The aim of thesis was to analyze results of raw bulk milk according to these quality indicators: fat content, protein content, urea content, casein content, solids-not-fat (SNF) content, lactose content and freezing point. Data were evaluated from November 2009 through October 2010 at two breedings. Limits given by European Union and czech legislation were keep in both breedings. In first breeding were mediumly means 4,127 g/100g fat, 3,427 g/100g protein, 2,601 mmol/l urea, 2,688 g/100g casein, 9,015 g/100g solids-not-fat, 4,887 g/100g lactose and freezing point -0,5265 °C.In second breeding were mediumly means 4,045 g/100g fat, 3,319 g/100g protein, 2,462 mmol/l urea, 2,603 g/100g casein, , 8,839 g/100g solids-not-fat, 4,828 g/100g lactose and freezing point -0,5246 °C. Results were compared and causes of difference and milk quality variation were explained.

REIS FILHO, Raimundo José Couto dos. Avaliação de caracteristicas de produção e reprodução de grupos genéticos holandês x gir de um rebanho leiteiro no município de horizonte - ce. 2006. 68 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T17:56:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rjcreisfilho.pdf: 1175472 bytes, checksum: 7bd7a75859a6f739097325a2e6ac848a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-12T12:15:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rjcreisfilho.pdf: 1175472 bytes, checksum: 7bd7a75859a6f739097325a2e6ac848a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_rjcreisfilho.pdf: 1175472 bytes, checksum: 7bd7a75859a6f739097325a2e6ac848a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The objective of this was to evaluate milk yield per lactation (PL), milk yield per day of lactation (PD), lactation length of (DL), milk yield in 305 days (PL305), milk yield per day in 305 days of lactation (PD305), milk yield of calving intervals (PIP), milk yield in 305 days of calving intervals (PIP305), calving intervals (IP) and age at first calving (IPP). The records were obtained of 175 cows of the Farm Forquilha, located in the country of Horizonte, in the state of the Ceará, Brazil, in a total of 507 lactations, being 344 multiparous and 163 primiparous cows. Data were analyzed through the least square method by GLM procedure (SAS, 1999). Three statistic models were used. The first model used for multiparous animals included the effects fixed of genetic group, season and year of calving, lactations numbers and origin of the father of the cow (bull or semen). The second model excluded the effect of lactations numbers for primiparous. The third model was for analysis of the age at first calving included the genetic group, month and year of birth and origin of the father of the cow. Certain genetic groups had better performance according to some criteria, while other groups had better responses as regard to other traits. Thus, further studies are needed to better determine the characteristics of those genetic groups, including economic evaluations. The effect year of calving significantly influenced all characteristics related to production and reproduction, for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Such results support the direct influence of changes in management throughout the study, also demonstrating the importance of proper management strategies and the balance of all factors that form the production system: animal (genotype), management (health, nutritional and reproductive), welfare and housing. In summary, all such criteria are even more crucial to the production system than the definition of the genetic group itself. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as produções de leite por lactação (PL), as produções de leite por dia de lactação (PD), a duração da lactação (DL), as produções de leite até os 305 dias de lactação (PL305), as produções de leite por dia em 305 dias de lactação (PD305), as produções de leite por dia de intervalo de partos (PIP), as produções de leite por intervalo de partos em 305 dias de lactação (PIP305), intervalo de partos (IP) e idade ao primeiro parto (IPP). Os registros foram obtidos de 175 vacas da Fazenda Forquilha, situada no município de Horizonte - CE, perfazendo um total de 507 lactações, das quais 344 foram provenientes de vacas multíparas e 163 de vacas primíparas. As análises de variância foram estimadas pelo método dos quadrados mínimos pelo procedimento GLM (SAS, 1999), mediante três modelos estatísticos. O primeiro modelo utilizado para os animais multíparos incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo genético, estação e ano de parto, ordem de parição e origem do pai da vaca (reprodutor ou sêmen). O segundo modelo exclui o efeito de ordem de parição para as primíparas. O terceiro modelo, para análise da característica idade ao primeiro parto, utilizou-se o efeito do grupo genético, mês e ano de nascimento, origem do pai e, também, excluiu-se o efeito de ordem de parição. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, não se pode afirmar qual o grupo genético que obteve melhor desempenho, principalmente pelo fato de haver uma inter-relação entre os índices avaliados, os quais demonstraram alternância de melhores resultados nas diversas características para os grupos genéticos, necessitando de um maior número de pesquisas sobre o assunto, sendo de suma importância à inclusão da avaliação econômica da atividade. O efeito de ano de parto influenciou ignificativamente todas as características de produção e reprodução, tanto para primíparas quanto para multíparas, evidenciando a influência direta das alterações de manejo ao longo do período estudado, o que demonstra a grande importância do manejo adequado e o equilíbrio dos fatores que compõem o sistema de produção: animal (qualidade genética), manejo (sanitário, nutricional e reprodutivo), instalações (conforto) e gestão da atividade, sendo estes mais determinantes do que propriamente a definição do grupo genético a ser utilizado.

The aim of thesis was to analyze results of raw bulk milk according to these quality indicators: total bacterial count (TBC), somatic cell count (SCC), fat content, protein content, casein content, freezing point, solids-not-fat (SNF) and urea content. Data were evaluated from March 2006 through December 2008 at three farms. All of quality indicators were evaluated in term of farm, year and month. The ANOVA showed a significant effect of farm, year and month on all quality indicators. Limits given by European Union of TBC ({$\leq$}100,000/ml) and SCC ({$\leq$}400,000/ml) were keep in all farms. In first farm were overall means 3.97 % fat, 3.56 % protein, 2.73 % casein percentage, freezing point -0.527 °C, 9.11 % solids-not-fat and 4.8 mmol/l urea. In second farm were overall means 3.89 % fat, 3.47 % protein, 2.68 % casein percentage, freezing point -0.523 °C, 9.01 % solids-not-fat and 3.6 mmol/l urea. In third farm were overall means 3.81 % fat, 3.33 % protein, 2.60 % casein percentage, freezing point -0.522 °C, 8.87 % solids-not-fat and 4.5 mmol/l urea. Results were compared and causes of difference and milk quality variation were explained.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as produÃÃes de leite por lactaÃÃo (PL), as produÃÃes de leite por dia de lactaÃÃo (PD), a duraÃÃo da lactaÃÃo (DL), as produÃÃes de leite atà os 305 dias de lactaÃÃo (PL305), as produÃÃes de leite por dia em 305 dias de lactaÃÃo (PD305), as produÃÃes de leite por dia de intervalo de partos (PIP), as produÃÃes de leite por intervalo de partos em 305 dias de lactaÃÃo (PIP305), intervalo de partos (IP) e idade ao primeiro parto (IPP). Os registros foram obtidos de 175 vacas da Fazenda Forquilha, situada no municÃpio de Horizonte - CE, perfazendo um total de 507 lactaÃÃes, das quais 344 foram provenientes de vacas multÃparas e 163 de vacas primÃparas. As anÃlises de variÃncia foram estimadas pelo mÃtodo dos quadrados mÃnimos pelo procedimento GLM (SAS, 1999), mediante trÃs modelos estatÃsticos. O primeiro modelo utilizado para os animais multÃparos incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo genÃtico, estaÃÃo e ano de parto, ordem de pariÃÃo e origem do pai da vaca (reprodutor ou sÃmen). O segundo modelo exclui o efeito de ordem de pariÃÃo para as primÃparas. O terceiro modelo, para anÃlise da caracterÃstica idade ao primeiro parto, utilizou-se o efeito do grupo genÃtico, mÃs e ano de nascimento, origem do pai e, tambÃm, excluiu-se o efeito de ordem de pariÃÃo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, nÃo se pode afirmar qual o grupo genÃtico que obteve melhor desempenho, principalmente pelo fato de haver uma inter-relaÃÃo entre os Ãndices avaliados, os quais demonstraram alternÃncia de melhores resultados nas diversas caracterÃsticas para os grupos genÃticos, necessitando de um maior nÃmero de pesquisas sobre o assunto, sendo de suma importÃncia à inclusÃo da avaliaÃÃo econÃmica da atividade. O efeito de ano de parto influenciou ignificativamente todas as caracterÃsticas de produÃÃo e reproduÃÃo, tanto para primÃparas quanto para multÃparas, evidenciando a influÃncia direta das alteraÃÃes de manejo ao longo do perÃodo estudado, o que demonstra a grande importÃncia do manejo adequado e o equilÃbrio dos fatores que compÃem o sistema de produÃÃo: animal (qualidade genÃtica), manejo (sanitÃrio, nutricional e reprodutivo), instalaÃÃes (conforto) e gestÃo da atividade, sendo estes mais determinantes do que propriamente a definiÃÃo do grupo genÃtico a ser utilizado. / The objective of this was to evaluate milk yield per lactation (PL), milk yield per day of lactation (PD), lactation length of (DL), milk yield in 305 days (PL305), milk yield per day in 305 days of lactation (PD305), milk yield of calving intervals (PIP), milk yield in 305 days of calving intervals (PIP305), calving intervals (IP) and age at first calving (IPP). The records were obtained of 175 cows of the Farm Forquilha, located in the country of Horizonte, in the state of the CearÃ, Brazil, in a total of 507 lactations, being 344 multiparous and 163 primiparous cows. Data were analyzed through the least square method by GLM procedure (SAS, 1999). Three statistic models were used. The first model used for multiparous animals included the effects fixed of genetic group, season and year of calving, lactations numbers and origin of the father of the cow (bull or semen). The second model excluded the effect of lactations numbers for primiparous. The third model was for analysis of the age at first calving included the genetic group, month and year of birth and origin of the father of the cow. Certain genetic groups had better performance according to some criteria, while other groups had better responses as regard to other traits. Thus, further studies are needed to better determine the characteristics of those genetic groups, including economic evaluations. The effect year of calving significantly influenced all characteristics related to production and reproduction, for both primiparous and multiparous cows. Such results support the direct influence of changes in management throughout the study, also demonstrating the importance of proper management strategies and the balance of all factors that form the production system: animal (genotype), management (health, nutritional and reproductive), welfare and housing. In summary, all such criteria are even more crucial to the production system than the definition of the genetic group itself.

Phytoestrogens are very intensively studied in recent years because they show different pharmacological effects on human health. For example, it was demonstrated that phytoestrogens reduce the risk of certain cancers (breast, prostate or colon), act as antioxidants in the body and affect the activity of certain enzymes. In addition, also it was demonstrated number of positive effects of soybean phytoestrogens on the health status of women in the menopause, such as reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or osteoporosis. Various technologically processed soy beans are important part of the feed rations mainly for high-lactating dairy cows, because they are a valuable source of the energy and high-quality protein, despite their negative effect on reproductive performance. Phytoestrogens consumed from the feed rations are hydrolyzed in the rumen of dairy cow and together with their metabolites are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood. They can be excreted from the body in urine or milk. From this perspective, cow's milk may become a source of phytoestrogens substances, especially equol in the human nutrition. On the other hand, some research results suggest possible potential risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in the diet on human health. At the some age (infants and young children) and group (vegetarians) categories may be dietary intake of phytoestrogens undiserable. According to most experts, a beneficial effect on human health prevail the potential risks. However, the risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in food can not be ignored and therefore phytoestrogens are still actual problem in the field of scientific research.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

This diploma thesis focuses on differences between animal milk and its plant-based alternatives. This work is divided into a practical and theoretical part. The theoretical part describes composition of the plant-based milk, its consumption and its quality compared with the animal milks. One section from the theoretical part deals with the most frequent myths about animal milk. The practical part is devoted to a research. The main aim of this research was to find out (by using a questionnaire), whether and how often students consume animal milk and its plant-based alternatives, which of these they prefer, what the reason for the consumption is and what the sources of the information on animal milk and its plant-based alternatives are. Other aims of this research are to evaluate the knowledge of the questioned students about this issue and to find out how the students perceive this problem and to prove or disprove the stated hypotheses. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to help clients to orient themselves in the information on animal milk and its plant-based alternatives and to clarify some of the myths which still occur in the population. Key words: milk plant milk the effect of milk on health milk composition

This thesis is concerned on the theme Milk and dairy products in nutrition of pupils aged 11 to 15 years. The theoretical part is based on the chemical composition of milk of general aspect and there are characterized some chosen kinds of dairy products and their effects on human health. The practical part is concerned on the research of being some statistically significant differences in consumption of milk and dairy products of the point of view of gender, age and access to milk and diary products in the families. The research is further based on the finding of the levels of probands'knowledge about the composition and the influence of milk to the human organism. The research sample is formed by 240 pupils of Secondary school in Domažlice, Komenského 17. The results show neither the gender, age or access to milk and diary products in the families do not affect the consumption of milk and dairy products of individual probands. The education unit whose aim is to increase the knowledge about milk of second graders in elementary schools is proposed on basis of identified facts.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

There is some rating of the production of milk and its consumption in Czech Republic in this work. Then there is some rating of consumer preferences, import and export and their commodity and territorial structure. This work also preview price trends and economics of milk production.