The biology of South African Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni), with a focus on the inshore form, was investigated through estimates of abundance and survival rate, seasonality of occurrence and variation in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Photographs, sightings data and biopsy samples were collected in Plettenberg Bay, on the south-east coast of South Africa. Additional genetic material was obtained from the Iziko South African Museum, Marine and Coastal Management, and the Port Elizabeth Museum. Mark-recapture methods applied to photo-identification data were used to estimate abundance and survival rate. Estimates of abundance ranged from 130 to 250 (CV = 0.07 - 0.38) and the estimated annual survival rate was 0.93 (CV = 0.047, 95% CI = 0.852 - 1.0). Seasonal increases in the encounter rate and number of individual whales were observed during summer and autumn, with a peak in April, which corresponded to increased feeding activity and larger average aggregation sizes. Chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature and wind speed were all significant factors in explaining the variability in the occurrence of whales. No seasonality in the occurrence of calves was detected. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences (685bp) were compared to published sequences. This confirmed the offshore form as Balaenoptera brydei and the inshore form as closely related to B.brydei, possibly at the sub-specific level, but excluded it as B.edeni. Phylogenetic analyses support complete separation between the two forms. The use of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci revealed no population structure among the inshore samples (FST = 0.006). Pairwise estimates of relatedness found most individuals to be unrelated, with only a few distant relatives detected.

O objetivo do presente projeto foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 63 acessos de urucum (Bixa orellana), mantidos no Banco de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC), a partir da utilização de marcadores microssatélites. Para tanto foram desenvolvidos locos microssatélites para a espécie por meio de uma biblioteca genômica enriquecida. A partir da biblioteca genômica desenvolvida foram obtidas e sequenciadas um total de 84 colônias. Deste total, foram encontrados microssatélites em 57 colônias, o que representa 67,9% de enriquecimento. Foram identificados 70 microssatélites, sendo que destes, foram desenhados e selecionados um total de 31 iniciadores. Dentre estes, 25 iniciadores apresentaram produtos de amplificação, sendo 15 (60%) monomórficos para o grupo de indivíduos estudados. A caracterização dos acessos presentes no germoplasma de urucum, com os 10 iniciadores polimórficos permitiu identificar 38 alelos polimórficos, variando de 2 a 6 alelos por loco, obtendo-se uma média de 3,8 alelos por loco. Os valores de heterozigosidade esperada (He) variaram de 0,464 a 0,765, com média de 0,572. Por outro lado, a heterosigozidade observada (Ho) variou de 0 a 0,744, com média de 0,362. A partir dos índices de fixação de Wright foi possível inferir a taxa aparente de cruzamento, que neste caso foi de 0,39. Os valores de PIC observados neste estudo variaram de 0,359 a 0,725, com média de 0,497. Os marcadores BorB4, BorG3, BorC12, BorG4, BorA2 e BorF5_2 demonstraram ser moderadamente informativos enquanto os iniciadores BorB10, BorB12, BorF1 e BorE7 foram considerados marcadores altamente informativos. A análise de agrupamento para os genótipos avaliados apresentou estruturação em dois grandes grupos, um com acessos da região Norte e outro com os acessos da região Sudeste. Os valores das distâncias de Rogers modificada estimados a partir dos marcadores SSR, variaram de 0 a 0,968, podendo ser identificadas apenas duas duplicatas. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) entre as distancias genéticas e geográficas obtido com o teste de Mantel foi baixo (r = 0,367), embora significativo (P<0,01). A partir da análise bayesiana realizada pelo software Structure, o conjunto de acessos foi dividido em dois grupos, que coincidiram com os grupos obtidos na análise de agrupamento, demonstrando a consistência dos dados obtidos. Foi possível identificar que o grupo de acessos do Grupo 2 (região Norte) apresenta índices de diversidade superiores ao Grupo 1 (região Sudeste). Os valores médios obtidos de FST (0,183) e GST\' (0,194) indicam a existência de estruturação na amostra total e corrobora os resultados obtidos pela análise de agrupamento, e também com os dados obtidos pela análise de estruturação com o software Structure. Os valores médios de FIT (0,483) e HT\' (0.632) demonstraram a elevada diversidade genética no conjunto de acessos estudado. O fato de que os valores de FIS e GIS sejam maiores do que os valores de FST e GST para praticamente todos os locos, indicam a existência de maior diversidade dentro de cada grupo de acessos do que entre os grupos. A manutenção do banco ativo de germoplasma de urucum possibilita a preservação do patrimônio genético e pode fornecer matéria prima para as atividades de melhoramento e fomento da cadeia produtiva da cultura. / The aim of this project was to characterize the genetic diversity of 63 accessions of annatto (Bixa orellana), maintained at the Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), using microsatellite markers. For that purpose, microsatellite loci have been developed for this species through an enriched DNA genomic library. From the genomic library developed a total of 84 colonies were obtained and sequenced. Microsatellites were found in 57 colonies, representing 67.9% of enrichment. Seventy microsatellites were identified and, from those, a total of 31 primers were selected. Among these, 25 primers showed amplification products and 15 (60%) were monomorphic for the group of accessions studied. The germplasm accessions characterization with the 10 polymorphic primers showed 38 polymorphic alleles, ranging from 2 to 6 alleles per locus, yielding an average of 3.8 alleles per locus. Values of expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.464 to 0.765, averaging 0.572. Moreover, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0 to 0.744, averaging 0.362. From the Wright\'s fixation index, it was possible to infer the apparent outcrossing rate, which in this case was 0.39. The PIC values observed in this study ranged from 0.359 to 0.725, averaging 0.497. The markers BorB4, BorG3, BorC12, BorG4, and BorA2 BorF5_2 were shown to be moderately informative, and the primers BorB10, BorB12, BorF1 BorE7 were considered highly informative markers. The cluster analysis for the genotypes showed structuring into two major groups, one with the accessions from the North and another with the accessions from the Southeast. The values of the modified Rogers distances estimated from the SSR markers ranged from 0 to 0.968, and only two duplicates were identified. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between genetic and geographic distances obtained with the Mantel test was low (r = 0.367), although significant (P <0.01). From the Bayesian analysis performed by the software Structure, the accessions were divided into two groups, which coincided with the groups obtained from the cluster analysis, demonstrating the consistency of the results obtained. It was possible to identify that the accessions in Group 2 (Northern region) present diversity indexes higher than Group 1 (Southeast). The average values of FST (0.183) and GST\' (0.194) indicate the existence of genetic structure in the total sample and confirms the results obtained in the cluster analysis, and also with the data obtained in the structure analysis using the software Structure. The average values of FIT (0.483) and HT\' (0.632) demonstrated the high genetic diversity among the accessions studied. The fact that the FIS and GIS values are higher than the values of FST and GST for almost all loci indicates that diversity is higher within each group than between groups of accessions. Maintaining the annatto germplasm bank enables the preservation of genetic resources and can provide material for breeding activities and improvements in the crop production chain.

Almond (Prunus dulcis) is the most important nut crop in terms of world production. Due to its health benefit and high nutritional value the consumption and world supply of almond is increasing. To remain competitive in the world market, the Australian almond breeding program was established to produce cultivars with better adaptation to Australian conditions. As part of this program an almond mapping population consisting of 93 F₁ progeny derived from a cross between the American cultivar ‘Nonpareil’ (NP) and the European self-compatible cultivar ‘Lauranne’ (LA) was produced to construct the genetic linkage maps. The first almond linkage map developed prior to the commencement of this project failed to produce the eight linkage groups similar to the basic chromosome number of almond (x = 8) and many large gaps were also observed on the linkage groups. Therefore, more markers were needed to saturate the maps. Microsatellite markers are considered one of the best choices for mapping studies. 195 microsatellite markers isolated from Prunus species were obtained from published papers or by personal communication. Polymorphism was revealed by three different methods, and in general, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) compared to the fluorescent labelled marker detection using an automated DNA sequencer or agarose gel electrophoresis, showed the most efficient and cost effective method of genotyping. A subset of 54 markers which produced reliable and easily interpretable polymorphic bands was selected to screen the whole mapping population. Microsatellites originally isolated from almond species showed the highest rate of amplification and polymorphism followed by peach microsatellites and the least informative markers were isolated from cherry. It seems that the level of transportability and usefulness of microsatellite markers is related to the genetic distance of the closely related species. Almond and peach belong to the same subgenus (Amygdalus) and other Prunus species are classified in Prunophora subgenus. The nut, or kernel, is the commercial part of the almond tree, thus to improve the quality of fruit an understanding of environmental influence, heritability and correlation of traits is required. Pomological and quality characters such as: shell hardness, kernel size, shape, taste, pubescence, colour, and percentage of doubles were measured during three consecutive years (2005-2007) on the total mapping population, but data analysis (ANOVA) was performed only on trees that survived for all three years. Most of the traits showed high broad-sense heritability and kernel shape showed the highest heritability of H² = 0.92 suggesting high genetic control of this trait. Occasionally larger kernels than either parent were found in the progeny indicating potential for improvement of this trait even with smaller kernel size parent that encompass many desirable characters. High correlation was also found between the in-shell and kernel weight (r = 0.74), kernel length / kernel width (r = 0.67), kernel weight to kernel length (r = 0.78) and kernel width (r = 0.80). This correlation estimation pointed out in this study indicates that the improvement of one character may result the progress in another trait. Neither of the parents in the mapping population had bitter or obvious slightly bitter taste but slightly bitter kernels were observed among the progeny. Amygdalin was assumed to be responsible for bitter taste in almond; therefore we measured the amount of amygdalin in sweet and slightly bitter kernel progeny by HPLC. However, the results showed that amygdalin exists in sweet kernels as well. Although the average amount of amygdalin in slightly bitter kernels (20.34 mg kg⁻¹ FW) was higher than sweet kernels (3.67 mg kg⁻¹ FW), some sweet kernels had higher amounts of amygdalin suggesting the impact of other components on slightly bitter kernel. The highest variability within the traits was observed in the percentage of double kernel, which showed the highest standard error. Strong environmental effects, particularly low temperature at pre-blossom time is speculated to produce much higher double kernels. Three genetic linkage maps, one for each parent and an integrated map were constructed by the addition of 54 new microsatellite markers to the previous dataset. All the data was scored and coded according to the coding system necessary by JoinMap3 which was used for map construction. 131 markers including microsatellite, ISSR, RAPD, SCAR and S-allele markers were placed on the integrated map covering 590.7 cM with the average density of 4.5 cM/marker. The minimum number of six microsatellite markers was placed on linkage group 8 and the linkage group 1 which is the longest linkage group has 14 microsatellite markers. Comparative mapping study with other Prunus maps, especially with the highly saturated reference map showed complete synteny and minor changes in the order of four markers on linkage groups compared with Prunus reference map. The conservation of molecular marker order observed in this study supports the idea of looking at Prunus genome as a single genetic system and practical application of this similarity would be in cross-transportability of microsatellite markers from well developed linkage maps to the less studied species in Prunus. Ten microsatellite loci placed on our map have not been reported before and could be used to improve the density of other Prunus maps, especially the reference map. This study contributed to the better understanding of the mode of inheritance and environmental effect on morphological traits and the effect of amygdalin on kernel taste. The most saturated microsatellite based almond linkage map developed in this study can serve as a framework for future almond breeding program in Australia and benefit Prunus improvement programs internationally. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1348850 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

This thesis is an investigation of network analysis to understand differences between how three congeners have adapted pollination network strategies to ensure adequate gene flow. This study will focus on three species of Erigeron (Fleabanes), one endemic species adapted to cliff wall habitat in one canyon fragmented by topography (E. lemmonii) at Fort Huachuca Military Reserve, and two others (E. arisolius and E. neomexicanus) adapted to more diverse habitat conditions in a larger range in Arizona, USA. Sustainability of military lands and protected species are primary concerns for Army land management, and these findings will be made available to the U.S. Army, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service resource managers to use in their respective management plans. UCINET software was used to construct the insect flower visitor networks for the three Erigeron species by recording insect visitors / plant interactions and comparing their visitation networks to each other. Erigeron arisolius and E. neomexicanus have redudndant network architecture, compared to E. lemmonii which has a fragile network supporting a unique insect community. If the E. lemmonii population disappears, a collapse of its dependent insect visitors may also occur. Other new botanical information was discovered and recorded for E. lemmonii. It has a xenogamous mating system, and can also reproduce by vegetative means. An individual capitulum has a three week flowering period, and the population has individual plants blooming over a six month flowering season with May being the peak. It grows in highly organic soil on cliff face crevices in the Scheelite Canyon. Another aspect was to develop and publish genetic microsatellite markers for the three species of Erigeron, which are the first microsatellite markers to be identified for this genus. This included determining the chromosome number of E. lemmonii, before the genetic markers could be identified for this species. Eight microsatellite markers were identified for E. lemmonii and nine markers were identified for E. arisolius. However, no markers for E. neomexicanus were identified because of confounding results. Erigeron lemmonii has less genetic diversity, lower mean heterozygosity and fewer alleles, than E. arisolius. / This study was funded by the U.S. Army Environmental Quality Technology Program, at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (Project 09-03).

The African bonytongue (Heterotis niloticus), one of two living species of the primitive teleost family Arapaimidae, constitutes an important artisanal and commercial fishery in West Africa. This species has also been proposed for wide aquaculture use in Africa. Despite its importance, information on the levels of genetic differentiation for this fish in Benin is lacking, which can contribute to its conservation and management. In this study, regional and local scale genetic differentiation of the African bonytongue in Benin, West Africa, was examined using six microsatellite markers. In total, 221 H. niloticus individuals were sampled from 12 localities in Benin that include three river basins: Oueme-So (ten localities sampled); Mono (one locality); and Niger (one locality). The results showed a high degree of genetic differentiation between African bonytongue samples from the three river basins, which was expected given the barriers for dispersal for aquatic organisms. For the Oueme-So floodplain, they indicate high and homogeneous gene flow, suggesting that seasonal flooding facilitates gene flow across this region. The information obtained from this study will be useful for defining management units for H. niloticus in Benin, and caution against the translocation of individuals from different basins.

Orientador: Anete Pereira de Souza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cidade_FernandaWitt_D.pdf: 4497924 bytes, checksum: 742a35a26e2eea5a11249f8fc87abb2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No Brasil, a pecuária bovina é baseada principalmente na utilização de pastagens para alimentação animal, sendo a maioria destas cultivadas. O lançamento de novas cultivares de forrageira e os avanços no manejo das pastagens permitiram que o Brasil se tornasse, atualmente, um dos maiores produtores mundiais de bovinos e o maior exportador de carne bovina do mundo. Contudo, poucas opções de forrageiras estão disponíveis para o cultivo de pastagens no Brasil, principalmente para as regiões tropicais, sendo que a maioria dessas é constituída de poucas cultivares de gramíneas africanas do gênero Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria). Há uma necessidade eminente de diversificação das pastagens e, o gênero Paspalum se destaca dentre as gramíneas nativas com potencial forrageiro a contribuir para a diversificação de espécies em pastagens tropicais. Paspalum inclui aproximadamente 400 espécies distribuídas, principalmente, em regiões tropicais e subtropicais das Américas. O Brasil é o maior centro de origem e diversidade deste gênero, com ocorrência de espécies de grande potencial forrageiro, havendo vários acessos disponíveis em bancos de germoplasma. Para que os programas de melhoramento possam utilizar de forma adequada os bancos de germoplasma existentes, é necessário um conhecimento da quantidade e da distribuição da diversidade genética dessas coleções. Nesse sentido, no presente trabalho, marcadores microssatélites foram isolados e caracterizados em duas espécies de Paspalum (P. atratum e P. notatum) para o estudo de diversidade genética de acessos de bancos de germoplasma de Paspalum. Um total de 21 microssatélites foi desenvolvido para P. atratum e 26 para P. notatum. A transferibilidade desses marcadores foi avaliada para 35 espécies de Paspalum, sendo que doze microssatélites foram utilizados na caracterização de 214 acessos de Paspalum de diferentes espécies. Os microssatélites foram úteis na identificação das espécies de Paspalum, auxiliando de forma efetiva na organização dos acessos mantidos nos bancos de germoplama, fornecendo também subsídios para programas de melhoramento genético do gênero. Adicionalmente, 57 acessos de P. notatum foram avaliados com o uso de 30 microssatélites, em conjunto com caracterísitcas fenotípicas e citogenéticas. A maioria desses locos apresentou grande potencialidade para uso na discriminação de cultivares e acessos. As avaliações conjuntas indicaram que os microssatélites foram eficientes e robustos na separação dos acessos de P. notatum em três variedades botânicas (var. notatum, var. saurae e var. latiflorum), os quais agruparam-se em sete grupos geneticamente distintos. Os microssatélites desenvolvidos, assim como os dados de diversidade genética gerados nesse trabalho, são um passo em direção a um melhor entendimento do gênero e uma ferramenta para que novos trabalhos possam ser realizados / Abstract: In Brazil, the production of cattle is based primarily on the use of pastures for animal feed, most of these cultivated. The release of new cultivars of forage and advances in pasture management has enabled Brazil to become currently one of the largest producers of cattle and the largest exporter of beef in the world. However, few options are available for fodder cultivation of pastures in Brazil, mainly in tropical regions, where most of these consists of a few varieties of African grasses of the genus Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria). There is a clear need to diversify pastures and the genus Paspalum stands out among the native grasses with forage potential to contribute to the diversification of species in tropical pastures. Paspalum includes about 400 species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Brazil is the largest center of origin and diversity of this genus, with the occurrence of species of high forage yield potential, and several accessions available in germplasm banks. In order to make good use of the existing germplasm collections for breeding purposes it is necessary to know the quantity and distribution of genetic diversity of these collections. In that sense, in the present work, microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized in two species of Paspalum (P. notatum and P. atratum). These markers were used as a tool to study genetic diversity of germplasm banks of Paspalum. A total of 21 microsatellites was developed for P. atratum and 26 for P. notatum. The transferability of these markers was evaluated for 35 species of Paspalum, in which twelve microsatellites were used to characterize 214 accessions of different species of Paspalum. The microsatellites were useful in identifying the species of Paspalum, effectively assisting in the organization of accessions maintained in germplasm banks, as well as providing subsidies to breeding programs of the genus. Additionally, 57 accessions of P. notatum were evaluated using 30 microsatellites, together with phenotypic and cytogenetic characteristic. Most of these loci showed a great potential for cultivar and accessions discrimination. Joint evaluations indicated that the microsatellites were efficient and robust in the separation of the accessions evaluated in to seven genetically distinct groups, which corresponded to the three botanical varidades described for the species (var.notatum, var. sourae, and var. latiflorum). Microsatellites developed, as well as data of genetic diversity generated in this work are a step toward a better understanding of the genus and a tool for further work / Doutorado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-06-30T18:13:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Crystianne Bentes Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 301180 bytes, checksum: a49848cd7e2915eeac3200451e77f4fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T15:26:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Crystianne Bentes Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 301180 bytes, checksum: a49848cd7e2915eeac3200451e77f4fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T15:30:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Crystianne Bentes Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 301180 bytes, checksum: a49848cd7e2915eeac3200451e77f4fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T15:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Crystianne Bentes Barbosa Ferreira.pdf: 301180 bytes, checksum: a49848cd7e2915eeac3200451e77f4fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-30 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacd) is a palm of great potential for sustainable agricultural development in the Amazon region, bringing social benefits, economic and environmental. The availability of varieties with high productivity and better adapted to the conditions of cultivation has a fundamental role in sustainable development of culture in this sense, one can resort to the use of biotechnology to increase the efficiency improvement programs. Microsatellite markers are tools preferred by breeders, because they are multi-allelic, has codominantes expression and show Mendelian inheritance, facilitating genetic analysis. Knowledge of the distribution of genetic variability within and between populations of palm, through the use of molecular markers, provide information for the implementation of plans for use and conservation of genetic resources of this species. From the results of that work can get grants for improving the palm at Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, to provide the seed culture for the establishment of plantations with high productivity of oil. Samples were collected from 24 progenies of palm held at the Center for Experimental de palm the River Urubu (CERU) - Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, and 22 progenies from self and two crosses between full siblings. There is low genetic variability in the progenies, with an average of five alleles per loci and total diversity (HT) equal to 0.0774. Of the four loci studied the site mEgCIR0254 had set in all the progenies and progenies LM11592, LM11547, LM11732, LM12366, LM13533, LM12826, LM11591 and PO393612, were fixed in all loci. These data were expected, they are progenies from self or full brother. The observed heterozygosities (Ho) the whole plant were lower than expected heterozygosity (He) in all loci, suggesting strong excess of homozygotes, indicating existence of a process endogamic. As the palm is allogamy plant and the progeny are genetically relatives, and autofecundadas, it is expected that the effects of inbreeding interfere directly in the indices of heterozygosity, contributing to the uniformity of the progenies. The AMOVA detected 62.99% of total variation among the progenies and 37.01% within progenies. Contrary to what has been observed in plants allogamy either in natural populations or collections of germplasm, where the greatest variability has been found within populations / provenances than between them, this paper notes that most of the variation was retained among the progeny, that is to be expected, because 91.67% of these are from self. / O dendê (Elaeis guineensis Jacd) é uma palmeira de grande potencial para o desenvolvimento agrícola sustentável da região Amazônica, trazendo benefícios sociais, econômicos e ambientais. A disponibilidade de variedades com alta produtividade e melhores adaptadas às condições de cultivo tem papel fundamental na sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento dessa cultura. Para este fim o conhecimento da distribuição da diversidade genética entre e dentro das progênies de dendezeiro, por meio do uso de marcadores moleculares microssatélites fornecerá informações para a implementação de planos de uso e conservação dos recursos genéticos dessa espécie . O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar parâmetros de diversidade genéticos entre e dentro progênies de dendezeiro utilizadas na produção de sementes comerciais da Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental (Manaus-AM) . . Foram analisadas 24 progênies de dendezeiro que estão mantidas no Campo Experimental de Dendê do Rio Urubu (CERU) - Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, sendo 22 progênies provenientes de autofecundação e duas de cruzamentos entre irmãos completos utilizando quatro loci SSR. Os dados obtidos foram analisados no Programa Genes e, através das análises verificou-se que existe baixa variabilidade genética nas progênies, com média de cinco alelos por loci e diversidade total (HT) igual a 0,0774. Dos quatro loci estudados o loco mEgCIR0254 apresentou fixado em todas as progênies e as progênies LM11592, LM11547, LM11732, LM12366, LM13533, LM12826, LM11591 e PO393612 apresentaram-se fixadas em todos os loci, devido principalmente serem progênies oriundas de autofecundação ou de irmão completos. As heterozigosidades observadas (Ho) no conjunto de plantas foram inferiores a heterozigosidade esperada (He) em todos os loci, sugerindo forte excesso de homozigotos, indicando existência de um processo endogâmico. Como o dendezeiro é planta alógama e as progênies serem geneticamente aparentadas, e ainda autofecundadas, é de se esperar que os efeitos da endogamia interfiram diretamente nos índices de heterozigose, contribuindo para a homogeneidade das progênies. A AMOVA detectou 62,99% do total da variação entre as progênies e 37,01% dentro das progênies. Ao contrário do que tem sido observado em plantas alógamas, seja em populações naturais ou coleções de germoplasmas, onde a maior variabilidade tem sido encontrada dentro das populações/procedências do que entre as mesmas, neste trabalho observa-se que a maior parte da variação ficou retida entre as progênies, isso é de se esperar, pois 91,67% destas são oriundas de autofecundação.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lliane dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 1137558 bytes, checksum: 77f41c6e816fd4fd117874c6535aab88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Amazon has valuable reservoir of genetic resources related to species of palms, which we highlight the jauari (Astrocaryum jauari Martius), a non-domesticated specie, verified as high dispersion and is the most common palm in flooded areas of the Rio Negro, in Brazilian Amazon. Specie very explored till 90s for the extraction of palm, which formed the basis of industrial production of palm in Central Amazonia, however, not very studied compared species like peach palm, acaí and tucumã. The high occurrence of natural populations of this palm can be associated with alternatives seeking improvements in quality of life of local populations and community development, but for this is necessary the expansion of basic and applied studies for a better understanding of its diversity, occupation of ecosystem, evolution, adaptation and development of suitable methods for the management and use of this potential. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic variability of populations of jauari in Amazon, using microsatellite markers. Thirty samples were collected from leaves of jauari of three populations (Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho, Matrinxã and Nossa Senhora das Graças) and analyzed using nine microsatellite loci (Aac03, Aac04, Aac05, Aac06, Aac07, Aac10, Aac12, and Aac13 Aac14) developed for tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) and transferred successfully to jauari. It was detected 47 alleles with an average of 5.2 alleles per locus being lower in Aac03, Aac05, Aac10 Aac13 and (3 alleles) and higher in Aac04 (9 alleles), confirming the high information content of this kind of genetic marker for genetic studies of palms. The alleles were classified according to their frequency and distribution among populations. A total of thirteen alleles was classified as rare (frequency <0.05), nineteen alleles as intermediaries (often between 0.05 and 0.2), and fifteen common (> 0.2). Eight private alleles were detected, four of these were found in population Nossa Senhora das Graças; nine sporadic alleles (present in two populations) and 30 broadcast (present in all three populations). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) were higher than the expected heterozygosity (He) in 89% of loci. The average of observed heterozygosity was higher in Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho (Ho = 0.77) and lowest in Matrinxã (Ho = 0.70). Moderate genetic divergence was observed among populations (Fst = 0.12). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the populations studied jauari have greater genetic variability within populations (87.75%), and a lower variability among populations (12.25%). The dendrogram based on SSR markers revealed the formation of two groups, showing that the populations of Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho and Matrinxã are more genetically similar. The results showed that genetic distances are not correlated with geographic distance. However, it was found high intrapopulation genetic diversity that can be used in breeding programs. Keywords: Genetic / A Amazônia possui valioso reservatório de recursos genéticos relacionados à espécies de palmeiras, entre elas, podemos destacar o jauari (Astrocaryum jauari Martius), uma espécie não domesticada, verificada como de alta dispersão, sendo a palmeira mais frequente nos igapós do Rio Negro, na Amazônia brasileira. Espécie muito explorada até a década de 90 para extração de palmito, que constituiu a base da produção industrial de palmito na Amazônia Central, porém, pouco estudada quando comparada as espécies como pupunha, açaí e tucumã. A alta ocorrência de populações naturais dessa palmeira pode ser associada a alternativas visando buscar melhorias na qualidade de vida das populações locais e desenvolvimento comunitário, mas para isto torna-se necessária a ampliação dos estudos básicos e aplicados para um melhor conhecimento de sua diversidade, ocupação no ecossistema, evolução, adaptação e desenvolvimento de métodos adequados para o manejo e utilização de seu potencial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética de populações de jauari na Amazônia, utilizando marcadores microssatélites. Foram coletadas trinta amostras de folhas de jauari de três populações (Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho, Matrinxã e Nossa senhora das Graças) e analisadas utilizando nove loci microssatélites (Aac03, Aac04, Aac05, Aac06, Aac07, Aac10, Aac12, Aac13 e Aac14) desenvolvidos para tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum) e transferidos com sucesso para jauari. Foram detectados 47 alelos com média de 5,2 alelos por loco, sendo menor em Aac03, Aac05, Aac10 e Aac13 (3 alelos) e maior em Aac04 (9 alelos), confirmando o alto conteúdo de informação genética deste tipo de marcador para estudos genéticos em palmeiras. Os alelos foram classificados de acordo com suas frequências e distribuição entre as populações. Um total de treze alelos foi classificado como raros (freqüência < 0,05), dezenove alelos como intermediários (frequência entre 0,05 e 0,2), e quinze comum (>0,2). Foram detectados oito alelos privados destes, quatro encontrados na população Nossa Senhora das Graças, nove alelos esporádicos (presentes em duas populações) e 30 difundidos (presente nas três populações). As heterozigosidades observadas (Ho) foram superiores a heterozigosidade esperada (He) em 89% dos loci. A heterozigosidade média observada foi maior em Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho (Ho=0,77) e menor em Matrinxã (Ho=0,70). Divergência genética moderada foi observada entre as populações (Fst=0,12). A análise da variância molecular (AMOVA) revelou que as populações estudadas de jauari apresentam maior variabilidade genética dentro das populações (87,75%), e uma variabilidade menor entre as populações (12,25%). O dendrograma construído com base nos marcadores SSR revelou a formação de dois grupos, mostrando que as populações de Santa Luzia do Buiuçuzinho e Matrinxã são as mais semelhantes geneticamente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as distâncias genéticas não estão correlacionadas com a distância geográfica. No entanto, foi encontrada alta diversidade genética intrapopulacional que poderá ser utilizada em programas de melhoramento.

O objetivo do presente projeto foi caracterizar a diversidade genética de 63 acessos de urucum (Bixa orellana), mantidos no Banco de Germoplasma do Instituto Agronômico (IAC), a partir da utilização de marcadores microssatélites. Para tanto foram desenvolvidos locos microssatélites para a espécie por meio de uma biblioteca genômica enriquecida. A partir da biblioteca genômica desenvolvida foram obtidas e sequenciadas um total de 84 colônias. Deste total, foram encontrados microssatélites em 57 colônias, o que representa 67,9% de enriquecimento. Foram identificados 70 microssatélites, sendo que destes, foram desenhados e selecionados um total de 31 iniciadores. Dentre estes, 25 iniciadores apresentaram produtos de amplificação, sendo 15 (60%) monomórficos para o grupo de indivíduos estudados. A caracterização dos acessos presentes no germoplasma de urucum, com os 10 iniciadores polimórficos permitiu identificar 38 alelos polimórficos, variando de 2 a 6 alelos por loco, obtendo-se uma média de 3,8 alelos por loco. Os valores de heterozigosidade esperada (He) variaram de 0,464 a 0,765, com média de 0,572. Por outro lado, a heterosigozidade observada (Ho) variou de 0 a 0,744, com média de 0,362. A partir dos índices de fixação de Wright foi possível inferir a taxa aparente de cruzamento, que neste caso foi de 0,39. Os valores de PIC observados neste estudo variaram de 0,359 a 0,725, com média de 0,497. Os marcadores BorB4, BorG3, BorC12, BorG4, BorA2 e BorF5_2 demonstraram ser moderadamente informativos enquanto os iniciadores BorB10, BorB12, BorF1 e BorE7 foram considerados marcadores altamente informativos. A análise de agrupamento para os genótipos avaliados apresentou estruturação em dois grandes grupos, um com acessos da região Norte e outro com os acessos da região Sudeste. Os valores das distâncias de Rogers modificada estimados a partir dos marcadores SSR, variaram de 0 a 0,968, podendo ser identificadas apenas duas duplicatas. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) entre as distancias genéticas e geográficas obtido com o teste de Mantel foi baixo (r = 0,367), embora significativo (P<0,01). A partir da análise bayesiana realizada pelo software Structure, o conjunto de acessos foi dividido em dois grupos, que coincidiram com os grupos obtidos na análise de agrupamento, demonstrando a consistência dos dados obtidos. Foi possível identificar que o grupo de acessos do Grupo 2 (região Norte) apresenta índices de diversidade superiores ao Grupo 1 (região Sudeste). Os valores médios obtidos de FST (0,183) e GST\' (0,194) indicam a existência de estruturação na amostra total e corrobora os resultados obtidos pela análise de agrupamento, e também com os dados obtidos pela análise de estruturação com o software Structure. Os valores médios de FIT (0,483) e HT\' (0.632) demonstraram a elevada diversidade genética no conjunto de acessos estudado. O fato de que os valores de FIS e GIS sejam maiores do que os valores de FST e GST para praticamente todos os locos, indicam a existência de maior diversidade dentro de cada grupo de acessos do que entre os grupos. A manutenção do banco ativo de germoplasma de urucum possibilita a preservação do patrimônio genético e pode fornecer matéria prima para as atividades de melhoramento e fomento da cadeia produtiva da cultura. / The aim of this project was to characterize the genetic diversity of 63 accessions of annatto (Bixa orellana), maintained at the Germplasm Bank of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), using microsatellite markers. For that purpose, microsatellite loci have been developed for this species through an enriched DNA genomic library. From the genomic library developed a total of 84 colonies were obtained and sequenced. Microsatellites were found in 57 colonies, representing 67.9% of enrichment. Seventy microsatellites were identified and, from those, a total of 31 primers were selected. Among these, 25 primers showed amplification products and 15 (60%) were monomorphic for the group of accessions studied. The germplasm accessions characterization with the 10 polymorphic primers showed 38 polymorphic alleles, ranging from 2 to 6 alleles per locus, yielding an average of 3.8 alleles per locus. Values of expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.464 to 0.765, averaging 0.572. Moreover, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0 to 0.744, averaging 0.362. From the Wright\'s fixation index, it was possible to infer the apparent outcrossing rate, which in this case was 0.39. The PIC values observed in this study ranged from 0.359 to 0.725, averaging 0.497. The markers BorB4, BorG3, BorC12, BorG4, and BorA2 BorF5_2 were shown to be moderately informative, and the primers BorB10, BorB12, BorF1 BorE7 were considered highly informative markers. The cluster analysis for the genotypes showed structuring into two major groups, one with the accessions from the North and another with the accessions from the Southeast. The values of the modified Rogers distances estimated from the SSR markers ranged from 0 to 0.968, and only two duplicates were identified. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between genetic and geographic distances obtained with the Mantel test was low (r = 0.367), although significant (P <0.01). From the Bayesian analysis performed by the software Structure, the accessions were divided into two groups, which coincided with the groups obtained from the cluster analysis, demonstrating the consistency of the results obtained. It was possible to identify that the accessions in Group 2 (Northern region) present diversity indexes higher than Group 1 (Southeast). The average values of FST (0.183) and GST\' (0.194) indicate the existence of genetic structure in the total sample and confirms the results obtained in the cluster analysis, and also with the data obtained in the structure analysis using the software Structure. The average values of FIT (0.483) and HT\' (0.632) demonstrated the high genetic diversity among the accessions studied. The fact that the FIS and GIS values are higher than the values of FST and GST for almost all loci indicates that diversity is higher within each group than between groups of accessions. Maintaining the annatto germplasm bank enables the preservation of genetic resources and can provide material for breeding activities and improvements in the crop production chain.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Aeglidae are Decapoda crustaceans endemic from the neotropical region of South America. They are the only anomuran family entirely restricted to freshwater, occurring mainly in streams. Requirement for well conserved habitat has restricted the populations to springs, as an effect of the constant degradation of continental aquatic ecosystems. In the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, the species Aegla longirostri, besides suffering the effects of habitat fragmentation, is subjected to a mountainous geographic barrier, which has been separating the basins of River Guaíba and River Uruguay for about 11 my. Microsatellite loci are molecular markers with high levels of heterozigosity which have been widely used in population genetics studies. Microsatellite markers previously isolated from A. longirostri genome were characterized and the levels of heterozigosity and allelic diversity were calculated for each locus. A total of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to verify genetic variability among four different populations from central region of Rio Grande do Sul state concerned the two basins described above. Results show a great genetic differentiation among all populations and not only between populations isolated by the geographic barrier. Factors as lack of larval stage and low dispersion capacity are possibly contributing to such differentiation level. Anthropic actions, resulting in alteration of aquatic environments, can also be a more recent factor contributing to the genetic diversity among the populations studied, since aeglids are very strict in relation to the water quality. / Os aeglídeos são crustáceos decápodos endêmicos da região Neotropical da América do Sul. São os únicos anomuros de água doce, habitantes principalmente de cursos d água. A exigência por um habitat conservado tem restringido as populações de Aegla às nascentes, como efeito da constante degradação ambiental dos ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul destacamos a ocorrência de populações de Aegla longirostri, que além dos efeitos de fragmentação de habitat, estão expostas a uma barreira geográfica de formação montanhosa, que há cerca de 11 milhões de anos separa as bacias dos Rios Uruguai e Guaíba. Locos de microssatélites são marcadores que apresentam altos níveis de heterozigosidade e têm sido amplamente utilizados em estudos de genética de populações. Marcadores microssatélites previamente isolados do genoma de A. longirostri foram caracterizados determinando-se os níveis de heterozigosidade e a diversidade alélica para cada loco. Dos oito locos de microssatélites analisados, sete se mostraram polimórficos e foram empregados em indivíduos de quatro diferentes populações da região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul para analisar a variabilidade genética entre as populações de A. longirostri em ambas as bacias. Os resultados mostram uma grande diferenciação genética entre todas as populações e não somente entre as populações isoladas pela barreira geográfica. Possivelmente, fatores como ausência de fase larval durante o desenvolvimento destes crustáceos, aliada a uma baixa capacidade de dispersão, podem estar contribuindo para esta diferenciação. A ação antrópica, resultando em degradação do ambiente aquático, também pode ser um fator recente a contribuir para a diferenciação genética entre as populações estudadas, visto que os aeglídeos são bem exigentes em relação à qualidade da água onde vivem.