A Research Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Economic Science in the School of Economic and Business Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / The objective of the study is to analyse the effect former homeland status on poverty in South Africa. The study uses 2011 Census community profiles data from Statistics South Africa and cartographic data. Two methodologies are used in order to identify the effect of former homeland status on poverty, i.e., Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD). Notably, the RDD model is the main model as it formally identifies the treatment effect by comparing former and non-former homelands within a quasi-experimental framework. The results indicate that former homeland areas experience higher poverty levels relative to non-former homeland areas. The analysis shows that a large portion of the “raw” poverty differential is explained by differences in observed characteristics between former and non-former homeland areas. The remaining difference is attributable to former homeland status. The ‘scarring effect’ is small but statistically significant. Thus, the results call for government intervention aimed at reducing differences in observed characteristics of former and non-former homeland areas. The study notes that such mechanisms will narrow the difference in poverty rates but might not close it entirely since part of the difference is structural and depends on the rate at which the ‘scarring effect’ fades overtime. / NG (2020)

Transnationalism as a theory has explained the causal nature of migration over time, against the backdrop of an ever-changing globalised world. The movement of people and their motivating factors have been deeply researched within migration literature and other surrounding fields. However, the intricacies of transnationalism among migrants have remained fairly unexplored, with little being written specifically on the topic of intersecting identities and othering experienced by transnational migrants. In South Africa, xenophobia has been a strong issue connected to migrants, whereby those from other African countries face discrimination based on their nationality, ethnicity, and economic disparities. However, there is a dearth in understanding how othering as a concept manifests beyond the overt forms of violence, and how it links to systemic forms of exclusion. The term ‘West-a-phobia' explores a more specific phenomenon of xenophobia, whereby West African migrants living in South Africa face discrimination based on specific national, cultural, and economic characteristics of their identity. By using this concept, and by providing the historical context of othering, this dissertation explores transnational identities through unpacking concepts such as ‘othering', ‘transnationalism', ‘identity', and critiquing the nationstate. A qualitative approach was implemented by interviewing six respondents residing in Cape Town and Stellenbosch, South Africa. Respondents' contributions were collected via online response sheets and face-to-face interviews from August to November 2019. This was followed by critical analysis and concluded with evidence-based nuances surrounding the intersecting tenets of the aforementioned concepts. The key findings from this study conclude that West African migrants that have lived in South Africa over a certain period of time experience a lack of cohesion and integration into society. This takes place through processes of othering through physical differentiation and cultural characteristics. Furthermore, West African migrants maintain a connection to their country of origin through engaging in what Crush and MacDonald (2000) characterises as transnational activities. Finally, this study concludes that there are stratified layers to the conceptualisation of citizenship, and that the qualitative research done corroborates with certain aspects of transnationalism theory.

Thesis advisor: Heather Cox Richardson / Between the 1850s and World War II, millions of workers participated in a system of continuous labor migration that drove the development of the Pacific Northwest. Western industries relied on short-term workers because of their seasonal and economic cycles. These industries were often located far from urban centers and thus relied on a highly mobile pool of North American, European, and Asian workers to turn the Northwest’s abundant natural resources into wealth, an arrangement I call the footloose labor system. In order to manage workers’ movement within and across United States borders, employers turned to immigrant labor contractors and employment agencies to bring order to this chaotic labor market. But those agencies did little to settle the high labor turnover, and instead, exerted increasing control over migrant workers. By the mid-twentieth century, white workers had largely risen out of the system, leaving migrant labor to Asian, and increasingly, Latinx workers who have come to represent “migrant workers” in today’s America.This dissertation argues that the presence of both hobos and Asian workers in the footloose labor system dynamically shaped the conditions of the labor market, and together, cemented a racialized migrant labor system in the Pacific Northwest that would come to be dominated by Latinx workers in the second half of the twentieth century. Placing labor migration—and the labor brokers who engineered the footloose labor system—at the center of the story shifts our perspective to see that hobos and Asian immigrant workers existed in the same labor market dominated by employers who relied on footloose workers. From the point of Northwestern employers and labor brokers, migrant workers, whether they were born in Kansas, Greece, China, or the Philippines, proved useful only if they made a business profitable. Employers continued to hire both white and Asian workers through labor brokers into the 1920s. But white migrant workers increasingly sought jobs outside of the footloose labor system as new technology in agriculture reduced the number of available jobs and post-World War I politics put a greater emphasis on homeownership and conformity. White workers' departure left the most precarious and exploitative jobs to Japanese, Filipinx and eventually Latinx workers. The footloose labor system always depended upon a highly mobile pool of workers who were kept on the fringes of society to do the difficult, cheapened, and necessary work of turning natural resources into wealth. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Currently, little is known about the demographics of the Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus, or steelhead trout, populations in San Luis Obispo County. Specifically, demographic information including length, age, and condition when first leaving a watershed for the open ocean is lacking. This thesis takes a closer look at a biological and environmental data collected by the California Department of Fish and Game Central Coast Steelhead and Coho Salmon project under the direction of Associate Biologist Jennifer Nelson. The main goal of this thesis is to analyze demographic and habitat data from the steelhead populations of two northern San Luis Obispo county coastal streams, San Simeon and Santa Rosa Creeks. Habitat mapping surveys were conducted on each stream in order to identify suitable habitat for various steelhead life stages. The data generated from the habitat mapping surveys was compared between the two creeks over the two different survey years (1993 and 2005). The results of these surveys showed that habitat types have changed on San Simeon Creek between survey years while Santa Rosa Creek appeared to remain the same. Biological inventory methods were conducted on the populations of O. m. irideus in San Simeon and Santa Rosa Creeks during the years of 1993 and 2005. There were very few observations of steelhead moving downstream on both survey creeks in 1993. During the 2005 out-migrant trapping season, the data revealed that non-smolting fish are moving downstream in the watershed in addition to smolting fish. There is evidence that age 1+ and 2+ fish make up the majority of downstream migrants. Older, larger fish tend to migrate downstream earlier in the trapping season. Fork length – weight relationships are not significant between steelhead sampled from out-migrant traps, while those sampled throughout the watersheds by means of electrofishing were different between creeks. Percent frequency distribution of electrofished steelhead reveal that steelhead sampled in 2005 have a similar distribution of total lengths between creeks, where as those sampled in 1993 have a slightly different distribution from each other. Further analysis of steelhead scales sampled from the populations on San Simeon and Santa Rosa Creeks in 2005 gave greater insight into the growth of these fish. In most cases, steelhead from Santa Rosa Creek have greater growth increments and higher circuli counts per annuli than those surveyed from San Simeon Creek. The majority of scale samples analyzed showed growth since the last annuli mark suggesting an increase in growth over the winter months. The average number of circuli to the first annuli is significantly different between watersheds, as is the relationship between fork length and scale radius. Analyzing steelhead demographics is important to understanding the life history pattern of steelhead in the South Central California Coast Distinct Population Segment (DPS). Surveys that monitor environmental conditions and habitat help to identify potential limiting factors and risks to steelhead populations. The results of this thesis present such data in hopes to promote continued research and efficient management practices of steelhead trout populations in San Luis Obispo County.

The aim of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the United Arab Emirates’ unclear position on its international commitments regarding exploitative employment practices that target migrant workers in the country. This is carried out by researching the present regulatory framework, which includes the kafala sponsorship system, fundamental labor legislation, and international human rights conventions. For this thesis, the key theories are theories on migration and human rights and analysis on the rights of migrant workers. Also, thesis utilizes a qualitative research method to assess, interpret, and examine the rules and guidelines found in both international and domestic legal systems related to the mistreatment of migrant workers in UAE. Based on the findings, I was able to confirm that the kafala sponsorship system in the UAE has a negative impact on migrant workers and the main reason why exploitation against migrant workers occur lies in the kafala sponsorship system.

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This thesis aims to provide insight into how academic institutions teach health care professionals about cultural influences on mental health and clinical encounters, as well as how health care providers implement these ideas in their work. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with mental health care providers in Hamilton. Providers varied significantly in their definition and experience of cultural competence. Few providers had received training in cultural competence, and the experiences of those who had received such training were generally not congruent with what is described in the literature. While the literature describes a shift towards a skills-based paradigm, health care education appears to continue to focus on knowledge and attitudes. Many providers are more familiar with other frameworks for addressing cultural issues; however, these have important implications for quality and access to care for migrant and newcomer individuals. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

At independence, Botswana was highly underdeveloped and reliant on external capital earned through migrant labor. This presented several challenges to development despite the discovery of diamonds shortly after independence. However, no challenge was greater than the HIV epidemic which came to infect one in four Batswana. This thesis discusses the historical factors which promoted the spread of the virus in the greater context of migrant labor and development within Botswana.

Migrant Child is a poetry collection about injustice in the United States of America and the international community. The purpose of the collection is to humanize social injustice in the present, so as to show the reader that discrimination still happens in the United States in 2016. To that end, the collection draws on comparisons from civil rights movements of the 1960s and from present day. It is also meant to reflect injustices the author experiences in his own life. The poetry collection was created after the author spent six months volunteering throughout the State of Florida. The poems in the collection center around Hispanic communities in the United States, refugees seeking asylum, individuals living HIV and AIDS, male rape, and familial abuse. Several poems are written in the epigraph format, so as to place the reader in the author’s desired mindset for that particular poem. In addition, multiple poems in this collection have been inspired by the poets Yusef Komunyakaa, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and Allen Ginsburg. In present day, discrimination and prejudice are still experienced by minority communities in the United States, and Migrant Child is not by any extent an exhaustive list of all communities that are, in the present, experiencing social injustice.

No description available.