèmes végétalisés conçus pour le stockage, la filtration et éventuellement l’infiltration de l’eau, peuvent contribuer à une meilleure maîtrise du flux polluant associé au ruissellement de voirie. La capacité de ce type de système à réduire les flux de macropolluants, tels que les matières en suspension (MES) et les nutriments, via une amélioration de la qualité de l’eau combinée à une réduction de son volume, est avérée. Cependant, le comportement de micropolluants dans ces systèmes reste relativement peu documenté. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse donc à la rétention et le devenir de micropolluants dans un système de biofiltration des eaux de voirie. Il s’articule principalement autour du suivi in situ d’un panel diversifié de micropolluants caractéristiques des eaux de voirie (éléments traces métalliques ou ETM, hydrocarbures totaux, hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques ou HAP, BPA, alkylphénols, phatalates) et d’indicateurs globaux dans un accotement filtrant et une noue filtrante, situés en bordure d’une route départementale. Ce suivi comporte des mesures débit métriques et de qualité d’eau en continu, un travail d’échantillonnage et d’analyse du ruissellement brut et des eaux traitées par les deux ouvrages (dix-neuf événements pluvieux étudiés au cours d’un an et demi) et un travail d’échantillonnage et d’analyse du sol. Cette démarche est couplée à une caractérisation du substrat filtrant et des matériaux de construction en laboratoire et à une approche de modélisation stochastique pour évaluer le bilan de masse annuel de polluants dans la noue filtrante. Ce suivi démontre la capacité de la biofiltration à réduire de façon significative les concentrations totales en micropolluants à l’échelle de l’événement pluvial. Le traitement est particulièrement efficace pour les contaminants associés majoritairement aux MES, tels que le Zn, le Pb et les HAP pour lesquels la réduction médiane des concentrations événementielles (EC50) est supérieure à 90% dans les deux ouvrages. Pour le Cu, le Cr, le Ni et l’OP, les EC50 sont bonnes, supérieures à 70%. L’efficacité est moindre et plus variable pour les autres micropolluants organiques. Trois événements, caractérisés par une performance dégradée vis-à-vis des MES et des polluants particulaires, ont néanmoins été observés lors de l’application du sel de déverglaçage en hiver. La nature des particules indique que ce comportement soit dû à une mauvaise filtration de particules issues de la route, probablement liée à l’abondance exceptionnelle de particules fines (<10 µm) dans les eaux de voirie pendant cette période, combiné à une fissuration du substrat filtrant, menant à des écoulements préférentiels. La rétention de la phase dissoute des micropolluants est généralement moins efficace que celle de la phase particulaire ; des concentrations élevées ont notamment été observées pour certains micropolluants dissous (BPA, alkylphénols, phtalates) en sortie de la noue filtrante pendant les premiers mois de fonctionnement. Le transport des ETM dissous semble être facilité par leur association avec le carbone organique dissous ; ils sont aussi susceptibles d’être lixiviés à partir du sol contaminé ou des particules issues de la route. La rétention des micropolluants organiques dissous est limitée essentiellement par la contamination du substrat filtrant, dont l’origine est soit antérieure à son installation dans le biofiltre (cas des HAP), soit liée à des émissions de polluants depuis les matériaux de construction (cas probable pour BPA, OP, NP, DEHP).L’établissement du bilan de masse à l’échelle annuelle montre que l’abattement du flux polluant annuel est plus faible que l’EC50, du fait d’une surverse fréquente de l’ouvrage. Il met aussi en évidence l’ampleur des émissions de certains micropolluants organiques depuis les matériaux de construction de l’ouvrage, qui dépassent largement le flux polluant intercepté au cours de la première année / Biofiltration is a technique based on vegetated systems for the temporary storage, filtration and possible infiltration of runoff water close to the source, which may be used to manage pollutant loads associated with road runoff. The ability of this type of system to reduce loads of macropollutants, such as suspended solids and nutrients, both through the improvement of water quality and the reduction of its volume, has been established previously. However, the behavior of micropollutants in these systems remains relatively uncharacterized. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the retention and fate of micropollutants in a biofiltration system treating road runoff. It is principally focused on the in situ monitoring of a wide range of micropolltuants typical of road runoff (trace metals or TMs, total petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs, alkylphenols, BPA, phtalates) and global water quality parameters in two biofiltration systems located beside a highway: a vegetative filter strip and a biofiltration swale. This work involves continuous flow and water quality measurements, the sampling and analysis of runoff and infiltrated water drained from both systems (nineteen rain events over a year-and-a-half period) as well as the sampling and analysis of soil. These results are combined with a laboratory characterization of the filter media and biofilter construction materials and a stochastic modeling approach used to evaluate the annual mass balance of pollutants in the biofiltration swale. Field results highlight the ability of biofiltration to significantly reduce total concentrations of micropollutants at the event scale. Treatment is particularly effective for contaminants mainly associated with suspended solids, such as Zn, Pb and PAHs, for which median concentration reductions (EC50) exceeded 90% in both systems. EC50 observed for Cu, Cr, Ni and OP are also quite good, exceeding 70%. Treatment efficiency is lower and more variable for the other organic micropollutants. Three events, characterized by a degraded performance with respect to suspended solids and particulate pollutants, were, however, observed during a winter period when deicing salt was applied to road surfaces. Particle characteristics indicate that this behavior was due to the poor filtration of road-originated particles, probably due to an exceptional abundance of fine particles (<10 µm) in the road runoff during this period, in combination with the formation of preferential flows in the filter media due to cracking. The retention of dissolved-phase micropollutants is generally less effective than that of the particulate phase; in particular, elevated dissolved concentrations of several micropollutants (BPA, alkylphenols, phthalates) were observed during the first months of operation of the biofiltration swale. The transport of dissolved TMs appears to be facilitated by their association with dissolved organic carbon. These contaminants may also be leached from contaminated soil and road sediments. The retention of dissolved organic micropollutants is essentially limited by filter media contamination, which predates installation in the biofilter for PAHs and is attributed to pollutant emissions from construction materials for BPA, OP, NP and DEHP.In order to evaluate the systems’s ability to reduce pollutant loads and characterize the fate of pollutants in the filter media, a mass balance is evaluated at the annual scale for a selection of micropollutants. This work reveals that the reduction of pollutant loads is generally lower than the EC50 observed at the event scale due to the frequent overflow of water from the device. It also shows the significance of organic micropollutant emissions from biofiltration swale construction materials, which were much greater than the pollutant loads intercepted over the first year of operation

A range of chemical pollutants now contaminate drinking water sources and present a public health concern, including organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides, and both metalloids and heavy metals, such as arsenic and lead. Metalloids and heavy metals have been detected in private drinking water wells, which do not fall under federal drinking water regulations, as well as in urban tap water, due to the introduction of contamination to the drinking water distribution system. Further, many so-called “emerging organic contaminants,” which are present in drinking water sources at detectable levels but have unknown long-term health implications, do not fall under federal drinking water regulations. To protect the health of consumers, drinking water treatment at the point-of-use (POU) (i.e., the tap) is essential. Next-generation POU treatment technologies must require minimal energy inputs, be simple enough to permit broad application among different users, and be easily adaptable for removal of a wide range of pollutants. Nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and iron oxide nanoparticles, are ideal candidates for next-generation drinking water treatment, as they exhibit unique, high reactivity and necessitate small treatment units. However, concerns regarding water pressure requirements and nanomaterial release into the treated supply limit their application in traditional reactor designs. To bridge the gap between potential and practical application of nanomaterials, this study utilizes electrospinning to fabricate composite nanofiber filters that effectively deploy nanomaterials in drinking water treatment. In electrospinning, a high voltage draws a polymer precursor solution (which can contain nanomaterial additives, in the case of nanocomposites) from a needle to deposit a non-woven nanofiber filter on a collector surface. Using electrospinning, we develop an optimized, macroporous carbon nanotube-carbon nanofiber composite that utilizes the sorption capacity of embedded carbon nanotubes, and achieves a key balance between material strength and reactivity towards organic pollutants. Additionally, via single-pot syntheses, we develop two optimized polymer-iron oxide composites for removal of heavy metal contamination by inclusion of iron oxide nanoparticles and either cationic or anionic surfactants in the electrospinning precursor solution. In hybrid materials that contain a well-retained quaternary ammonium surfactant (tetrabutylammonium bromide) and iron oxide nanoparticles, ion exchange sites and iron oxide sites are selective for chromate and arsenate removal, respectively. We demonstrated that a sulfonate surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, acted as a removable porogen and an agent for surface segregation of iron oxide nanoparticles, thus enhancing composite performance for removal of lead, copper, and cadmium. Notably, nanoparticles embedded in composites exhibited comparable activity to freely dispersed nanoparticles. Collectively, the composites developed in this work represent a substantial advance towards the overlap of effective nanomaterial immobilization and utilization of nanomaterial reactivity. Outcomes of this work advance current knowledge of nanocomposite fabrication, and contribute to the responsible and effective deployment of nanomaterials in POU drinking water treatment.

Ce travail concerne l'étude de la dégradation enzymatique de micropolluants pharmaceutiques récalcitrants présents dans l'eau. Tout d’abord, les efficacités de trois laccases différentes issues respectivement de : Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43, Trametes versicolor (Tv) et Myceliophtora thermophila ont été comparés lors d’essais de dépollution de solutions modèles renfermant trois antibiotiques (amoxicilline, ciprofloxacine et sulfaméthoxazole) et un antiépileptique (carbamazépine). Les essais ont été réalisés avec les laccases libres en présence ou non de médiateurs redox. L'impact de plusieurs paramètres opératoires sur les performances des enzymes a également été étudié. Puis, une nouvelle méthode d’immobilisation des laccases impliquant l’activation du support (microparticules à base de silice commerciales) par du glutaraldéhyde en phase vapeur a été mise au point et optimisée en utilisant la méthodologie de plans d’expériences. Après immobilisation, la laccase Tv s’est avérée être la plus active. Des essais de dégradation en présence de médiateurs redox ont confirmé l’efficacité de l’enzyme immobilisée et sa possible réutilisation lors de cycles successifs. La toxicité des solutions après traitement a été évaluée par des tests Microtox®. La laccase Tv a également été immobilisée sur des nanoparticules non commerciales à base de silice ou d’argile ainsi que sur des composites à base de silice et d’argile. La laccase Tv immobilisée sur les supports composites riches en silice a montré une plus grande réactivité et de meilleures performances pour l'élimination des composés cibles. / This work is focused on the study of the enzymatic depletion of recalcitrant pharmaceutical micropollutants in water. The potential degradation of three antibiotics (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole) and one anti-epileptic (carbamazepine) was studied with three laccases: Pycnoporus sanguineus CS43, Trametes versicolor (Tv) and Myceliophtora thermophila. Free laccase systems were evaluated for pharmaceuticals depletion on model solutions in the presence or absence of redox mediators and the impact of several parameters on the performance of laccases for degradation were studied. The enzymes were then immobilized on different solid supports: commercial silica, laboratory synthetized nano-silica and clay based composite nanomaterials and used for degradation tests. A novel methodology for the covalent binding of laccases onto carriers was developed by using glutaraldehyde in vapour phase and the best immobilization conditions were determined through a 23 full factorial design. The immobilized Tv shown the highest activity and was tested in presence of redox mediators. Moreover, the reusability was evaluated in several degradation cycles and the toxicity of the solutions after treatment was assessed with the Microtox® test. In comparison to laccase immobilized on commercial silica, the Tv supported on laboratory synthetized materials showed higher activity and a better performance for the removal of target compounds.

A novel method for determination of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), was developed using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrom- etry (GC-NCI-MS). Samples of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent were analyzed for TBBPA. Levels ranged from 1 to 41 ng/L, with an average of 20 ± 14 ng/L. Matrix effects were shown to be 30 ± 17 % in the influent and -30 ± 11 % in membrane permeate. The method limit of quantitation was 0.1 ng/L TBBPA. Sorption of TBBPA to fresh mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) from a membrane bioreactor (MBR) were studied. In a kinetic study, sorption was found to be essentially complete after 12 hours of exposure to MLSS. Log Koc and log Kd were measured at 4.7 ± 0.8 and 1.9 ± 0.8 respectively (n = 22). These values were much higher than modelled estimates based on Kow (p ≥ 0.05), and higher than modelled estimates based on Kow and pKa (p ≥ 0.05). Data was successfully modelled using the Freundlich isotherm, having a Kf value of 8.5 and an n value of 1.7. TBBPA adsorbed to borosilicate glassware, with a wall-loss coefficient (Kw) of 0.15 ± 0.1 (n ≥ 3). TBBPA levels in WWTP influent varied from 13 to 29 ng/L while effluent concentrations varied from 0 to 2.2 ng/L over the same period. Three pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) removed less TBBPA during the same time period, though MBR removal was also significant (p ≥ 0.05). Increasing MBR sludge residence time (SRT) increased removal at the 86 % confidence interval (p = 0.14). A nitrifying MABR was shown to remove TBBPA significantly when spiked with ammonia and TBBPA (p ≥ 0.05), showing that nitrifying bacteria can degrade TBBPA. An MABR hollow fibre was found to adsorb TBBPA. Various soluble microbial products (SMP) were studied from MBRs fed munici- pal influent. Using current measurement practices, SMP were shown to be sensitive to matrix effects. Use of the standard addition technique (SA) can compensate for this. Measurements using SA showed SMP degrades rapidly during storage in the fridge and due to freezing. SA was also used to compare commonly used SMP extraction techniques, and showed that extraction method influences recovery.

A crescente contaminação dos sistemas de água doce com milhares de compostos químicos naturais e industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Embora a maioria destes compostos esteja presente em baixas concentrações, muitos deles podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde. Adicionalmente ao aumento da poluição, com a descarga de fertilizantes, pesticidas, fármacos, detergentes, derivados de petróleo, entre outros, grande parte das instalações para tratamento de água no Brasil opera com sistema convencional, não atuando de forma eficiente na remoção desses microcontaminates. Carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e granular (CAG) tem sido utilizados em muitos países para remoção de microcontaminantes e substâncias que causam gosto e odor na água. No Brasil já foram desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas com o emprego de CAP para remoção de gosto e odor e alguns contaminantes específicos de águas de abastecimento. Neste trabalho foi testado um CAG produzido a partir de cascas de coco para remoção por adsorção de microcontaminates orgânicos de águas de abastecimento. A água utilizada nos experimentos foi coletada no ponto de captação da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) Lomba do Sabão. Para a caracterização da capacidade adsortiva do carvão foram realizados seis ensaios de isotermas de adsorção e quatro ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, projetada com base na norma ASTM D 3922. Os microcontaminantes orgânicos foram quantificados pela concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), medido em analisador de carbono orgânico e por absorbância em espectofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os resultados indicam que o carvão utilizado tem baixa capacidade de adsorver a mistura de microcontaminantes presentes na água de abastecimento, quantificados como COD. Isto se deve, provavelmente, a falta de afinidade entre muitos destes compostos e o carvão. / Pollution growth in water bodies brought by daily discharge of thousands of chemicals from anthropogenic sources is one of the main environmental issues confronting humankind. Although most of these chemicals are present in very low concentrations, they can still be hazardous.to health. Additionally to the increasing levels of pollution brought by discharges of fertilizers, pesticides, prescription drugs and pharmaceuticals, detergents, and petroleum derivatives, among others, the standard processes that are used in drinking water treatment plants in Brazil are not effective to remove these micropollutants. Powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) activated carbon have been used in many countries to remove micropollutants and taste and odor-causing substances from water. In Brazil, research has been made using PAC to remove taste and odor substances and specific micropollutants from water. In this research, GAC produced from coconut shells was used to test the removal of organic micropollutants present in source water by adsorption. Water used in this research was collected at the intake of Lomba do Sabão drinking water treatment plant in Porto Alegre. In order to assess the GAC adsorption capacity, six isotherm (batch) and four column (continuous flow) assays were performed according to ASTM D 3922 standard. Organic micropollutants were quantified by the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results suggest that the tested GAC have limited capability in adsorb the complex mixture of micropollutants that are present in source water, as measured by DOC. This is probably caused by lack of affinity between many micropollutants present in the mixture and the carbon.

Le colmatage des membranes reste la principale limitation pour le développement du bioréacteur à membrane (BAM). Dans cette thèse, l'objectif principal se concentre sur les effets des micropolluants pharmaceutiques qui se retrouvent dans les eaux usées domestiques sur le colmatage de la membrane du BAM. Carbamazépine (CBZ), un médicament antiépileptique, a été choisi. Les effets de la CBZ sur le colmatage du BAM ont été étudiés de deux manières: un pic de pollution pour étudier les effets des pics de CBZ à court terme sur le pouvoir colmatant et une pollution continue pour examiner les effets de CBZ à long terme sur le colmatage du BAM. Les résultats ont montré que, pendant 3 heures contact avec CBZ de 100 µg L-1, le pouvoir colmatant des boues activées a augmenté en raison de l'augmentation des protéines de 100-1000 kDa dans le surnageant, ce qui pourrait être complètement retenu par la membrane du BAM et les membranes utilisées dans les essais de filtrabilité. L'augmentation des protéines de 100-1000 kDa dans le surnageant peut probablement être causé par la décomposition bactérienne face aux médicaments. L'effet réduit a été observée pour les boues provenant du BAM fonctionné sous la charge organique plus élevée. Pendant le contact continue, la vitesse du colmatage plus élevée a été observé après l'addition en continu de CBZ dans le BAM (90 µg L-1 dans l'alimentation), qui pourrait être lié à l'augmentation importante des protéines de 10-100 kDa dans le surnageant. Des protéines de 10-100 kDa s’accumulent dans le dépôt de la membrane du BAM, modifient de la structure de dépôt et changent les caractéristiques de rétention de BAM. L'augmentation des protéines de 10-100 kDa a probablement été causée par la réaction de défense des bactéries face en permanence des médicaments. Légère inhibition de l'activité microbienne a été trouvée plusieurs jours après l'addition de la CBZ dans le BAM, puis il a été stabilisé à un certain niveau en raison de l'acclimatation des boues au stress pharmaceutique. Similaire, l'augmentation significative de la concentration en protéine a été observée au début plusieurs jours après l'addition de la CBZ dans le BAM, puis retourne à son niveau initial. Aucun changement significatif de la taille des flocs des boues et de la concentration en polysaccharides dans le surnageant n’a été constaté au cours de la période de contact continu à long terme. Cette étude pourrait contribuer à améliorer la compréhension des interactions complexes entre les micropolluants pharmaceutiques, boues activées et le colmatage du BAM / Membrane fouling still remains the main limitation for the development of membrane bioreactor (MBR). In this thesis, the main objective focuses on the effects of pharmaceutical micropollutants which are frequently found in domestic wastewater on MBR fouling. Carbamazepine (CBZ), an anti-epileptic drug, was chosen in this study due to its occurrence in domestic wastewater and persistency in MBR process. The effects of CBZ on MBR fouling were investigated in two different ways of contact, i.e. short-term peak contact and long-term continuous contact. The results showed that during only 3 hours contact with 100 µg L-1 CBZ, the fouling propensity of the sludge increased due to the increase in 100-1000 kDa protein-like substances in the supernatant, which could be completely retained by the MBR membrane and the membranes used in the filterability tests. The increase of 100-1000 kDa protein-like compounds in the supernatant may probably be caused by the bacterial decay when facing the pharmaceutical stress. Besides, the reduced effect was observed for sludge obtained from MBR operated under higher organic loading rate. During the long-term continuous contact, significantly higher MBR fouling rate was observed after the continuous addition of CBZ in the MBR via the feed (90 µg L-1 CBZ in the feed), which could be related to the significant increase of 10-100 kDa protein-like compounds in the supernatant after addition of CBZ. The 10-100 kDa protein-like compounds could accumulate in the biocake, which was formed on MBR membrane surface, modify the biocake structure and change the retention characteristics of MBR. The increase of 10-100 kDa protein-like compounds was probably caused by the defensive response of bacteria when continuously facing the pharmaceutical stress. Slight inhibition of microbial activity was found several days after addition of CBZ in MBR, and then it was stabilized to some constant level due to the acclimation of sludge to the pharmaceutical stress. Similar, significant increase of protein concentration was observed at the beginning several days after addition of CBZ in MBR, then returned to the initial level. No significant change in sludge floc size and polysaccharide concentration in supernatant was found during the long-term continuous contact period. This study could help to enhance the understanding of complex interactions among pharmaceutical micropollutants, activated sludge and MBR fouling

A crescente contaminação dos sistemas de água doce com milhares de compostos químicos naturais e industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Embora a maioria destes compostos esteja presente em baixas concentrações, muitos deles podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde. Adicionalmente ao aumento da poluição, com a descarga de fertilizantes, pesticidas, fármacos, detergentes, derivados de petróleo, entre outros, grande parte das instalações para tratamento de água no Brasil opera com sistema convencional, não atuando de forma eficiente na remoção desses microcontaminates. Carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e granular (CAG) tem sido utilizados em muitos países para remoção de microcontaminantes e substâncias que causam gosto e odor na água. No Brasil já foram desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas com o emprego de CAP para remoção de gosto e odor e alguns contaminantes específicos de águas de abastecimento. Neste trabalho foi testado um CAG produzido a partir de cascas de coco para remoção por adsorção de microcontaminates orgânicos de águas de abastecimento. A água utilizada nos experimentos foi coletada no ponto de captação da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) Lomba do Sabão. Para a caracterização da capacidade adsortiva do carvão foram realizados seis ensaios de isotermas de adsorção e quatro ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, projetada com base na norma ASTM D 3922. Os microcontaminantes orgânicos foram quantificados pela concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), medido em analisador de carbono orgânico e por absorbância em espectofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os resultados indicam que o carvão utilizado tem baixa capacidade de adsorver a mistura de microcontaminantes presentes na água de abastecimento, quantificados como COD. Isto se deve, provavelmente, a falta de afinidade entre muitos destes compostos e o carvão. / Pollution growth in water bodies brought by daily discharge of thousands of chemicals from anthropogenic sources is one of the main environmental issues confronting humankind. Although most of these chemicals are present in very low concentrations, they can still be hazardous.to health. Additionally to the increasing levels of pollution brought by discharges of fertilizers, pesticides, prescription drugs and pharmaceuticals, detergents, and petroleum derivatives, among others, the standard processes that are used in drinking water treatment plants in Brazil are not effective to remove these micropollutants. Powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) activated carbon have been used in many countries to remove micropollutants and taste and odor-causing substances from water. In Brazil, research has been made using PAC to remove taste and odor substances and specific micropollutants from water. In this research, GAC produced from coconut shells was used to test the removal of organic micropollutants present in source water by adsorption. Water used in this research was collected at the intake of Lomba do Sabão drinking water treatment plant in Porto Alegre. In order to assess the GAC adsorption capacity, six isotherm (batch) and four column (continuous flow) assays were performed according to ASTM D 3922 standard. Organic micropollutants were quantified by the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results suggest that the tested GAC have limited capability in adsorb the complex mixture of micropollutants that are present in source water, as measured by DOC. This is probably caused by lack of affinity between many micropollutants present in the mixture and the carbon.

A crescente contaminação dos sistemas de água doce com milhares de compostos químicos naturais e industriais é um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela humanidade. Embora a maioria destes compostos esteja presente em baixas concentrações, muitos deles podem causar efeitos danosos à saúde. Adicionalmente ao aumento da poluição, com a descarga de fertilizantes, pesticidas, fármacos, detergentes, derivados de petróleo, entre outros, grande parte das instalações para tratamento de água no Brasil opera com sistema convencional, não atuando de forma eficiente na remoção desses microcontaminates. Carvão ativado em pó (CAP) e granular (CAG) tem sido utilizados em muitos países para remoção de microcontaminantes e substâncias que causam gosto e odor na água. No Brasil já foram desenvolvidas diversas pesquisas com o emprego de CAP para remoção de gosto e odor e alguns contaminantes específicos de águas de abastecimento. Neste trabalho foi testado um CAG produzido a partir de cascas de coco para remoção por adsorção de microcontaminates orgânicos de águas de abastecimento. A água utilizada nos experimentos foi coletada no ponto de captação da Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) Lomba do Sabão. Para a caracterização da capacidade adsortiva do carvão foram realizados seis ensaios de isotermas de adsorção e quatro ensaios em colunas de leito fixo, projetada com base na norma ASTM D 3922. Os microcontaminantes orgânicos foram quantificados pela concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), medido em analisador de carbono orgânico e por absorbância em espectofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os resultados indicam que o carvão utilizado tem baixa capacidade de adsorver a mistura de microcontaminantes presentes na água de abastecimento, quantificados como COD. Isto se deve, provavelmente, a falta de afinidade entre muitos destes compostos e o carvão. / Pollution growth in water bodies brought by daily discharge of thousands of chemicals from anthropogenic sources is one of the main environmental issues confronting humankind. Although most of these chemicals are present in very low concentrations, they can still be hazardous.to health. Additionally to the increasing levels of pollution brought by discharges of fertilizers, pesticides, prescription drugs and pharmaceuticals, detergents, and petroleum derivatives, among others, the standard processes that are used in drinking water treatment plants in Brazil are not effective to remove these micropollutants. Powdered (PAC) and granular (GAC) activated carbon have been used in many countries to remove micropollutants and taste and odor-causing substances from water. In Brazil, research has been made using PAC to remove taste and odor substances and specific micropollutants from water. In this research, GAC produced from coconut shells was used to test the removal of organic micropollutants present in source water by adsorption. Water used in this research was collected at the intake of Lomba do Sabão drinking water treatment plant in Porto Alegre. In order to assess the GAC adsorption capacity, six isotherm (batch) and four column (continuous flow) assays were performed according to ASTM D 3922 standard. Organic micropollutants were quantified by the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and by ultraviolet absorption at 254 nm wavelength. The results suggest that the tested GAC have limited capability in adsorb the complex mixture of micropollutants that are present in source water, as measured by DOC. This is probably caused by lack of affinity between many micropollutants present in the mixture and the carbon.