The subject of this thesis is an examination of the acquisition in language of a new country for three Eastern European writers exiled in France. For such writers, art and life become inseparable: just as the experience of geographical displacement liberates the writer so it liberates his language. This new language becomes a field of experimentation, in which the conflicts that precipitated exile are resolved. Departure necessitates the abandonment of the mother tongue: for Cioran, Romanian; for Kundera, Czech; for Makine, Russian. For each of these three writers, studied in this thesis, the adoption of French as the language of literary expression was a decisive act. Geographically and spiritually he and his text are redefined. Separated from familiar landmarks, each finds a new terrain in the language of the creative text, a place, a private space, in which to express the realities of his new self. On the one hand this new paradigm is the expression of a rejection of a past and a tradition; on the other hand it is essential in the process of coming to self-understanding. For Cioran, Kundera and Makine the French language provides a foil to their own ruptured, fragmented, traumatised or guilt-ridden native identities. In each case the adoption of French with its concomitant stereotypical qualities and values constitutes a dialectical process of coming to a clearer sense of self.

La criminalità sembra essere fortemente concentrata in un ristretto numero di micro aree di una città. Studi condotti in diverse città degli Stati Uniti mostrano come il 50% degli eventi criminali si concentrino nel 3%-6% dei segmenti stradali delle città stesse. Partendo da questi risultati, Weisburd, Groff e Yang si sono interrogati sulla effettiva presenza di una legge delle “concertazioni criminali” che sia applicabile a diverse città e che rimanga stabile nel tempo. Infatti, nonostante la generale diminuzione dei tassi di criminalità a Seattle, gli autori hanno riscontrato che, negli ultimi 16 anni, la stessa percentuale di eventi criminali si concentra in un egual numero di segmenti stradali della città. Questi risultati sono confermati da un altro studio condotto a Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Israele), suggerendo la presenza di una sorta di “normale livello di criminalità” tra città a livello micro. Il presente studio mira a testare la presenza di “concentrazioni criminali” in un contesto differente rispetto a quello degli Stati Uniti, dove tale ipotesi non è ancora stata testata e dove non sono ancora stati sviluppati studi quantitativi a livello di segmento stradale. In particolare, è stata condotta un’analisi sui segmenti stradali nella città di Milano (Italia) ed è stata confermata la presenza di micro-concentrazioni criminali. Inoltre, per capire le principali cause della presenza di tali concentrazioni nella città di Milano, sono stati elaborati dei modelli di regressione binomiale negativa (negative binomial regressions models). I risultati dimostrano come i fattori di disorganizzazione sociale sembrano avere una maggior influenza sulla criminalità a livello di segmento stradale, se comparati ai fattori appartenenti alle teorie dell’opportunità. / There is a strong evidence that crime is tightly concentrated in a small number of micro places in urban areas. Indeed, studies conducted in different U.S. cities show how 50% of crime events are concentrated in about 3% to 6% of street segments. Moving from these findings, Weisburd, Groff and Yang raise the issue as to whether there is a law of crime concentrations, applicable across different cities and stable over time. Indeed, despite the general decrease of crime trends in Seattle, the authors find that almost an equal number of street segments in the city produce the same proportion of crime in the 16-year period under study. These results were confirmed in Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Israel), suggesting the presence of a sort of “normal level of crime” among cities at micro level. This study aims at testing the presence of crime concentrations outside the U.S., in a different context, where this hypothesis has not yet been tested and quantitative studies at street segment level have not yet been developed. In particular, a street segment analysis was conducted in Milan (Italy) and the presence of crime concentrations was confirmed. In addition, in order to understand the main determinants of crime concentrations in Milan, a set of negative binomial regressions models were run. Findings show how social disorganisation factors seem to have stronger influence on crime at street segment level, compared to opportunity factors.

After 1989, along with the collapse of Soviet Union, Central and Eastern European countries the democracy became synonymous with ‘return to Europe’. The post-communist regime was a reaction against its predecessor and that reaction had produced a demand for democratization. Therefore, the process of democratization, which gained momentum at the end of eighties and, the beginning of the nineties, has become an important phenomenon. The most extreme case of transition, certainly, is former Yugoslavia. Due to the war and the collapse of the Federation into several successor states, the legitimacy and viability are still being questioned. The Balkan region, known as the ‘Powder Keg of Europe’ has been commonly considered to be representing a chronic political instability and a lack of socio-economic modernization as well as much poorer prospects for democratization and for acceptance into the European Union (EU) in comparison to the other countries of East and Central Europe. Slovenia however may be seen as the exception that proved the Balkan rule. Besides, the successor states of Yugoslavia, Slovenia has recorded the smoothest, non-violent and the least problematic transition toward liberal democracy. Slovenia maintained the highest level of system stability in the powder keg of Europe. Slovenia is the only Yugoslav successor state, which has peacefully established a functioning democracy. It has established a stable democracy and moved easily to a market economy. It is also the only the EU member country from the former. More importantly, Slovenia has kept the highest level of system stability in Powder Keg of Europe’. The main purpose of this thesis is to review and discuss the political democratization process in Slovenia. This study also reviews the reasons, which make the Slovenian transition to democracy special among the post-communist democracies. More specifically, this study particularly focuses on certain political aspects to discover its way of democratization. Slovenia, one of the most successful countries within Central and Eastern Europe is also the only component republic of ex-Yugoslavia not to confront continuing problems of ethnic challenge, deep political conflict and economic debility. All theories attempt to impose order and find patterns in the messy and complex reality of human life. Therefore, the theories are useful in that they ask important questions about democratization in general and contribute to particular explanations. Concerning the democratization process in Slovenia, ‘Theories of Democratization’ is generally going to be reviewed. Democratization theories aim to explain how authoritarian regimes change into liberal democratic ones. More specifically, Transition Theories will be applied during the study. Transition studies have been chosen, because they offer a ‘political’ explanation of democratization and also differentiate democratic transition and democratic consolidation phases properly, and point out the necessary conditions for the success of each phase.

Au début du XIVe siècle, les premiers papes d’Avignon sont confrontés, en Italie du Nord et dans les terres de l’Église, à un important mouvement de contestation de leur autorité, dans un contexte de développement des régimes seigneuriaux. Parmi les principaux acteurs de cette opposition figurent les représentants de familles alors en pleine expansion, tels Matteo Visconti et ses fils (Galeazzo, Marco, Luchino, Stefano et Giovanni) à Milan, les marquis Rinaldo et Obizzo d’Este à Ferrare, Federico da Montefeltro à Urbino, ainsi que d’autres seigneurs ou communautés de plus faible envergure dans la Marche d’Ancône ou dans le Duché de Spolète. Le paroxysme de ces tensions a lieu sous le pontificat de Jean XXII (1316-1334). Pour faire face à ces oppositions multiples, la voie judiciaire est très largement utilisée, dans le cadre ordinaire des juridictions temporelles comme dans celui, plus spectaculaire, de l’officium Inquisitionis. Au cours des années 1320 en effet, plusieurs de ces seigneurs sont à la fois condamnés comme rebelles de l’Église et comme hérétiques. Cette thèse analyse ainsi les traces archivistiques abondantes et variées produites à l’occasion de ces conflits, conservées aux Archives vaticanes et à la Bibliothèque vaticane, et montre comment la Papauté a procédé, en partie grâce au procès, à la construction juridique, idéologique et rhétorique d’une figure de l’ennemi et du « tyran » gibelin. / In the early 14th century, the first popes of Avignon were confronted with a large movement of protest against their authority in Northern Italy and in the States of the Church at a time when the power of the lords was increasing. Among the main actors of this protest were the members of noble families, such as Matteo Visconti and his sons - Galeazzo, Marco, Luchino, Stefano and Giovanni - in Milano, marquesses Rinaldo and Obizzo d’Este in Ferrare, Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino, as well as other lords or less powerful communities in the March of Ancona or in the duchy of Spoleto. The protest reached a climax of unrest during the pontificate of John XXII (1316-1334). To face those numerous oppositions, legal proceedings were widely used within the usual framework of the temporal jurisdiction or following the more spectacular rules of the officium Inquisitionis. Indeed, in the 1320s, several of those lords were sentenced as rebels to the Church, and as heretics. This PhD offers an analysis of the documents made during those conflicts, located in the archives of the Vatican and of the Vatican Library, and shows how, thanks to legal proceedings, the papacy used the law, ideology and rhetoric to construct a figure of the enemy and of the ghibelin “tyrant”.

During the twentieth century, the former Czechoslovakia was at the forefront of Communist takeover and control. Soviet influence regulated all aspects of life in the country. As a result, many well-known political figures, writers, and artists were forced to flee the country in order to evade imprisonment or death. One of the more notable examples is the writer Milan Kundera, who fled to France in 1975. Once in France, the notion of exile became a prominent theme in his writing as he sought to expose the political situation of his country to the western world--one of the main reasons why he chose to publish his work in French rather than in Czech. This thesis analyzes the themes of language and memory in connection with exile in two of Kundera's novels, Le livre du rire et de l'oubli (1978) and L'Ignorance (2000). We contend that these concepts serve as anchors and tethers, stabilizing forces meant to help exiled characters recreate their identity outside of their homeland. By exploring notions of language and memory in these novels, Kundera demonstrates how the experience of exile affects the human condition during the latter half of the twentieth century.

Title: Competences of leader of changes in education based on example of Hejný's methods of teaching mathematics Author: Bc. & Bc. Markéta Mátlová Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Jana Marie Šafránková, CSc. The thesis deals with the issue of changes in education from the perspective of one particular system changes in the teaching of mathematics in primary school. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the competencies of leader of changes in education based on the case of implementation Hejný's methods of teaching mathematics in primary schools, with an emphasis on the personality of prof. Milan Hejný. The theoretical part summarizes findings from the literature focused on process management changes and determinants of success changes, people's reactions to the changes. It also deals with personality of leader as the wearer of changes, its characteristics, leadership competency model and its role in the change process. The practical part is based on knowledge from theoretical part and it provides a list of twenty characters of leader, which are divided into five groups. Based on qualitative content analysis of Hejný and his two associates interviews it was possible to decide whether Hejný meets the characteristics of leader of changes in education and to formulate recommendations for other people interested...

This diploma thesis is devoted to the situation of Christians living in the Roman Empire in the first four centuries AD. Every new religion has to face a number of problems in its beginnings, its misunderstanding and its position in society must be gradually enforced. However, the very beginnings of Christianity are not easy to grasp, since so many sources have not been preserved to this day. Likewise, many events are perceived through Christian optics and thus interpreted unilaterally. These are, above all, martyrological texts that have been extensively modified over time and authenticity is now relatively difficult. This diploma thesis is divided into several chapters, while in the first one I try to describe the Roman society and the Roman religion with which the Christian faith was confronted. Further chapters and chapters are devoted to the rise and spread of Christianity, the person of Jesus Christ, and the Church Fathers who report to us about the first centuries of Christian faith. The most extensive part of this diploma thesis is devoted to the main topic of persecution of Christians in the first four centuries AD. To date the individual stages of the persecution of Christians, I will help them by dividing them according to G.E.M. de Ste. Croixe. Chapters to describe the three stages of...

The study is going to analyse Ambrose's treatise De paenitentia and evaluate its importance for the theology of penance. After presenting the evolution of the practice of penance in early Church till 4th century, especially in West and with focus on the Novatian crisis as a milestone, the study is further dealing with Ambrose of Milan's personality and works, namely with his treatise De paenitentia; not only in the context of the contemporary polemics with Novatian heresy, but mainly as a first formalized and structured theology which will be later developed into the understanding of penance as one of the Church's sacraments. Keywords Ambrose of Milan, Church Fathers, 4th century, Novatian, sin, penance, repentance

The main aim of my thesis was to re-establish their former individual creation. When rendering images, I came from my heart that emotionally involved in deciding the final constellation of colors. The resulting series of images is processed oil painting technique using mainly medium formats. The composition of paintings based on geometric abstraction and draw on previous work by increasing the details of their own earlier paintings. The operational objective was to search for color variations that inherently express different emotional states. The work focuses primarily on finding harmonious interplay of color tones.

The thesis entitled Conspiracy Theories during the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918- 1938) deals with conspiracy theories, both in general and also specifically about those that were spread in the period from 1918 to 1938, known as the First Czechoslovak Republic. The author first characterizes conspiracy theories, divides them, introduces the readers to their main characteristics and describes why this theories are trusted by a large number of people. In the second part of this thesis the author deals specifically with periodicals from the First Czechoslovak Republic. These newspaper (Lidové noviny, Národní listy a České slovo) are examined by historical-comparative analysis and it is shown how on three specific cases (the mysterious death of Milan Rastislav Štefánik, the Gajda's affair and the alleged infection of Jiří Stříbrný with syphilis) conspiracy theories were spread during the First Czechoslovak Republic, what was the outcome, what was the motivation of those who spread them and how the state either opposed those theories or used them. In addition, for better understanding, this whole part is set in the historical context of the events. In the final part, the author examines whether the mentioned affairs and cases hold the characters of conspiracy theories or not.