The objective of this dissertation is to develop key components of a CMOS heterodyne millimeter-wave receiver front end. Robust designs are necessary to overcome PVT variations as well as modeling inaccuracies, while with minimum power consumption overhead to facilitate low-power radio for portable applications. Heterodyne receiver topology is adopted because of its robust performances at millimeter-wave frequencies. Device models for both passive and active devices are developed and used in the circuit designs in this dissertation. Two low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) are developed in this dissertation. The first LNA features a proposed temperature-compensation biasing technique, which confines the gain variation within 5 dB for temperature variation from -5 to 85 Celsius degree. The measured gain and NF are 21 and 6.5 dB, respectively, for 49-mW power dissipation. The second LNA reveals a design technique to tolerate a low-accuracy model at millimeter-wave frequencies. Both LNAs provide full coverage of the FCC 60-GHz band (57-64 GHz). For the frequency generation circuits, both the IF QVCO and mm-wave VCO are investigated. The inherent bimodal oscillation of QVCOs is analyzed and, for the first time, a systematic measurement technique is proposed to intentionally control the oscillation mode. This technique is further utilized to extend the tuning range of the QVCO, which possesses dual tuning curves without penalty on phase noise. The measurement results of a 13-GHz QVCO in 90-nm CMOS reveals a 21.4% tuning range for continuously tuning from 11.7 to 14.5 GHz. The measured phase noise is -108 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset with a core power consumption of 10.8 mW. A millimeter-wave VCO is designed and fabricated in 65-nm CMOS. The VCO is fully characterized under voltage stress to examine the hot-carrier injection effects affecting the performance of a millimeter-wave VCO. The 41.6-47.4 GHz VCO is further integrated into a millimeter-wave down converter. The power-hungry buffer amplifiers are neglected by proper floor planning. Conversion loss of 1.4 dB is obtained with total power consumption of 72.5 mW. Lastly, a power management system consisting of low-dropout (LDO) regulators is designed and integrated in a 90-nm CMOS millimeter-wave transceiver to provide stable and low-noise supply voltages. Voltage variation issues are alleviated by the LDOs.

GaN-based HEMTs are among the most promising candidates for high-power and high-frequency applications; a niche for millimeter-wave technologies. Nitride materials indeed outperform other mainstream III-V materials (InP or GaAs) because of several properties, including wider bandgaps, high peak and saturation velocities, large breakdown voltages, together with good thermal conductivities. Nonetheless, the state-of-the-art of nitrides is not yet industrially mature to exploit the entire millimeter-wave range. A way to push further performance is to develop innovative designs, notably by exploring novel materials. The purpose of this research was therefore to investigate the use of boron-containing III-nitrides in high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). The study was first conducted theoretically, through solving the Schrodinger-Poisson equation. Key parameters and relevant equations were derived to implement BGaN materials in our simulations. A GaN/ultrathin-BGaN/GaN heterojunction was showed to provide an electrostatic barrier to electrons and to improve the confinement of the two-dimensional electron gas. GaN back-barrier layers happen to limit leakage in the GaN buffer thanks to two effects: (i) a polarization-induced band discontinuity and (ii) a resistive barrier originating from excellent insulation properties of BGaN. The study was then, experimentally, several growth campaigns were carried out that led to the fabrication of devices. First, we confirmed the key characteristics of BGaN materials by electrical and optical measurements. Second, we demonstrated the evidence of a significant enhancement of performance of standard AlGaN/GaN structures by the introduction of a BGaN layer in the buffer layer. Compared to conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, structures grown with BGaN back-barriers showed a significant improvement of static performances, transport properties, and trapping effects involving a limited current collapse in dynamic regime.

Accurate knowledge of the centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength absorptivity of ammonia is necessary for the interpretation of the emission spectra of the jovian planets. The objective of this research has been to advance the understanding of the centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength opacity spectra of ammonia under jovian conditions using a combination of laboratory measurements and theoretical formulations. As part of this research, over 1000 laboratory measurements of the 2-4 mm-wavelength properties of ammonia under simulated upper and middle tropospheric conditions of the jovian planets, and approximately 1200 laboratory measurements of the 5-20 cm-wavelength properties of ammonia under simulated deep tropospheric conditions of the jovian planets have been performed. Using these and pre-existing measurements, a consistent mathematical formalism has been developed to reconcile the centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength opacity spectra of ammonia. This formalism can be used to estimate the opacity of ammonia in a hydrogen/helium atmosphere in the centimeter-wavelength range at pressures up to 100 bar and temperatures in the 200 to 500 K range and in the millimeter-wavelength range at pressures up to 3 bar and temperatures in the 200 to 300 K range. In addition, a preliminary investigation of the influence of water vapor on the centimeter-wavelength ammonia absorptivity spectra has been conducted. This work addresses the areas of high-sensitivity centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength laboratory measurements, and planetary science, and contributes to the body of knowledge that provides clues into the origin of our solar system. The laboratory measurements and the model developed as part of this doctoral research work can be used for interpreting the emission spectra of jovian atmospheres obtained from ground-based and spacecraft-based observations. The results of the high-pressure ammonia opacity measurements will also be used to support the interpretation of the microwave radiometer (MWR) measurements on board the NASA Juno spacecraft at Jupiter.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Gee-Kung Chang; Committee Co-Chair: Jianjun Yu; Committee Member: John A. Buck; Committee Member: Joy Laskar; Committee Member: Umakishore Ramachandran; Committee Member: Ye Li

[pt] Este trabalho de Tese apresenta a pesquisa, dimensionamento e desenvolvimento de lentes de Rotman em microstrip. É apresentada uma nova metodologia para projetos com apoio de ferramentas computacionais de simulação eletromagnética. São desenvolvidos protótipos em substratos dielétricos (permissividade relativa igual 10,2) para aplicações de direcionamento eletrônico de feixe (phased array) nas faixas de frequências de radares e sistemas de defesa (4 menos 6 GHz) e dos futuros sistemas de telefonia móvel 5G (27 menos 29 GHz). Também são apresentados os resultados das simulações e testes realizados em todos os dispositivos desenvolvidos. / [en] This work presents the research, dimensioning and design of microstrip Rotman lens. A new methodology for designs with support of computational tools of electromagnetic simulation is presented. Prototypes are developed on dielectric substrates (relative permittivity equal 10.2) for phased array applications in frequencies of defense systems and radar (4 minus 6 GHz) and of future 5G mobile systems (27 minus 29 GHz). Besides that, the results of the simulations and tests performed in all designed devices are presented.

Este trabalho, desenvolvido junto ao Grupo de Novos Materiais e Dispositivos (GNMD) pertencente ao Laboratório de Microeletrônica (LME) da Universidade de São Paulo, apresenta a modelagem de um defasador passivo miniaturizado com baixas perdas para aplicações em ondas milimétricas (mmW-milimeter waves). Este defasador é baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas. Este conceito é proposto no projeto Jovem Pesquisador FAPESP (Processo no. 2011/18167-3), ao qual este projeto está vinculado. A defasagem neste tipo de dispositivo é conseguida pela liberação das fitas da camada de blindagem de uma linha de transmissão tipo S-CPW (Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide). As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas eletrostaticamente, o que praticamente não consome energia. Este projeto pretende projetar um defasador para fabricação com a tecnologia do Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Adicionalmente, este trabalho apresenta resultados experimentais de um processo de fabricação IN-HOUSE baseado na metodologia de integração por flip-chip. A tecnologia de integração implementada é baseada na soldagem de um chip sobre um substrato, no qual são construídos uma nova geração de pilares de cobre finos, cujo espaçamento entre pilares é menor que 100 ?m. Essa redução nas dimensões pode ser usada com a nova geração de dispositivos de comunicações na faixa das mmW. Em termos de fabricação, foram obtidos pilares de cobre altamente miniaturizados com uma altura significativa e uniforme que permite a integração com o chip. Além do mais, os resultados obtidos representam avanços significativos no processo de fabricação que será usado como tecnologia de integração híbrida em um interposer baseado em substrato de alumina nanoporosa (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane). Esse interposer desempenha um papel indispensável no GNMD, já que atualmente estão sendo estudadas suas propriedades elétricas e já foram construídos dispositivos sobre o substrato com resultados promissores. / This work, performed at the New Materials and Devices Group (GNMD) of the Microelectronics Laboratory of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, presents the modeling of a miniaturized passive phase shifter with low losses for applications in millimeter waves. It is based on an innovated concept, which uses distributed MEMS phase shifters and slow-wave coplanar wave guides. Such concept is proposed under the FAPESP Youth Researcher project (Process number 2011/18167-3). The phase shifter on this kind of device is achieved by releasing the shielding layer of the Shielded-Coplanar Waveguide. The released ribbons are electrostatically displaced, which does not consume energy. The aim of this project is to design a phase shifter for fabrication with the technology available at the Microelectronics Laboratory. Additionally, this work presents experimental results of a flip-chip fabrication process. This technology is based on next generation of fine pitch copper pillar bumping, with pillar pitch of less than 100 ?m that support next generation of communication devices at the millimeter wave frequency range. From the fabrication point-of-view, highly miniaturized copper pillars with appropriate thicknesses were obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained represent a significant advance in the fabrication process that will be used as a hybrid integration technology on an interposer based on a nanoporous alumina substrate (MnM-Metallic Nanowire Membrane).

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'optique micro-onde. Nous avons mis en oeuvre différentes solutions opto-électroniques dans le but de réaliser un synthétiseur hyperfréquence monolithiquement intégré, faiblement bruité et largement accordable jusqu'au domaine millimétrique. Le synthétiseur est basé sur l'intégration sur InP de deux lasers DFB, d'un coupleur optique et d'une photodiode rapide. En outre, un modulateur électro-optique est également implémenté sur la puce afin de transmettre un signal de données sur la porteuse générée. Les performances obtenues en terme de gamme d'accord et de transmission de données sans fil se sont révélées conformes aux objectifs. Ainsi, une gamme d'accord de 0 à 110 GHz et un débit de transmission de donnée sans fil à courte distance de 1 Gbit/s ont pu être démontrés, établissant notre système à l'état de l'art mondial pour ce type de composant totalement intégré. Les performances en terme de bruit de phase se sont en revanche révélées décevantes. Pour remédier à ce problème nuisant à la montée en débit supérieurs, nous avons investigué deux solutions de stabilisation de la fréquence porteuse. La première, basée sur un asservissement électronique (OPLL) de la puce, s'est pour le moment révélé infructueuse, mais a permis d'étudier plus avant les problématiques qui lui sont liées. La seconde solution, basée sur un système inédit de rétroinjection optique mutuelle et une stabilisation sur un oscillateur électronique externe a quant à elle répondu à nos souhaits. En effet, la stabilisation de la fréquence porteuse par cette technique a permis de démontré des largeurs de raies inférieure à 30 Hz et un bruit de phase réduit à -90 dBc/Hz à 10 kHz d'une porteuse accordée à 90 GHz. A la suite de ces travaux sur une première génération de composants, une deuxième génération a été développée afin d'améliorer les performances intrinsèques de la puce en remédiant aux limitations observées jusqu'alors. Ainsi, une nouvelle configuration de cavité a été conçue intégrant notamment des lasers plus longs ainsi que des miroirs haute réflectivité. Par ailleurs, une optimisation de la structure de la photodiode a été réalisée afin d'améliorer encore sa bande passante. Une telle source permet d’envisager la génération et la modulation de signaux microonde faible bruit de phase et largement accordables sur des composants monolithiquement intégrés répondant aux exigences de compacité, de reproductibilité et de performances haut débit requises par les industries des télécommunications, de la défense ou encore du domaine spatial. / This thesis deals with the microwave photonics context. We have implemented various opto- electronic solutions in order to realize a monolithically integrated microwave synthesizer which has a low noise and a wide tunability until millimeter-wave frequencies. The synthesizer is based on the integration of two InP DFB lasers, an optical coupler and a fast photodiode. In addition, an electro-optic modulator is also implemented on the chip in order to transmit data on the generated carrier. The performances obtained in terms of tunability and wireless data transmission proved consistent with the objectives. Thus, a tuning range of 0-110 GHz and a short distance wireless data transmission rate of 1 Gbit /s have been demonstrated, establishing our system to the state of the art for this type of fully integrated component. Phase noise and linewidth performances have however been disappointing. To solve this problem affecting the data rate we have investigated two ways of stabilizing the carrier frequency. The first, based on an electronic feedback loop (OPLL) has yet proved unsuccessful but allowed us to further explore the related issues. However, the second solution, based on a new system of optical cross injection and stabilization to an external electronic oscillator has filled our wishes. Indeed, the stabilization of the carrier frequency by this technique has demonstrated linewidth less than 30 Hz and a reduced phase noise to -90 dBc / Hz at 10 kHz for a given carrier at 90 GHz. Next to the first generation components, a second generation was developed to improve the intrinsic performances of the chip by remedying the limitations previously observed. Thus, a new cavity configuration was designed including longer lasers and high reflectivity integrated mirrors made by materials deep etching. Moreover, optimization of the photodiode structure was carried out to further improve the bandwidth. Such a source allows to consider the generation and modulation of low phase noise and widely tunable microwave signals on monolithically integrated components matching the compactness, reproducibility and high speed performances required by the telecom, defense and space industries.

De nos jours, on assiste à l'émergence massive de nouveaux systèmes électroniques exploitant des fréquences de plus en plus élevées, particulièrement en ondes millimétriques (30-300 GHz). Il apparaît de ce fait un besoin potentiel de développement de nouveaux moyens d'essai appropriés dans le domaine millimétrique. En particulier, l'étude de la biocompatibilité de ces systèmes est clairement identifiée comme une priorité de recherche en électromagnétisme. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse consiste à concevoir et à évaluer les propriétés d'une chambre réverbérante à brassage de modes (CRBM) en bande Ka (26,5-40 GHz), en bande U (40-60 GHz) et en bande V (50-75 GHz). L'application visée dans cette thèse concerne la mise en place d'outils dosimétriques par caméra infrarouge en chambre réverbérante et la réalisation d'essais préliminaires sur des fantômes diélectriques à 60 GHz. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé numériquement le comportement statistique du champ électrique dans une cavité pré-dimensionnée. Les simulations sont réalisées à l'aide d'un outil interne de modélisation du comportement d'une CRBM basé sur la théorie des images. A l'aide du test d'ajustement statistique d'Anderson-Darling, nous avons montré que le comportement de la chambre en ondes millimétriques est en adéquation avec le modèle de Hill (champ statistiquement homogène et isotrope dans le volume de l'enceinte) . Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé un prototype de chambre réverbérante de dimensions internes : 42,3 x 41,2 x 38,3 cm3 . Un processus de brassage par saut de fréquence est utilisé pour l'obtention de l'uniformité statistique de la densité de puissance. La chambre est équipée d'un système de positionnement fin et précis permettant l'échantillonnage spatial de la puissance sur un axe à l'intérieur de la chambre. Les accès millimétriques ont également été étudiés de sorte à réduire d'éventuelles fuites significatives. Les liaisons entre la source millimétrique et l'antenne d'émission d'une part et celles entre l'antenne de réception et l'analyseur de spectre d'autre part sont assurées par des guides d'onde. Nous avons également mis en place l'ensemble des équipements nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de la chambre (source, analyseur de spectre, mélangeur). La chambre est caractérisée dans la bande 58,5-61,5 GHz. Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants en termes de coefficient de qualité et de comportement statistique de la puissance mesurée dans un volume de test donné. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons modélisé puis réalisé une interface intégrée sur une des parois de la chambre pour la mesure de température par caméra infrarouge. Des mesures préliminaires sont réalisées sur un fantôme constitué essentiellement d'eau. Les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques de l'évaluation du gradient de la température sur le fantôme sont très proches. Ceci confirme que la chambre réverbérante ainsi conçue permet de soumettre l'objet sous test à une illumination statistiquement uniforme et calibrée en puissance. Un tel dispositif est un atout précieux pour des tests de compatibilité électromagnétique d'équipements électroniques dans la bande 26,5-75 GHz. Cette CRBM pourrait également permettre de réal iser des essais préliminaires dans le cadre de l'étude des interactions des ondes avec la matière vivante en millimétrique. / Nowadays, there is a massive emergence of new electronic systems operating at increasing frequencies, especially in the millimeter waves range (30-300 GHz). As a consequence, development of new appropriate test facilities in the millimeter waves range is needed. ln particular, the study of the biocompatibility of the se systems is cie arly identified as a research priority in electromagnetism. ln this context, this thesis deals with the design and the evaluation of a modestirred reverberation chamber (RC) properties in the Ka band (26.5-40 GHz), U band (40-60 GHz) and V band (50-75 GHz). The intended application in this thesis concerns the development of a dosimetric tool using an infrared camera in a reverberation chamber. Firstly, we numerically analyze the statistical behavior of the electric field in the test volume of such an RC. A numerical model based on image theory is used to simulate the cavity. With Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test, we show !hat the chamber behaves very weil at millimeter waves frequency in terms of statistical distribution of the field in the test volume. Secondly, a compact reverberation chamber is designed and built up, with the following internai dimensions 42.3 x 41.2 x 38.3 cm3 . The statistical uniformity of power density in the chamber volume is obtained by frequency stirring. The RC is associated with a positioning system for spatial sampling of power inside reverberation chamber. The interfaces are also studied in order to reduce any significant leakage. Waveguides are used in the transmission and reception chains to minimize losses. We have also set up ali the equipment necessary for carrying out measurements (source, spectrum analyzer, mixer). The RC is characterized in the 58.5-61.5 GHz range. The results are satisfactory in terms of the quality factor level and the statistical distribution of the power in the test volume. Thirdly, an interface is designed and integrated on one of the chamber walls for temperature measurement by an infrared camera. Preliminary measurements are performed on a phantom consisting essentially of water. Experimental results of the phantom temperature rise are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This confirms thal the designed reverberation chamber allows to expose the deviee under test with a statistically uniform and calibrated power. Such a deviee is a valuable asse! for EMC testing of electronic equipments in the 26.5 to 60 GHz frequency range. This RC could also permit to conduct preliminary tests in the context of the millimeter waves interactions with being organisms.

In the first part of the dissertation, we provide an extensive overview of sub-6 GHz wireless access technology known as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, highlighting its benefits, deployment challenges, and the key enabling technologies envisaged for 5G networks. We investigate the fundamental issues that degrade the performance of massive MIMO systems such as pilot contamination, precoding, user scheduling, and signal detection. In the second part, we optimize the performance of the massive MIMO system by proposing several algorithms, system designs, and hardware architectures. To mitigate the effect of pilot contamination, we propose a pilot reuse factor scheme based on the user environment and the number of active users. The results through simulations show that the proposed scheme ensures the system always operates at maximal spectral efficiency and achieves higher throughput. To address the user scheduling problem, we propose two user scheduling algorithms bases upon the measured channel gain. The simulation results show that our proposed user scheduling algorithms achieve better error performance, improve sum capacity and throughput, and guarantee fairness among the users. To address the uplink signal detection challenge in the massive MIMO systems, we propose four algorithms and their system designs. We show through simulations that the proposed algorithms are computationally efficient and can achieve near-optimal bit error rate performance. Additionally, we propose hardware architectures for all the proposed algorithms to identify the required physical components and their interrelationships.

[ES] La quinta generación de comunicaciones móviles, 5G, promete ser una revolución tecnológica que vaya más allá de multiplicar la velocidad de transmisión de datos de sus predecesoras. Pretende soportar una gran cantidad de dispositivos y alcanzar latencias muy cercanas a 1 milisegundo. Para satisfacer estos ambiciosos requisitos, se han investigado nuevas tecnologías habilitadoras. Una de ellas es el uso de las bandas de ondas milimétricas (mmW) en las cuales hay una gran cantidad de espectro disponible. Para predecir las características del canal radio y evaluar las prestaciones de la 5G de forma fiable en las bandas mmW se requieren modelos de canal complejos. Concretamente, los modelos de propagación más precisos son los basados en trazado de rayos, pero su alto costo computacional los hacen inviables para la caracterización del canal radio en escenarios complejos. Por otro lado, en los últimos años, la tecnología de videojuegos ha desarrollado potentes herramientas para modelar la propagación de la luz en escenarios superrealistas. Dada la cercanía espectral entre el espectro visible y las ondas mmW, la presente Tesis ha estudiado la aplicación de las herramientas de modelado de propagación de la luz de los motores de juego para el modelado del canal radio en mmW. Esta Tesis propone un modelo de estimación de las pérdidas de propagación en mmW llamado "Modelo de Intensidad de Luz'' (LIM). Usando este modelo, basado en los procesos de iluminación realizados por los motores de juego, los transmisores de señal se sustituyen por focos de luz y la intensidad lumínica recibida en un punto se traduce a potencia de señal en milimétricas a través de una función polinómica sencilla. Una de las ventajas de usar los motores de juego es su gran capacidad y la facilidad que tiene el usuario para crear escenarios superrealistas que representen fielmente la geometría de escenarios donde se quiera evaluar el canal radio. De esta forma se pueden obtener estimaciones precisas de las pérdidas de propagación. La estimación de las pérdidas de propagación con LIM ha sido comparada con campañas de medida en las bandas de 28 GHz y 73 GHz y con otros modelos de propagación. Como resultado, el error de estimación de LIM es menor que los modelos estocásticos actuales y es comparable con el modelo de trazado de rayos. Y, además, el coste computacional de LIM comparado con el trazado de rayos es 130 veces menor, lo que posibilita el uso de LIM en escenarios altamente complejos para la estimación del canal radio en tiempo real. Los motores de juego permiten caracterizar de forma diferente la interacción de los materiales con la luz configurando el mapa de normales de sus superficies y sus funciones de dispersión y reflexión. En esta Tesis se ha determinado la caracterización de varios materiales que mejor se ajusta a medidas de laboratorio realizadas en un escenario controlado en la banda de 28 GHz. El modelo de LIM empleando materiales con esta caracterización óptima reduce más de un 50\% su error de estimación con respecto a la aplicación de LIM con los materiales por defecto, mientras que su coste computacional sigue siendo 26 veces menor que el modelo de trazado de rayos. Finalmente, se ha desarrollado sobre un motor de juego una primera versión de plataforma para la emulación de los sistemas 5G que es el punto de partida para un emulador completo de 5G. Esta plataforma no sólo contiene el modelo de LIM sino que incluye varios casos de uso de la 5G en entornos superrealistas. La plataforma, que se basa en el concepto de "Serious Game Engineering", rompe las limitaciones de los simuladores de redes móviles en cuanto a las capacidades de visualización e interacción del usuario con los componentes de la red en tiempo real. / [CAT] La cinquena generació de comunicacions mòbils, 5G, promet ser una revolució tecnològica que vaja més enllà de multiplicar la velocitat de transmissió de dades de les seues predecessores. Pretén suportar una gran quantitat de dispositius i aconseguir latències molt pròximes a 1 mil·lisegon. Per a satisfer aquests ambiciosos requisits, s'han investigat noves tecnologies habilitadores. Una d'elles és l'ús de les bandes d'ones mil·limètriques (mmW) en les quals hi ha una gran quantitat d'espectre disponible. Per a predir les característiques del canal ràdio i avaluar les prestacions de la 5G de forma fiable en les bandes mmW es requereixen models de canal complexos. Concretament, els models de propagació més precisos són els basats en traçat de rajos, però el seu alt cost computacional els fan inviables per a la caracterització del canal ràdio en escenaris complexos. D'altra banda, en els últims anys, la tecnologia de videojocs ha desenvolupat potents eines per a modelar la propagació de la llum en escenaris superrealistes. Donada la proximitat espectral entre l'espectre visible i les ones mmW, la present Tesi ha estudiat l'aplicació de les eines de modelatge de propagació de la llum dels motors de joc per al modelatge del canal radie en mmW. Aquesta Tesi proposa un model d'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació en mmW anomenat "Model d'Intensitat de Llum'' (LIM). Usant aquest model, basat en els processos d'il·luminació realitzats pels motors de joc, els transmissors de senyal se substitueixen per focus de llum i la intensitat lumínica rebuda en un punt es tradueix a potència de senyal en mil·limètriques a través d'una funció polinòmica senzilla. Una dels avantatges d'usar els motors de joc és la seua gran capacitat i la facilitat que té l'usuari per a crear escenaris superrealistes que representen fidelment la geometria d'escenaris on es vulga avaluar el canal ràdio. D'aquesta forma es poden obtindre estimacions precises de les pèrdues de propagació. L'estimació de les pèrdues de propagació amb LIM ha sigut comparada amb campanyes de mesura en les bandes de 28~GHz i 73~GHz i amb altres models de propagació. Com a resultat, l'error d'estimació de LIM és menor que els models estocàstics actuals i és comparable amb el model de traçat de rajos. I, a més, el cost computacional de LIM comparat amb el traçat de rajos és 130 vegades menor, la qual cosa possibilita l'ús de LIM en escenaris altament complexos per a l'estimació del canal ràdio en temps real. Els motors de joc permeten caracteritzar de forma diferent la interacció dels materials amb la llum configurant el mapa de normals de les seues superfícies i les seues funcions de dispersió i reflexió. En aquesta Tesi s'ha determinat la caracterització de diversos materials que s'ajusta millor a mesures de laboratori realitzades en un escenari controlat en la banda de 28 GHz. El model de LIM emprant materials amb aquesta caracterització òptima redueix més d'un 50 % el seu error d'estimació respecte a l'aplicació de LIM amb els materials per defecte, mentre que el seu cost computacional continua sent 26 vegades menor que el model de traçat de rajos. Finalment, s'ha desenvolupat sobre un motor de joc una primera versió de plataforma per a l'emulació dels sistemes 5G que és el punt de partida per a un emulador complet de 5G. Aquesta plataforma no solament conté el model de LIM sinó que inclou diversos casos d'ús de la 5G en entorns superrealistes. La plataforma, que es basa en el concepte de "Serious Game Engineering", trenca les limitacions dels simuladors de xarxes mòbils quant a les capacitats de visualització i interacció de l'usuari amb els components de la xarxa en temps real. / [EN] The fifth generation of mobile communications, 5G, promises to be a technological revolution that goes beyond multiplying the data transmission speed of its predecessors. It aims to support a large number of devices and reach latencies very close to 1 millisecond. To meet these ambitious requirements, new enabling technologies have been researched. One of these is the use of millimetre-wave bands (mmW) in which a large amount of spectrum is available. Complex channel models are required to predict radio channel characteristics and reliably evaluate 5G performance in the mmW bands. Specifically, the most accurate propagation models are those based on ray tracing, but their high computational cost makes them unfeasible for radio channel characterization in complex scenarios. On the other hand, in recent years, video game technology has developed powerful tools to model the propagation of light in super realistic scenarios. Given the spectral closeness between the visible spectrum and the mmW waves, the present Thesis has studied the application of light propagation modeling tools from game engines for radio channel modeling in mmW. This Thesis proposes a model for estimating propagation losses in mmW called "Light Intensity Model'' (LIM). Using this model, based on the lighting processes performed by the game engines, the signal transmitters are replaced by light sources and the light intensity received at a point is translated into signal strength in mmW through a simple polynomial function. One of the advantages of using the game engines is their great capacity and the ease with which the user can create super realistic scenarios that faithfully represent the geometry of scenarios where the radio channel is to be evaluated. In this way, accurate estimates of propagation losses can be obtained. The estimation of propagation losses with LIM has been compared with measurement campaigns in the 28 GHz and 73 GHz bands and with other propagation models. As a result, the LIM estimation error is smaller than the current stochastic models and is comparable with the ray tracing model. In addition, the computational cost of LIM compared to ray tracing is 130 times lower, allowing the use of LIM in highly complex scenarios for real-time radio channel estimation. The game engines allow to characterize in a different way the interaction of the materials with the light configuring the normal map of their surfaces and their scattering and reflection functions. In this Thesis it has been determined the characterization of several materials that best fits to laboratory measurements made in a controlled scenario in the 28 GHz band. The LIM model using materials with this optimal characterization reduces by more than 50% its estimation error with respect to the application of LIM with default materials, while its computational cost remains 26 times lower than the ray tracing model. Finally, a first version of a platform for the emulation of 5G systems has been developed on a game engine, which is the starting point for a complete 5G emulator. This platform not only contains the LIM model but also includes several 5G use cases in super realistic environments. The platform, which is based on the concept of "`Serious Game Engineering", breaks the limitations of mobile network simulators in terms of visualization capabilities and user interaction with network components in real time. / Inca Sánchez, SA. (2019). Serious Game Engineering and Lighting Models for the Realistic Emulation of 5G Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132695 / TESIS