L’émergence des applications mobiles accessibles depuis un smartphone provoque une très forte augmentation du trafic de données transitant sur les réseaux mobiles. L’augmentation de la capacité du réseau et de la rapidité des connexions sont autant de points cruciaux que les nouvelles générations de réseau mobile devront adresser afin de répondre à la demande des utilisateurs. L’une des solutions viables pour augmenter la capacité du réseau mobile consiste à le densifier afin de permettre la réutilisation des fréquences en déployant des stations de base consommant une faible puissance et couvrant de petites surfaces (les "small cells"). Ce mode de déploiement massif en "small cells" constitue un défi majeur pour le réseau de backhaul afin de reconnecter chacune de ces "small cell" au cœur de réseau. De plus, avec l’évolution du réseau de backhaul vers une architecture de type Centralized Radio Access Network (CRAN), des technologies sans fil pouvant supporter des débits supérieurs à 10Gbit/s seront requises. Étant donné la maturité des technologies silicium au-delà de 100GHz, la bande 116-142GHz semble être un candidat idéal pour établir des communications point à point supérieures à 10Gbit/s et très faible consommation DC. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs solutions d’antennes-lentilles et réflecteurs fonctionnant à 60, 80 et 120GHz sont explorées pour des systèmes WLAN/WPAN et backhaul. Afin de minimiser le coût de la solution antennaire, nous évaluons des technologies d’impression 3D pour la fabrication des lentilles et des réflecteurs, ainsi que des technologies utilisant des matériaux organiques à faibles pertes pour la fabrication des antennes-sources planaires. / The improvement of the capabilities of wireless communication devices (smartphone, tablets …) which require higher and higher data rate, leads to a significant increase of the data traffic needed by each end user. This strong consumer demand for higher data-rate and coverage is stressing a lot the capacity of existing cellular networks. In order to cope with this challenge, one of the most promising solution consists in a network densification based on the deployment of low-power and short-range-radio-coverage base stations (small cells). The development of high data-rate and low power wireless fronthaul and backhaul technologies is a key requirement to enable the deployment of those future small cells (since associated civil works costs generally prevent the use of optical fiber solutions). So far, the wireless industry has been investigating the use of 60 and 80 GHz frequency bands in order to develop low-cost higher than 1Gbit/s backhaul solutions. It is expected that higher data-rate > 10 Gbit/s will be required for fronthaul communications. The broad bandwidth available around 120GHz (116-142GHz) would enable to reach such data rates while lowering the DC power consumption. In this thesis, we develop several lens and reflector antennas operating at 60, 80 and 120GHz for WLAN/WPAN and fronthaul/backhaul networks. In order to minimize the cost of those solutions, we evaluate 3D-printing technologies for the fabrication of the lenses and the reflectors as well as industrial low loss organic packaging technologies for the fabrication of planar antenna-source.

Les ondes millimétriques (OMM), et en particulier la bande autour de 60 GHz, sont de plus en plus utilisées pour les télécommunications sans fil. Une précédentes études in vitro menée au laboratoire avait montré, par analyse de micro-puces, une diminution d’expression de l'ARN TRPV2 dans des cultures primaires de cellules de peau humaines exposés pendant 1, 6 ou 24 heures à 60,4 GHz avec une densité de puissance incidente moyenne de 1,8 mW / cm². Afin de déterminer si l'exposition aux OMM peut aussi affecter l'expression de TRPV2 au niveau protéique, nous avons effectué des immunocytochimies sur une lignée cellulaire pseudo-neuronale en cours de différenciation (PC12), exposée à 60,4 GHz pendant 24h avec une densité de puissance incidente moyenne de 10 mW/cm². De plus, l’impact des OMM sur l’expression de plusieurs autres marqueurs impliqués dans la nociception, la différenciation neuronale et le stress protéotoxique a aussi été étudié. En utilisant un système d'imagerie semi-haut débit, permettant l'étude de multiples paramètres, nous n’avons pas trouvé de différence dans l'expression protéique des récepteurs membranaires impliqués dans la nociception TRPV1, TRPV2 et P2X3, la protéine de choc thermique Hsp70, et le marqueur neuronal β3-tubuline. Cependant, une augmentation de la poussée neuritique, bien que non significative, a été observée dans les cellules exposées. Les contrôles ont montré que cette augmentation était liée à un effet thermique des OMM. En outre, l'analyse cellule par cellule a montré qu'il n'y avait aucune sous-population distincte de cellules présentant une sensibilité particulière. Enfin, des expositions à 5 mW / cm², suivies par une analyse par HPLC, ont également été effectuées afin d’étudier l'impact des OMM sur le métabolisme dopaminergique. Aucun effet de l'exposition n’a été observé sur la recapture de la dopamine. Seul un effet thermique non significatif a été trouvé sur l'accumulation du DOPAC extracellulaire. Globalement, ces résultats négatifs sont en accord avec les précédentes études in vitro qui ont évalué l'impact des ondes millimétriques sur l'expression génétique, et sont rassurantes sur le fait que l'exposition aiguë aux OMM ne peut pas perturber significativement la physiologie cellulaire. / Millimeter waves (MWW), in particular the 60-GHz band, are increasingly used for wireless communications. A previous in vitro study conducted by our group showed, using microarray analysis, a decrease in TRPV2 RNA expression in primary human skin cells exposed for 1, 6, or 24 h at 60.4 GHz with an average incident power density of 1.8 mW/cm². To investigate if MMW exposure can also affect TRPV2 expression at the protein level, we performed immunocytochemistry on a neuron-like differentiating cell line (PC12), exposed at 60.4 GHz during 24h with an average incident power density of 10 mW/cm². Moreover, the impact of MMW on several markers involved in nociception, neuronal differentiation and proteotoxic stress was also investigated. Using a semi-high throughput imaging system, allowing the study of multiple parameters, we did not find any difference in the protein expression of pain-related membrane receptors TRPV1, TRPV2, and P2X3, heat shock protein Hsp70, and neuronal marker β3-tubulin. However, an upward trend in neurite outgrowth, although not significant, was found in exposed cells. Controls showed that this increase was related to a thermal effect of MMW. Besides, cell-by-cell analysis showed that there is no distinct subpopulation of cells with particular sensitivity. Moreover, exposures at 5 mW/cm², followed by HPLC analysis, were also done to investigate the impact of MMW on dopaminergic metabolism. No impact of exposure on dopaminergic turnover was observed. Only an insignificant thermal effect was found on extracellular DOPAC accumulation. Altogether, those negative results are in line with previous in vitro studies which assessed the impact of MMW on genetic expression, and are reassuring in the fact that acute MMW exposure cannot dramatically disrupt cell physiology.

With the population aging worldwide, new solutions for non-invasive health monitoring are required. Radar systems have been proposed as a promising technology for monitoring vital signs in ambient assisted living (AAL) applications. Monitoring vital signs such as breathing rate, heart rate, and pulse rate can provide crucial insights into human well-being and detect a wide range of medical problems. The main focus of mm-wave radar applications is currently geared towards the automotive market; however, several potential application areas within the broad industrial and healthcare domain are also under active investigation. Their major advantage is that, without the need for any cable or electrode, it is possible, at first, to locate the patient inside the room and, then, to measure their respiratory rate and heartbeat. A contactless detection method offers the simple and fast monitoring of vital signs without the disadvantages of current practices. One very promising approach is the use of radar technology. This thesis focuses on finding the safe way of using mm-Wave propagation in a hospital's real-world scenario and finding the safe range of frequency and power dissipation that won’t be harmful to the human body.  Objective: In this thesis, we investigate the optimum range of frequency and power of mm-Wave propagation, which can be considered safe for usage in an environment like hospitals. Also, the range of power with respect to the power density which can be considered safe for implementation in E-health systems.  Methods: Simulation is considered the method to find various range brackets for different parameters like frequencies, distances, bandwidths, and power. The simulation also helps to get a large number of results for a closer approximation. The received signal is observed to get the desired results, and using the available data, the ranges are found for safe usage of the forementioned technologies.  Results: The results obtained are tabulated to show the relation of received signal strength with all the other parameters like frequency, distance, and power. Then using the power and received signal relation, the safe range of power is calculated, which can be used in a closed environment like hospitals.

Well-known dielectric image guide reach in millimeter-wave interesting results. Compared to a conventional types of lines and waveguides is characterised by low-through loss for frequencies approaching 100 GHz. This work is detail focused to basic characteristics and especially type of perforate highpermitivity substrate for obtain implemented waveguide to dielectric board (SIIG). The work also contains couple suggestions for various transitions from a commonly used lines and waveguides. Simulation results using finite element method is achieved attenuation values below 2 dB, which corresponds to a 2 cm length and include a waveguide itself with a pair of transitions. Finally, this work also designed the production method and SIIG applicatoin in practicle.

Millimeter-wave imaging has gathered attention in recent years for its ability to penetrate clothing, thin layers of soils, and certain construction materials. However, image quality remains a challenge that needs to be addressed. One way of improving image quality is by increasing the dimensions of the collecting aperture. A sparse array can be used to synthesize a larger aperture with a limited set of relatively small detectors. In this research we design, build, and test a test-bed having an active source at 94 GHz and an array of coherent detectors, mounted on arms that extend radially on a rotary table. Using this test bed a circular area with a maximum diameter of 900 mm can be scanned. The signal is down-converted using heterodyne receivers with digital in-phase and quadrature detection. Signal correlation is performed using the digitized data, which is stored for post-processing, electronic focusing, and image reconstruction. Near-field imaging using interferometric reconstructions is achieved using electronic focusing. Imaging tests show the ability of the system to generate imagery of concealed and unconcealed objects at distances between 400 and 700 mm. A study of the effects of redundant and nonredundant configurations on image quality for 4 common detector configurations is presented. In this document we show that an active sparse-aperture imaging system using digital correlators is a viable way to generate millimeter-wave images.

[pt] A demanda pela transmissão de dados envolvendo aparelhos celulares continua crescendo a um ritmo acelerado. Este crescimento implica que, dentro das próximas décadas, redes celulares precisariam atender até 1000 vezes a capacidade atual. Para enfrentar este desafio, existe um interesse crescente em sistemas celulares operando na faixa de ondas milimétricas. O espectro de ondas milimétricas varia entre 30 GHz e 300 GHz, mas as faixas de frequências de 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz e 70 GHz a 90 GHz parecem especialmente promissoras para a próxima geração de sistemas celulares, permitindo a utilização de larguras de canais superiores a 1 GHz. Durante a propagação em ligações de rádio terrestres ou via satélite na faixa das ondas milimétricas, ocorrem atenuações do sinal devidas à absorção e espalhamento causados por partículas atmosféricas e por hidrometeoros. O espalhamento produzido na faixa das ondas milimétricas pode ocasionar interferências cocanal entre sistemas fixos ou entre células de comunicações móveis vizinhas. A interferência devida ao espalhamento pela chuva ocorre quando a energia eletromagnética transmitida por uma antena é interceptada por uma célula de chuva. Isto causa espalhamento lateral do campo incidente, convertido em um sinal interferente que possivelmente será recebido por antenas de outros sistemas fixos ou de outra célula do sistema móvel. Isso afetará a relação (S/I) entre as potências dos sinais desejado e interferente no receptor. Nesta dissertação, será proposto um modelo de previsão de interferência pelo espalhamento devido à chuva baseado na Recomendação ITU-R P.452-16. Este modelo será aplicado na determinação da função distribuição cumulativa da relação (S/I) em áreas urbanas de estruturas realísticas regulares ou irregulares na faixa de ondas milimétricas. / [en] In the recent years, the demand for data transmission over the cellular network has been growing at a fast pace. This growth implies that in the next decades, the cellular network will need to provide 1000 times the existing capacity. To meet this challenge, there is an increasing interest in the development of cellular systems operating at millimeter waves. The corresponding frequency spectrum range from 30 GHz to 300 GHz. In particular, the frequency bands centered around 28 GHz, 38 GHz, 60 GHz, 70 GHz and 90 GHz look rather promising for the next generation of cellular systems, allowing the use of 1-GHz wide channels (or even wider). During the propagation of both terrestrial and satellite links in the spectrum of millimeter waves, attenuation takes place due to absorption and scattering caused by atmospheric particles and hydrometeors. Scattering induced in the range of millimeter waves can cause co-channel interference between both fixed and mobile systems as well as between neighbor cells. Interference due to scattering caused by rain occurs as the electromagnetic transmitted energy of an antenna is intercepted by a rain cell. This leads to lateral scattering and antennas of other fixed systems, mobile system cells, or user equipment may receive the resulting interference signals. This affects the S/I ratio between the powers of the desired and the interference signals at the receiver. In this dissertation, a model will be presented to predict the interference power through scattering due to rain on the basis of ITU-R P.452-16 Recommendation. This model will be applied to determine the cumulative distribution function of the S/I ratio in urban scenarios (considering both regular and irregular structures) in the range of the millimeter waves.

This thesis investigates statistical correlation as a means to enhance the use of ground-based radar in analyzing satellite-path millimeter wave propagation through rain and ice crystals. The technique presented involves correlating dB values of the satellite signal attenuation and polarization isolation with dBZ values of radar backscatter from each of 128 range gates. In it, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients are calculated for attenuation and backscatter and for isolation and backscatter. When these coefficients are plotted versus radar range, one of four certain characteristic patterns usually appears. Ice-crystal depolarization produces a pattern of near zero attenuation coefficients and varying isolation coefficients. Rain produces a correlation pattern in which the attenuation coefficient pattern is nearly mirror image of the isolation coefficient pattern. A special case of the rain event occurs when the cross-polarized satellite signal is essentially constant. The correlation patterns for this case are exact mirror images. Rain attenuation and depolarization accompanied by additional depolarization from another source, produce a correlation pattern that is not symmetrical. This is due to the additional depolarization. Discussion of these expected patterns and examples of each are presented. / Master of Science

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-07T18:53:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TELES DE SALES BEZERRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2017..pdf: 20064982 bytes, checksum: 40cc1a5d9429d5090373078fb560639d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T18:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TELES DE SALES BEZERRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2017..pdf: 20064982 bytes, checksum: 40cc1a5d9429d5090373078fb560639d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-21 / Capes / Os Sistemas de Comunicações móveis sem fio estão em uma crescente em relação a demanda por infraestrutura de comunicação, explicado pelo aumento do fornecimento de serviços aos usuários nas últimas décadas. Um dos recursos que está em escassez é o uso da banda, em que diversas técnicas tentam reutilizá-la, na tratativa de aumentar a disponibilidade de uso do espectro. Uma das opções de expansão do espectro, e consequentemente dos atuais serviços de redes móveis é o uso de outras faixas do espectro eletromagnético, que ainda não eram utilizadas nas comunicações móveis, como as ondas milimétricas. As comunicações que operam nas faixas de ondas milimétricas enfrentam obstáculos técnicos, como a necessidade de evolução de equipamentos específicos, problemas de cobertura e o quanto esses aspectos afetam a Qualidade de Serviço (QoS), em resumo, a viabilidade da comunicação requer uma avaliação cuidadosa. Há receio de que comunicações por ondas milimétricas sejam muito menos favoráveis que o uso de espectros mais usuais, principalmente nos problemas relacionados a cobertura. Projetistas de redes contam com diversas ferramentas para prever as características do ambiente, com o intuito de prever dificuldades na cobertura de sinal, para isso, fazem uso de modelos de previsão de perdas. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre os problemas de cobertura e propagação de ondas milimétricas em ambientes urbanos fechados, sendo um prédio de escritórios e um shopping center. Para tanto, foram utilizados diversos modelos de previsão de perdas, a partir dos quais foi possível identificar que mesmo com o uso de modelos de perdas recomendados para ondas milimétricas, a minimização dos erros na predição é pequena, e comparada com modelos genéricos. / Wireless Mobile Communications Systems are on the rise in demand for resources, explained by the increased provision of services to users over the past few decades. One of the resources that is in shortage is the use of the band, in which several techniques try to reuse it, in the attempt to increase the availability of use of the spectrum. One of the options for spectrum expansion, and consequently of current mobile network services, is the use of other bands in the electromagnetic spectrum that were not yet used in mobile Communications such as millimeter waves. Communications that operate in the millimeter wave bands face technical obstacles, such as the need to evolve specific equipment, coverage problems and how these aspects affect Quality of Service, in short, the viability of communication requires a careful evaluation. There are fears that millimeter-wave Communications are far less favorable than the use of more usual spectra, especially in coverage-related problems. Network designers rely on several tools to predict the characteristics of the environment, in order to predict difficulties in signal coverage. For this, they use loss prediction models. In this work was carried out a study on the problems of coverage and propagation of millimeter waves in closed urban environments, being an office building and a shopping center. For this, several loss prediction models were used, through which we can identify that even with the use of recommended loss models for millimeter waves, the minimization of prediction errors is small, and compared with generic models.

Le futur réseau mobile 5G est prévu pour être déployé à partir de 2020, dans un contexte d’évolution exponentielle du marché de la téléphonie mobile et du volume de données échangées. La 5G servira de levier à des applications révolutionnaires qui permettront l’émergence du monde connecté. Dans ce but, plusieurs spécifications pour le réseau sont attendues même si aucun standard n’est encore défini et notamment une faible latence, une consommation d’énergie réduite et un haut débit de données. Les bandes de fréquences traditionnellement utilisées dans les réseaux mobiles ne permettront pas d’atteindre les performances visées et plusieurs bandes de fréquences millimétriques sont à l’étude pour créer un spectre complémentaire. Cependant, ces bandes de fréquence millimétriques souffrent d’une forte atténuation dans l’air et dans les matériaux de construction. Plusieurs techniques vont être implémentées pour outrepasser ces limitations dans les zones urbaines denses comme le backhauling, FD-MIMO et beamforming phased array. Ces techniques entraînent l’utilisation d’un grand nombre de transmetteurs dans les stations de bases et dans les dispositifs de l’utilisateur final. La technologie CMOS offre d’indéniables avantages pour ce marché de masse tandis que la technologie FD-SOI offre des performances et fonctionnalités additionnelles. L’amplificateur de puissance est le bloc le plus critique à concevoir dans un transmetteur et consomme le plus d’énergie. Afin d’adresser les challenges de la 5G, plusieurs spécifications concernant la puissance consommée, la linéarité et le rendement sont attendues. Les variations de l’environnement dans les beamforming phased array et le contexte industriel nécessitent des topologies robustes alors qu’une reconfigurabilité au niveau de l’amplificateur de puissance est bénéfique dans le cas de circuits adaptatifs. Cette thèse adresse ces challenges en explorant la conception d’un amplificateur de puissance reconfigurable et robuste pour des applications 5G en intégrant des techniques de design spécifiques et en mettant en avant les avantages de la technologie 28nm FD-SOI pour la reconfigurabilité. / The 5G future mobile network is planned to be deployed from 2020, in a context of exponential mobile market and exchanged data volume evolution. The 5G will leverage revolutionary applications for the advent of the connected world. For this purpose, several network specifications are expected notably low latency, reduced power consumption and high data-rates even if no standard is yet defined. The frequency bands traditionally used for mobile networks will not permit the needed performances and several mmW frequency bands are under study to create a complementary frequency spectrum. However, these mmW frequency bands suffer from large attenuation inbuilding material and in free-space. Therefore, several techniques will be implemented to tackle these limitations indense urban areas like backhauling, FD-MIMO and beamforming phased array. This is leading to a large number of transceivers for base stations and end-user devices. CMOS technology offers undeniable advantages for this mass market while FD-SOI technology offers additional features and performances. The power amplifier is the most critical block to design in a transceiver and is also the most power consuming. To address the 5G challenges, several specifications concerning power consumption, linearity and efficiency are expected. The environment variations inbeamforming phased array and the industrial context drive the need for robust topologies while power amplifier reconfigurability is benefic in a context of adaptive circuits. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring the conception of a robust and reconfigurable power amplifier targeting 5G applications while integrating specific design techniques and taking advantage of 28nm FD-SOI CMOS technology features for reconfigurability purposes.

Este trabalho, desenvolvido junto ao Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD) pertencente ao Laboratório de Microeletrônica (LME) da Universidade de São Paulo, apresenta a modelagem de um defasador passivo miniaturizado com baixas perdas para aplicações em ondas milimétricas (mmW-milimeter waves). Este defasador é baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas. Este conceito é proposto no projeto Jovem Pesquisador FAPESP (Processo no. 2011/18167-3), ao qual este projeto está vinculado. A defasagem neste tipo de dispositivo é conseguida pela liberação das fitas da camada de blindagem de uma linha de transmissão tipo S-CPW (Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide). As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas eletrostaticamente, o que praticamente não consome energia. Este projeto pretende projetar um defasador para fabricação com a tecnologia do Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, este trabalho apresenta resultados experimentais de um processo de fabricação IN-HOUSE baseado na metodologia de integração por flip-chip. A tecnologia de integração implementada é baseada na soldagem de um chip sobre um substrato, no qual são construídos uma nova geração de pilares de cobre finos, cujo espaçamento entre pilares é menor que 100 ?m. Essa redução nas dimensões pode ser usada com a nova geração de dispositivos de comunicações na faixa das mmW. Em termos de fabricação, foram obtidos pilares de cobre altamente miniaturizados com uma altura significativa e uniforme que permite a integração com o chip. Além do mais, os resultados obtidos representam avanços significativos no processo de fabricação que será usado como tecnologia de integração híbrida em um interposer baseado em substrato de alumina nanoporosa (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane). Esse interposer desempenha um papel indispensável no GNMD, já que atualmente estão sendo estudadas suas propriedades elétricas e já foram construídos dispositivos sobre o substrato com resultados promissores. / This work, performed at the New Materials and Devices Group (GNMD) of the Microelectronics Laboratory of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, presents the modeling of a miniaturized passive phase shifter with low losses for applications in millimeter waves. It is based on an innovated concept, which uses distributed MEMS phase shifters and slow-wave coplanar wave guides. Such concept is proposed under the FAPESP Youth Researcher project (Process number 2011/18167-3). The phase shifter on this kind of device is achieved by releasing the shielding layer of the Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide. The released ribbons are electrostatically displaced, which does not consume energy. The aim of this project is to design a phase shifter for fabrication with the technology available at the Microelectronics Laboratory. Additionally, this work presents experimental results of a flip-chip fabrication process. This technology is based on next generation of fine pitch copper pillar bumping, with pillar pitch of less than 100 ?m that support next generation of communication devices at the millimeter wave frequency range. From the fabrication point-of-view, highly miniaturized copper pillars with appropriate thicknesses were obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained represent a significant advance in the fabrication process that will be used as a hybrid integration technology on an interposer based on a nanoporous alumina substrate (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane).