Military service system is the beginning of founding national defense and a way of establishing civilians serving military service. It has great effects on the nation as well as individuals. With the change of time and space, the military strategy in R.O.C. has also undergone concrete transformation. After 1979, R.O.C. adopts the idea of defensive posture in building up troops. R.O.C. Armed Forces also pushes a whole programming of reconstructing troops, such as "Ten-Year Military Buildup Concepts", "Jingshi Program" and "Jingjin Program". The adjustment in organization and objectives in big range is regarded as the great military reconstruction since the establishment of the army. Therefore, the influence is deep and wide. Besides, the military service system serves as the source of high quality and proper quantity personnel, so the choice of military service system should depend on the guidelines of military strategies and the requirement of force structure. Hence, whether the force sourcing or the shortening of the service term should keep the flexibility and tenacity, in accordance with the gradual adjustment of buildup plan. Otherwise, the military strategic target cannot be achieved. Nowadays, the military buildup plan is based on the "fighting, equipment, organization, training, and employing" and the goal of "what we fight, what we get." And "Ten-Year Military Buildup Concepts" and "Five-Year Defense Force Programming" are important documents in ¡§designing¡¨ long-term force construction needs, which instruct the force structure in the future toward the target of reducing the total numbers of soldiers and promote personnel's character. Among these objectives, the military service system is an important part of "organization", and the root of weapon system efficiency. Currently the design of R.O.C. military service system is mainly on the voluntary system to meet the requirement of military personnel. Speaking of the trend of military service system, the voluntary system is the mainstream indeed. However, the factors of designing military service system are very complicated. There is no good or bad one. From the literature review about the military service system, most of them are concerned about whether the voluntary system or conscription system is good or bad and shortening of service time. Few of them mention the deep underlying theories behind military service system and the problem arising from the process of military transformation. This study mainly explores the problems encountered in the reform of the military service system. The policy-making authorities must face up to these factors and search for long-term and complete solution. Otherwise, the effect of the voluntary system to elevate the military power will be reduced and it will cause more and more problems in the future.

In this thesis, we examine labor market outcomes for the youth (ages 15-29) using microdata from several rounds of the Turkish Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS). We begin by examining demographic trends. We then rely on synthetic cohorts. The fact that the HLFS sample frame targets the civilian non-institutional population brings about difficulties in interpreting labor market indicators. We show that a more reasonable picture of schooling and work choices emerges when a simple correction for &lsquo / missing males&rsquo / who are doing their CMS and examine the effect of Compulsory Military Service (CMS) on the transition from school to work by using discrete hazard models. We also investigate the time it takes to find the first permanent job to shed light on the recent evolution of the transition from school to work.Using Cox Proportional Hazard Model, we examine the effects of structural reforms and macro-economic conditions, and the permanence of these effects. We are able to study the differences in the hazard of obtaining the first permanent job by education levels non-parametrically. Finally, we investigate the changes in the cumulative baseline hazards over time and test for the presence of gender differences in the hazard rates by using time varying covariates. With the help of these covariates, we are able to compute the time needed for the closure of the gender gap.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-269).

This dissertation investigates some of the factors affecting modern household finance decisions in the United States using natural experimental variation and administrative data. In Chapter 1 I estimate the effects of financial education on retirement savings decisions. Between 2007 and 2008 the U.S. Army implemented a mandatory 8 hour Personal Financial Management Course (PFMC) for new soldiers. Staggered implementation across locations and time provides quasi-experimental variation in whether an individual received the training. I find that the course has large and lasting effects on individual retirement savings in the Thrift Savings Plan, a tax-deferred account similar to a 401(k). The course doubles savings, has significant effects throughout the distribution of savings and the effects persist out to two years. The mechanism for the effects is likely a combination of both human capital and behavioral assistance. In Chapter 2 I estimate the effects of financial education on a variety of other economic behaviors. I rely on the same natural experiment as in Chapter 1 but I use individually matched credit data to estimate the effects of financial education on credit scores, credit balances for several types of accounts, monthly payments and adverse legal actions. In some areas I find that the PFMC has beneficial effects, reducing cumulative account balances (especially for automobile accounts) and aggregate monthly payments. In other areas, including credit scores, the probability of being active in the credit market and the number of adverse legal actions, the PFMC has no statistically significant effects on financial behavior. In Chapter 3 I estimate the effects of stress on financial decision-making. I use the natural variation in the casualty rates faced by individuals deploying overseas an exogenous source of stress and I measure the effects of this stress on individuals' participation in the Savings Deposit Program (SDP), a risk-free 10% annual percentage rate savings account. I find a modest and statistically significant negative relationship between the stress of casualties and SDP participation on the order of 5%. Some failures of the randomization test and the confounding effects of overall activity levels and rural locations cannot be eliminated as a source of the observed savings differences and as a result, these results should be considered suggestive evidence of the adverse effects of stress on financial decision-making.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0038 ; please contact computer services.

A number of books in recent years have analysed the reasons behind R.B.Haldane's radical decision to create a home defence auxiliary designed to replace the Militia, Yeomanry and Rifle Volunteers. Rather than cover again material which has already been extensively examined, this study concentrates on the formation of the several auxiliary bodies which were intended to assist the new Territorial Force in its defence of mainland Britain. The thesis also looks at the dynamics which, in 1914, prompted the spontaneous emergence of another, unofficial auxiliary, the Volunteer Training Corps. Regarded with disdain and contempt by the War Office, the VTC, later the Volunteer Force, was used by the political authorities as a means by which the civilian population could, without excessive government expenditure, be encouraged to take an active part in the defence of its country. The Volunteer Force developed into a recognized body of part-time auxiliary soldiers which became, in time, intimately involved with the workings of the tribunal system and with the concepts of total war and universal sacrifice. In contrast to the military authorities' distrust of the Volunteers, the Government decided that political expediency demanded it partially support and eventually fund the movement. Although awarded a post-war certificate of appreciation, the Volunteers were denied any real official recognition of their patriotism and commitment. Research into Britain's auxiliary forces of the early twentieth century has largely ignored the contribution of the National Reserve, Corps of Guides, Royal Defence Corps and the Volunteer Force: their existence has occasionally been acknowledged but there has been no adequate study of the role of these bodies in the context of what some historians regard as a nation-in-arms. An examination of government documents, the papers of individuals closely involved in home defence and, in particular, the minute books of the County Territorial Associations, has revealed a sometimes bizarre and occasionally bewildering picture of Government and War Office contradictions. By unravelling the nature and complications of the political and military difficulties involved in raising and maintaining Britain's auxiliary forces, this thesis attempts to develop recent research on the character, controversies and contribution of Britain's part-time amateur soldiers.

Abstract Soldiers are at risk of incurable noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in military activities. Therefore the prevention of hearing loss is important. The large variation in individual susceptibility to NIHL is well known but the reason for this is not completely understood. The data of this current comprehensive register-based follow-up study consist of the health records, hearing measuring results and occupational history of 1 941 soldiers. The occurrence and degree of hearing losses among soldiers who served between 1965 and 2007 was investigated by comparing groups formed according to year-class and service branch. An association between cardiovascular risk factors and NIHL was also assessed. Furthermore the efficacy of the hearing conservation measures carried out by the Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) and the Finnish Border Guard (FBG) was evaluated. Noise turned out to be the major risk factor of hearing impairment among the investigated soldiers. The occurrence of NIHL (hearing threshold at 3,4 or 6 kHz > 40 dB) was at least around 10 percentages lower among soldiers who started their career in 1990s than in the older year-classes 15 years after the beginning of military career. Concurrently, the decline of the average degree of hearing loss at high tones improved around 20 dB. The occurrence of NIHL was the lowest among pilots, musicians and naval soldiers, and the highest among soldiers in engineering and air defense corps. No clear difference was found between cardiovascular risk factors and NIHL with the exception of hyperglycemia. A clear temporal connection was found between the decline of the occurrence of NIHL among the soldiers and the hearing conservation measures carried out in the late 80s. A review of the four-stage hearing classification used in Finnish occupational health service since the 1970s, as well as the guidelines that rely on them, is needed. / Tiivistelmä Melu aiheuttaa sotilaille palautumattoman kuulovaurion riskin, minkä vuoksi meluvammojen ehkäisy on tärkeää. Yksilöiden meluvamma-alttiudessa tiedetään olevan suuria eroja. Syytä tähän ei vielä kovin hyvin tunneta. Tämän laajan rekisteritutkimuksen aineisto koostui 1941 sotilaan terveystarkastustiedoista, kuulontutkimustuloksista ja työhistoriatiedoista. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin meluvammojen esiintyvyyttä ja vaikeusastetta vuosina 1965−2007 palvelleilla suomalaisilla ammattisotilailla vertailemalla vuosikurssin ja aselajin mukaan valittuja ryhmiä sekä tutkittiin sotilaiden sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien riskitekijöiden ja meluvammojen yhteyttä. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin Suomen puolustusvoimissa ja Rajavartiolaitoksessa toteutettujen kuulonsuojelutoimenpiteiden vaikuttavuutta. Melu osoittautui olevan merkittävin kuulovian riskitekijä tutkitussa aineistossa. Viidentoista palvelusvuoden jälkeen ilmenneiden meluvammojen (kuulokynnys taajuudella 3,4 tai 6 kHz > 40 dB) määrä oli vähintään kymmenen prosenttiyksikköä pienempi sotilailla, jotka aloittivat uransa 1990-luvulla verrattuna vanhempien vuosikurssien sotilaisiin. Samanaikaisesti korkeiden äänien kuuloviat lievenivät noin 20 dB:n verran. Meluvammariski oli pienin lentäjillä, soittajilla ja laivastosotilailla ja suurin pioneereilla ja ilmatorjuntasotilailla. Sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien riskitekijöistä ainoastaan korkea verensokeri näytti selkeästi liittyvän kohonneeseen meluvammariskiin. 1980-luvun lopulla toimeenpantujen kuulonsuojelutoimenpiteiden ja sotilaiden kuulon parantumisen välillä on nähtävissä selkeä ajallinen yhteys. Suomessa 1970-luvulta lähtien käytetyssä neliportaisessa kuuloluokituksessa ja siihen tukeutuvissa käytännöissä ilmeni puutteita, joiden vuoksi suomalaisen työterveyshuollon kuulonhuoltoa koskeva ohjeistus on aiheellista tarkistaa.

The aim of the thesis is a reflection of the phenomenom military service in the Czechoslovak People's Army in the seventies of the twenties century in the men's collective memory who fulfilled military service in these times. The research was based on a narrative analysis data which have been obtained during oral history interviews with contemporary witnesses. Then, the data were compared with written historical sources. The thesis is focused on a soldier's everyday routine in the military service. The empirical part is focused on the reflection of the military service from the view of narrators.

Currently, the high level of burnout among military psychologists resulting from contemporary military service is gaining attention. However, there is insufficient knowledge of their lived experiences of burnout. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore burnout, based on the military occupational mental health, military job demand-resources models, and biopsychosocial models. Eleven active duty and prior service military psychologists were recruited for interviews using snowball sampling. The first phase of data analysis employed NVivo software. The second and third phase used the 7-step modified version of the Van Kamm method, resulting in 7 themes and 1 discrepant case. The key findings indicated that the unique nature of military bureaucracy provided the environment that fostered burnout into a taboo milestone. Furthermore, the challenging task associated with finding meaning and balance for the ambiguous role of being a military psychologist also compounded the experiential factors contributing to burnout. Several shared experiential indications foretelling of burnout were identified. However, the reality of how military psychologist experienced burnout differed from textbook knowledge, indicating there is a theory-practice gap in personally diagnosing burnout progression. Military psychologists also indicated the theory-practice gap between the available resources for burnout and their limiting utilization practicability. The results of this study can be used to make a positive social change by better informing the development of prevention strategies benefiting not only military psychologists but potentially all military members who routinely describe themselves as burned out.

No description available.