This study tests the hypothesis that Khoe speaking herders from northern Botswana brought pottery to the southern tip of Africa. Stylistically in terms of lip types, rim orientations, vessel size, shape and decoration no homogeneity was noted between and within samples from several sites in Southern Africa thus refuting the idea that these vessels were made by the same population. Noted was the fact that during the LSA the technology behind the manufacturing pots and probably the idea of using these pots was the same but each group decorated their variously shaped pots according to their own choices influenced probably by their cultural beliefs. This study argues for a need to shift the mindset that for every new tradition in the southern African archaeological record appearing it has to involve massive movement of people introducing it. Therefore this study brings forth the idea that pottery probably reached the tip of Africa by diffusion.

The thesis "Development of Peruvian economy in new millenium" is divided into four chapters. The first part deals with Peruvian geography, demography nad history. The second part focuses on development of GDP and its structure, on inflation, currency, public debt and unemployment. The third part analyses the development of Peruvian trade and presents the trade with United States and European Union as a study. The final part evaluates the perspectives of economic development and on the basis of mentioned facts gives the problems that are limited for the fast growth of Peruvian economy. The result is a complete study about progress, development and limiting factors of Peruvian republic.

This thesis examines the impact of social policies on child mortality. It argues that structural factors explain most of the variation in child mortality across countries and time. But that in Vietnam the state implemented effective social policies; leading to this country having low child mortality for its structural factors (income, income equality and women’s power). This thesis uses panel data econometrics to investigate the structural determinants of child mortality. Our model shows that national income and women’s power reduce, and income inequality increases, child mortality. These independent variables are significant at the 1% level and explain over 90% of the variation in child mortality when our dependent variable is under-five mortality from the World Development Indicators dataset. These results are robust to changes in the functional form, lag structure, dataset and measure of child mortality used in our model. Vietnam is an outlier in our model; it has low child mortality for its structural factors. We consider that Vietnam’s effective social policies may explain why it is an outlier. This thesis also undertakes a detailed case study of Vietnam’s social policies. We argue and provide considerable evidence that in Vietnam the government implemented effective family planning, child immunization and female education policies and that these reduced child mortality. Developing countries are currently committed through MDG4 to reducing under-five mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. Our results show that developing countries are unlikely to achieve this goal because social policies have a small impact on child mortality relative to structural factors.

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Orientador: Silvio César Camargo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T08:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_Luciana_M.pdf: 3272288 bytes, checksum: 8b441a33d6b10823d27bbdddb3424557 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar os chamados centros de pensamento voltados para a defesa de valores, conhecidos internacionalmente como think tanks de terceira geração. O objeto de estudo é o Instituto Millenium, um centro de pensamento liberal criado em 2006 e sediado no Rio de Janeiro: suas ações, seus especialistas e valores defendidos, assim como suas relações com a imprensa nacional e com outras organizações semelhantes. Para tanto, apresenta-se sua trajetória e sua vertente liberal de pensamento confrontada com as linhas editorias de três jornais de grande circulação no Brasil com o propósito de verificar se há similaridades ou influência / Abstract: The main objective of this dissertation is to present the so called advocacy think tanks, also known as third generation think tanks. The subject of this study is Instituto Millenium, a liberal think tank created in 2006 and based in Rio de Janeiro: its actions, its experts and its advocated values, as well as their relationship with the national press and with other alike organizations. For such, we present its trajectory and its liberal thought (or neoliberal, if you wish), confronted with the editorial guidelines of three major mass-circulation newspapers in order to find similarities and/or influence / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestra em Sociologia

The developing world presents many questions which are explored by different scientific disciplines and fields in an effort to find sustainable solutions to problems that are defined in the MDGs. Even the marketing and commercial communications brings many creative and effective solutions in order to help achieve these goals. The primary aim of this thesis is to identify the different types of development assistance provided by various subjects of our society, to characterize the market from the perspective of developing marketing strategies and to analyze the potential of selected tools of commercial communications in creating sustainable solutions to development problems. Communication for Development which is based on global partnership has the potential to accelerate the achievement of term and measurable development goals and presented work tries to demonstrate it through many examples.

Les sources cunéiformes principalement de nature économique et administrative montrent que les femmes avaient un rôle très remarquable dans la vie économique en Mésopotamie au Ill' millénaire avant notre ère. Les femmes de différente strates sociales participaient d'une manière ou d'une autre dans la vie économique : les femmes proches du pouvoir ou autonomes qui géraient leurs propres ressources et maisonnées, ainsi que les femmes en bas de l'échelle sociale dépendantes des grands organismes et qui composait une abondante force de travail qui a largement été utilisée par les autorités. Les femmes de rang "normal" pouvaient exercer des activités productives telles que la production textile et la préparation des céréales, ou des activités à l'extérieur des maisonnées comme les travaux agricoles et les travaux de construction, elles pouvaient aussi exercer des métiers spécifiques comme la médecine. / Cuneiform sources, mainly of an economic and administrative nature, show that women had a very remarkable role in the economic life of Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. Women in different social strata participated in one way or another in economic life: women in power or autonomous who managed their own resources and households, as well as women at the bottom of the social depended of the large organizations, constituted an abundant labor force which was widely used by the authorities. Women from "normal" rank were able to engage in productive activities such as textile production and cereal processing, or activities outside households such as agricultural work and construction work, they could also be engaged in specific occupations such as Medicine.

Aujourd'hui une augmentation de l'intensité des extrêmes hydrologiques est attendue avec le réchauffement global. Cependant le manque d'observations des phénomènes torrentiels et de mesures directes des précipitations en altitude sur le temps long ne permet pas d'étayer cette théorie. Les archives naturelles lacustres, par leur capacité à enregistrer l'évolution passée de l'activité torrentielle, offrent l'opportunité de combler ce manque. L'objectif de la thèse est de reconstituer l'évolution de la fréquence et de l'intensité des crues passées, à partir de l'étude de séquences sédimentaires de lacs d'altitude des Alpes Françaises. Afin d'être en mesure d'évaluer le rôle de la température sur l'activité torrentielle, notre étude se focalise sur le dernier millénaire qui a connu des périodes climatiques contrastées ; période chaude de l'Optimum Médiéval (OM), période froide du Petit Age Glaciaire (PAG) et réchauffement global actuel. Les sites d'étude ont été sélectionnés selon un transect nord-sud pour évaluer la variabilité régionale de l'activité torrentielle en réponse aux changements climatiques. Ce travail repose sur des analyses sédimentologiques et géochimiques à haute résolution qui ont permis i) de identifier les dépôts de crue, ii) de les distinguer de dépôts similaires issus de remaniements gravitaires et iii) de déterminer un marqueur fiable de l'intensité des événements. D'autre part plusieurs méthodes de datation ont été combinées dans l'objectif de diminuer les incertitudes des modèles d'âge. La fréquence de crue à l'échelle pluri-séculaire apparaît en augmentation sur l'ensemble des Alpes Françaises au cours de la période froide du PAG. Cependant à l'échelle pluri-décennale la fréquence de crue évolue différemment entre le Nord et le Sud des Alpes. Les maxima de fréquence apparaissent au cours de périodes chaudes dans les Alpes du Nord, alors que les maxima dans les Alpes du Sud semblent correspondre à des phases négatives de l'Oscillation Nord-Atlantique. De plus les événements de crue extrême se produisent au cours des périodes les plus chaudes dans les Alpes du Nord alors qu'ils apparaissent au cours du PAG dans les Alpes du Sud. Ces résultats suggèrent donc une régionalisation des effets du réchauffement global sur les crues extrêmes et les précipitations intenses. / An increase of the intensity of hydrological extremes is expected in the current context of the global warming. However, the lack of observations of torrential events and measurements of precipitation at high elevation areas does not allow supporting this theory. Past flood evolutions can be recorded in lake sediments and allow to explore the evolution of such events and the relationships to past climatic changes. This work aims at reconstructing the past evolution of flood frequency and intensity based on the study of sediment sequences of high elevation lakes of the French Alps. To assess the role of the temperature on this evolution, our study focused over the last millennium which includes thermal-contrasted periods such as the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly and the cold Little Ice Age. Studied sites were selected along a north-south transect to investigate the regional variability of flood evolution in response to the same context of past climatic changes. High-resolution sedimentological and geochemical analyses allowed to identify a large number of flood deposits, distinguish deposits resulting from floods from gravity processes and to assess a reliable flood intensity proxy. Some distinct dating methods were finally used to reduce age uncertainties on the age-depth relationships. An increase of the flood frequency at a multi-secular time-scale appeared over the entire French Alps during the Little Ice Age. However at a multi-decennial time-scale flood frequencies evolved differently between the north and the south of the French Alps. Maxima of flood frequency appear during the warmer periods in the northern Alps while maxima of flood frequency appear during negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillations. Finally the most extreme events occurred during the warmer periods in the northern Alps while they occur during the Little Ice Age in the southern ones. Those results suggest thus distinct regional effects of the global warming on extreme flood events and intense precipitations and, especially, an increase of flood hazard in the northern French Alps owing to an increase of flood intensity with the warming context.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto da agenda de Objetivos do Milênio (ODM) definida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) na criação e no desdobramento de projetos voltados para o desenvolvimento sustentável, com foco na ótica dos pequenos agricultores brasileiros. Para que este objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, foi empenhada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória por meio de estudos de caso sobre os projetos \"Rede de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional\" e \"Clima da Caatinga\", promovidos pela Prefeitura de Maracanaú (CE) e pela Associação Caatinga, respectivamente. A amostra foi selecionada tendo por critério de representatividade a condecoração dos projetos na edição de 2013 do Prêmio ODM Brasil, a sua localização no estado mais premiado (Ceará), e a divisão do prêmio nas categorias \"Governos Municipais\" e \"Organizações Sociais\". A pesquisa contou com a realização de entrevistas em profundidade e entrevistas em grupo com lideranças e beneficiários dos dois projetos que, somadas às análises de documentos de fontes primárias e secundárias e observação não estruturada dentro do contexto de execução dos projetos, propiciou a elucidação dos papel e influência da ONU e das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento e amadurecimento dos projetos estudados. Verificou-se que as iniciativas da ONU no âmbito do programa Objetivos do Milênio, apesar de produzirem baixo impacto na motivação que levou à criação dos projetos analisados, assumiram papel relevante para os seus respectivos desdobramentos, contribuindo para a sua reorientação ao planejamento de longo prazo e facilitando o estabelecimento de parcerias estratégicas. Além disso, as políticas públicas de incentivo se mostraram uma relevante ferramenta no processo de intervenção e transformação de realidades de vulnerabilidade social e degradação ambiental. Ante a isto, concluímos que os incentivos promovidos pelas organizações internacionais na esteira da definição de agendas sustentáveis, como os ODM, possuem grande potencial contributivo para a consolidação de projetos que visem a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. / This paper aims to analyze the impact of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) defined by the United Nations (UN) on the creation and deployment of projects focused on sustainable development, focusing on the perspective of small Brazilian farmers. In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory research was undertaken through case studies on the \"Food and Nutrition Security Network\" and \"Caatinga Climate\" projects, promoted by the City Hall of Maracanaú (CE) and the Caatinga Association , respectively. The sample was selected considering the presence of the projects in the 2013 edition of the Brazil ODM Award, its location in the most contemplated state (Ceará), and the division of the award in the categories \"Municipal Governments\" and \"Social Organizations\". The research included in-depth interviews and group interviews with leaders and beneficiaries of the two projects, which, together with the analysis of documents from primary and secondary sources and unstructured observation within the context of project execution, provided the elucidation of the roles and influence of the UN and public policies for the development and maturing of the studied projects. Following the investigation, it was found that UN initiatives under the Millennium Development Goals, although having a low impact on the motivation that led to the creation of the projects analyzed, have played a relevant role in their respective developments, contributing to their reorientation to the long-term planning and facilitating the establishment of strategic partnerships. In addition, the public policies have proved to be an important tool in the process of intervention and transformation of realities of social vulnerability and environmental degradation. It was concluded that the incentives promoted by international organizations through the definition of sustainable agendas, such as the MDGs, have great contributory potential for the consolidation of projects regarding the promotion of sustainable development.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto da agenda de Objetivos do Milênio (ODM) definida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) na criação e no desdobramento de projetos voltados para o desenvolvimento sustentável, com foco na ótica dos pequenos agricultores brasileiros. Para que este objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, foi empenhada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória por meio de estudos de caso sobre os projetos \"Rede de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional\" e \"Clima da Caatinga\", promovidos pela Prefeitura de Maracanaú (CE) e pela Associação Caatinga, respectivamente. A amostra foi selecionada tendo por critério de representatividade a condecoração dos projetos na edição de 2013 do Prêmio ODM Brasil, a sua localização no estado mais premiado (Ceará), e a divisão do prêmio nas categorias \"Governos Municipais\" e \"Organizações Sociais\". A pesquisa contou com a realização de entrevistas em profundidade e entrevistas em grupo com lideranças e beneficiários dos dois projetos que, somadas às análises de documentos de fontes primárias e secundárias e observação não estruturada dentro do contexto de execução dos projetos, propiciou a elucidação dos papel e influência da ONU e das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento e amadurecimento dos projetos estudados. Verificou-se que as iniciativas da ONU no âmbito do programa Objetivos do Milênio, apesar de produzirem baixo impacto na motivação que levou à criação dos projetos analisados, assumiram papel relevante para os seus respectivos desdobramentos, contribuindo para a sua reorientação ao planejamento de longo prazo e facilitando o estabelecimento de parcerias estratégicas. Além disso, as políticas públicas de incentivo se mostraram uma relevante ferramenta no processo de intervenção e transformação de realidades de vulnerabilidade social e degradação ambiental. Ante a isto, concluímos que os incentivos promovidos pelas organizações internacionais na esteira da definição de agendas sustentáveis, como os ODM, possuem grande potencial contributivo para a consolidação de projetos que visem a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. / This paper aims to analyze the impact of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) defined by the United Nations (UN) on the creation and deployment of projects focused on sustainable development, focusing on the perspective of small Brazilian farmers. In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory research was undertaken through case studies on the \"Food and Nutrition Security Network\" and \"Caatinga Climate\" projects, promoted by the City Hall of Maracanaú (CE) and the Caatinga Association , respectively. The sample was selected considering the presence of the projects in the 2013 edition of the Brazil ODM Award, its location in the most contemplated state (Ceará), and the division of the award in the categories \"Municipal Governments\" and \"Social Organizations\". The research included in-depth interviews and group interviews with leaders and beneficiaries of the two projects, which, together with the analysis of documents from primary and secondary sources and unstructured observation within the context of project execution, provided the elucidation of the roles and influence of the UN and public policies for the development and maturing of the studied projects. Following the investigation, it was found that UN initiatives under the Millennium Development Goals, although having a low impact on the motivation that led to the creation of the projects analyzed, have played a relevant role in their respective developments, contributing to their reorientation to the long-term planning and facilitating the establishment of strategic partnerships. In addition, the public policies have proved to be an important tool in the process of intervention and transformation of realities of social vulnerability and environmental degradation. It was concluded that the incentives promoted by international organizations through the definition of sustainable agendas, such as the MDGs, have great contributory potential for the consolidation of projects regarding the promotion of sustainable development.